Dr. Michael Moore presents:

What is a tsunami?

• A tsunami (pronounced tsoo-nah-mee) is a series of waves caused by a sudden huge vertical displacement of water.

• Earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, explosions, and even the impact of cosmic bodies, such as meteorites, can generate tsunamis.

• Tsunamis can savagely attack coastlines, causing devastating property damage and loss of life.

Origin of the word – “tsunami”

• Tsunami is a Japanese word with the English translation, "harbor wave."

• Represented by two characters, the top character, "tsu," means harbor, while the bottom character, "nami," means "wave."

Origin Time and Epicenter

Sunday, 26 Dec 2004, at 00:58:50 UTC

The epicenter was at 3.298°N, 95.779°E

Its focal depth was shallow (about 33 km

http://www.drgeorgepc.com/Tsunami2004Indonesia.html

Countries Affected by the 2004 Indian Earthquake/Tsumani

Southeast Asia and beyond

• Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, the Maldives, Somalia, Myanmar, Malaysia

• Many other countries, especially Australia and those in Europe, had large numbers of citizens traveling in the region on holiday.

Tectonic Plates of Earth

Types of earthquake faults

http://www.iris.edu/gifs/animations/faults.htm

Movements of Tectonic Plates

The Ring of Fire

For millions of years the India tectonic plate has drifted and moved in a north/northeast direction, colliding with the Eurasian tectonic plate and forming the Himalayan mountains.

As a result of such migration and collision with both the Eurasian and the Australian tectonic plates, the Indian plate's eastern boundary is a diffuse zone of seismicity and deformation, characterized by extensive faulting and numerous earthquakes.

http://www.drgeorgepc.com/Tsunami2004Indonesia.html

Current Earthquakes as of 1/27/05Today Yesterday Past 2 weeks Past 5 years

http://www.iris.edu/seismon/

24-Hour Seismic Data PlotInuvik, NWT in Western Canada

http://www.pgc.nrcan.gc.ca/cgi-bin/browse_daily_plots

Aftershocks - magnitude at least 3.0

A Snapshot of the Dec 26, 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake

• The earthquake (magnitude of 9.0) generated a tsunami that was among the deadliest disasters in modern history.

• Estimated energy equal to 23,000 atomic bombs!!!(according to U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)

• In 1964, there was a Good Friday Earthquake off Alaska. (9.2 magnitude)

• Tied for fourth largest earthquake since 1900.

Current Earthquakes as of 1/27/05Today Yesterday Past 2 weeks Past 5 years

http://www.iris.edu/seismon/

A megathrust fault

Vertical Displacement of Water

A water ripple from the origin

Waves vs Tsunami

http://www.ess.washington.edu/tsunami/images/tsulg.jpg

Wind waves10 seconds between wavesWavelength = 150 meters

waves move in circular motion

Tsunami1 hour between waves

moves 500-1000 km per hour then suddenly slows down to 10

km/hr with a moving wall of water 10 to 30 meters high near land!

Tidal Waves = 12 hours between waves, caused by gravity from the moon and the sun

Changes in tsunami wave shape as it

approaches land.

http://www.ew.govt.nz/enviroinfo/hazards/naturalhazards/coastal/tsunami.htm

Tsumani Waves

http://www.prh.noaa.gov/itic/library/pubs/great_waves/tsunami_great_waves_4.html

an Animation of a Tsunami

http://esminfo.prenhall.com/science/geoanimations/animations/86_Tsunami.html

Dr. Snyder’s Tsunamifor his Physics Class

going on now!!!!

Most Recent TSUNAMIS TSUNAMI of December 26, 2004

TSUNAMI of November 28, 2004TSUNAMI of November 21, 2004TSUNAMI of November 11, 2004TSUNAMI of September 5, 2004TSUNAMI of September 5, 2004TSUNAMI of November 17, 2003TSUNAMI of September 25, 2003TSUNAMI of January 22, 2003TSUNAMI of January 20, 2003TSUNAMI of October 10, 2002 TSUNAMI of September 13, 2002TSUNAMI of September 8, 2002

TSUNAMI of January 2, 2002TSUNAMI of June 23, 2001TSUNAMI of November 26, 1999TSUNAMI of July 17, 1998TSUNAMI of May 3, 1998TSUNAMI of December 5, 1997TSUNAMI of April 21, 1997TSUNAMI of December 2, 1996TSUNAMI of November 12, 1996TSUNAMI of September 5, 1996TSUNAMI of September 4, 1996TSUNAMIS of June 10, 1996

2004 Sumatra Earthquake/Tsunami

http://staff.aist.go.jp/kenji.satake/animation.gif

First wave of tsunami hitting the Maldives

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Wave.jpg

Amateur Asian Tsunami Video Footage

http://www.asiantsunamivideos.com/

2004 Indonesia Tsunami Complete.gif

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:2004_Indonesia_Tsunami_Complete.gif

Amateur Videos of the Tsunami

http://www.asiantsunamivideos.com/

ttp://www.waxy.org/archive/2004/12/28/amateur_.shtml

• BCC News – Animation of a tsunami• http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/4136289.stm

• PBS Animations• http://www.pbs.org/wnet/savageearth/animations/tsunami/main.

html

Propagation of Tsunami Waves

• Island of Sumatra 15 minutes 15 meter high waves• Sri Lanka/India 1 1/