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Tropical HorticultureHORT 423
David ByrneMillie Burrell
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Initial Student Questionaire - 2003HORT 423 – Tropical Horticulture
NAME-----------------------------------------------------------------
Telephone number: __________________ email address: ___________________________________
MAJOR----------------------------------------------------------------
FUTURE JOB INTEREST
FIELD (Pomology, Landscape, etc)-------------------------------
AREA OF WORK (Research, Extension, Teaching, etc.)-------------COURSES TAKEN
Horticulture Related Fields
HORT 311 Princ. Food Processing AGRO 301 Soil Science
HORT 326 Plant Propagation ENTO 201 Gen. Entomol
HORT 325 Vegetable Crops PLPA 301/303 Pl Path
OTHERS PPHY 313/315
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Course materials
• Reference books– List is being developed
• Home Page– Under development– Lecture powerpoint presentations– Supplemental readings– Links for topics/crops etc.
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
HORT 423 – Tropical Horticulture - FALL, 2003Course Schedule
Instructor: David H. ByrneHFSB 428, 862-3072, Email: [email protected]
Teaching Assistant: Millie BurrellHFSB 429, Email: [email protected]
HFSB 101, MW 5:15 – 6:30 pm
Lecture # Date Topic
1 Sept. 1 Course Overview and Introduction to the Tropics2 Sept. 3 Tropical Climates, Soils and Agro-ecosystems3 Sept. 8 Beverage Crops: Cacao4 Sept. 10 Coffee5 Sept. 15 Tea
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
6 Sept. 17 Fruits and their importance in tropical horticulture7 Sept. 22 Musa: Banana and plantains8 Sept. 24 Musa: Banana and plantains9 Sept. 29 Pineapple
10 Oct. 1 EXAM11 Oct. 6 Papaya and Mango12 Oct. 8 Sapodilla, Breadfruit, and Jackfruit13 Oct. 13 Tamarind, Sapote, Guava, and Guanabana (Annona species)14 Oct. 15 Passionfruit, Carambola, Mangosteen, and Durian
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
15 Oct. 20 Nut Crops: Cashews and Brazil nuts16 Oct. 22 Macadamia17 Oct. 27 Palms: Dates and Coconuts18 Oct. 29 African oil palm19 Nov. 3 Rubber and Neem20 Nov. 5 Root crops: Cassava21 Nov. 10 EXAM22 Nov. 12 Yam, Taro, and Jicama23 Nov. 17 Vegetable Crops: Amaranth, Vegetable Soybean, Mung beans
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Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
24 Nov. 19 Spices: Vanilla production, Cinnamon25 Nov. 24 Pepper, All spice26 Nov. 26 Nutmeg and Mace
THANKSGIVING BREAK27 Dec. 1 Legume crops: Pigeon peas28 Dec. 3 Chick peas and black beans
READING DAYS30 Dec. 16 FINAL EXAM:
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Grading:A Exam 20% 200 pointsB Exam 20% 200 pointsWeekly homework 12 % 120 pointsClass demonstration 3% 30 pointsFinal Exam 20% 200 pointsPaper 25% 250 pointsTOTAL 100% 1000 points
• Weekly Homework– 3 questions with answers
• Previous week lectures• Multiple choice or short answer
– 15 points each– 120 total points + 30 extra points– Graded and compiled for class
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Grading:A Exam 20% 200 pointsB Exam 20% 200 pointsWeekly homework 12 % 120 pointsClass demonstration 3% 30 pointsFinal Exam 20% 200 pointsPaper 25% 250 pointsTOTAL 100% 1000 points
• Class Demonstration– Tropical
• Plant • Plant part (root, tuber, stem, fruit, seed etc.)• Plant product
– Need to fill out Demonstration Sheet– 30 points, need to schedule and get approval– Can do one additional one for 30 extra points
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Class Demonstration Sheet
Name of the sample:Common Name: ____________________________________
Scientific Name: ____________________________________
Draw in the Center of Origin and Domestication History
Plant description:
Culture of plant:
Use:
References:
Name: Date:
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
• Requirements of paper– References
• Minimum of 3 from internet and 3 from scientific literature
– Length, 7-20 pages– Format, follow ASHS guidelines for Feature
article• Extra credit, 4-7 oral presentation of topic
Grading of the paper is as follows:Task Points Due datesInitial topic choice – typed title with short outline 10 Sept. 17Detailed outline – with your list of references 20 Oct. 22Powerpoint presentation – digital/printed 50 Nov. 12Final written paper – digital/printed 170 Dec. 3Total points 250
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Hort 400Spring Break Study Tour
of Tropical Horticulture
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Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Any Questions?
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
What is the Tropics?
• Land area that is defined by position of the sun• Highest latitude where sun is directly overhead
Tropic of Cancer - 23.5° N
Tropic of Capricorn - 23.5° S
Equator Intertropical Convergence Zone
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
What is the Tropics?
• 38 % land mass is in the Tropical Zone
Tropic of Cancer - 23.5° N
Tropic of Capricorn - 23.5° S
Equator Intertropical Convergence Zone
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Land Use in the Tropics(area in Mha)
Region % landarea
Arablecrops
Perennialcrops
Pasture Woodlands
World 100 1373 102 3212 4049
Developed 42 652 22 1250 1867
DevelopingNot tropical
20 233 22 794 277
Tropical 38 488 58 1168 1905
Data from Webster and Wilson, 1998, Table 1.1
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Land (%) Suitable for Rain-fed Agriculture
Region Suitableland
Marginallysuitable
Landcultivated
Africa(less South Africa)
27% 8% 6%
Southeast Asia 33% 25% 31%
Central America 27% 6% 14%
South America 46% 8% 8%
Data from Webster and Wilson, 1998, Table 1.4
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Land Use in the TropicsRegion % land
areaCerealyield(t/ha)
Fertilizeruse
(Kg/ha)
% Increase inferilizer use
Developedworld
42 3.0
Tropical 38 1.8 27.3 (123%)
Africa 17 1.0 2.7 (52%)
Asia 8 2.1 46.5 (213%)
Americas 12 2.1 19.9 (40%)
Data from Webster and Wilson, 1998
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Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
What is the Tropics?
• 44% of the world’s population(National Geographic Society Map)
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
What is the Tropics?
• 44% of the world’s population
1975 and 2000
(Figure 2, The Global 2000 Report to the President, 1977)
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Population Projectionsfrom 1975 to 2000 (millions)
Region Population1975
Populationprojection 2000
Percentincrease
Annual %increase
Developedworld
1,131 1,323 17 0.6
Africa 399 814 104 2.9
Asia 2,274 3,630 60 1.9
Americas 325 637 96 2.7
(The Global 2000 Report to the President, 1977)
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Land Use Changes in the Tropicsfrom 1975 to 1988: area in Mha and % change in ( )
Region Populationincrease in
millions
% Increase inpopulation
% populationin agriculture
Population perha
Developedworld
9 0.2
Tropical 662 (41%) 58 0.5
Africa 174 (59%) 72 0.2
Asia 381 (36%) 62 1.4
Americas 107 (38%) 29 0.2
Data from Webster and Wilson, 1998, Table 1.1
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Agriculture in the Tropics• Large proportion of population involved in
agriculture– Developed world 9%– Tropics 58% (29% to 72%)
• Mostly by small holders– Mainly for subsistence– May grow some cash crops
• Mainly with traditional methods
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Agricultural Development in the Tropics
• Diverse cultures affect the practice of agriculture– Forbidden foods
• Religious taboos on eggs, pork, and beef
– African custom of maintaining life stock• Excessive numbers result in pasture degradation etc.
– Rigid group or tribal life vs individual life
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Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Agricultural Development in the Tropics
• Land tenure and inheritance– Communal tenure versus individual ownership– Various landlord - tenant farmer systems
• Lack of incentives to adopt higher yielding practices• Lack of incentive to plant perennial crops
– Fragmentation and decreasing size of land holdings
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Agricultural Development in the Tropics
• Governmental Support and Finance– Land tenure reform– Infrastructure improvements
• Communications, roads, irrigation systems, land drainage, flood control
– Availability of financial services (ie credit)• Recurring farm inputs• Associated industries, fertilizer, processing, etc
– Marketing support– Extension and Research services
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
What is the Tropics?
• 50% of the world’s biota
Biomass Production Potential
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Land Use Changes in the Tropicsfrom 1975 to 1988: area in Mha and % change in ( )
Region Agriculture(Mha)
Woodlands(Mha)
% change inwoodlands
Tropical 67 -121 -6%
Africa 15 -36 -5%
Asia 7 -23 -7%
Americas 45 -61 -6%
Data from Webster and Wilson, 1998, Table 1.1
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Forest Lands in the World(area in million of hectares)
Region 1980 1990 Totalloss
% lost
Africa 650 600 50 7.7%
Asia 311 275 36 11.5%
LatinAmerica
923 840 83 9.0%
TOTAL 1,884 1,715 169 9.0%
Lyke and Fletcher, 1992
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Why is the Forest being cut?
• Expansion of Agriculture– 60%– Pasture, Perennial Crops, Annual Crops
• Forestry– Roads make accessible to others– Clear cut and selective cut approaches
• Other Developments– Industry, towns, cities
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Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Deforestation in the Tropics
Lyke and Fletcher, 1992
• The rate of loss is increasing• 1981
– 11 million ha per year• 1990
– 17 million ha per year– Area the size of the state of Washington
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Deforestation in Southeast Asia
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Deforestation in Brazil
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Deforestation in Brazil
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
High level of plant and animal diversity
• Tropical forests– 7 -8 % of land– 50% of world’s species
• Center of origin of many of the world’s most important crops– Food - grains, legumes, vegetables, fruits– Fiber– Medicinal– Ornamentals
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Origins of Common Domestic Plants
MesoAmerica
HighlandS. America
SouthAmerica
Africa
NearEast
India SE Asia
South Pacific
AgaveCacaoCottonMaize
PapayaPeppers
PumpkinScarlet Runner Bean
Sieva BeanTomato
Winter Squash Sweet Potato
Common Bean
Common BeanCotton
Grain AmaranthsLima Bean
PotatoTomato
AvocadoCassavaCottonPeanutsPeppers
PineappleRubberTobacco
Sweet Potato
African riceBermuda Grass
CoffeeCowpea
Finger milletMuskmelon
Oil PalmOkra
SesameSorghum
WatermelonYam
Chick peaDateFig
FlaxLentil
Pomegranite
CowpeaCucumberEggplant
MuskmelonOkra
Pigeon peaSesame
BananaBlack Pepper
Bermuda GrassCitrusMango
Oriental riceTea
Thin SugarcaneYam
BreadfruitClove
CoconutJackfruit
Noble SugarcaneTaro
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Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Local Effects of Deforestation• Livlihood/cultural integrity of forest dwellers• Soil degradation
– Erosion– Loss of fertility
• Watershed flows of surface and ground water• Local climate changes due to removal of
natural vegetation– Less evaporation– Greater heat absorption
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Global Effects of Deforestation• Carbon cycle of the world• Upon burning forests
– Carbon dioxide is released to atmosphere– Enhances the greenhouse effect– May increase rate of global warming
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
50% of World’s Biota
• Other Related Issues• Conservation of unique ecosystems and
plant diversity• Intellectual Property Rights of plant
biodiversity• Sustainable Agricultural Development
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
What is the Tropics? • Warm• Humid• Rainy• Jungle
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
What is the Tropics?• Warm• Semi arid• Shrubland• Grasslands• Savanna
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
What is the Tropics? • Warm to cool• Dry• Deserts
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Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
What is the Tropics? • Cool to cold• Wet to Dry• Highlands
3° F/1000 feet
5.6°C/1000 m
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Ground Cover in the Tropics
Ground Cover PercentRainforest 15 %Dry season forest 7 % 22%Wet savanna 18%Dry savanna 29 % 47%Desert 29 % 29%
From Table 2.1, Agriculture in the Tropics, Webster and Wilson, 1998
Any Questions?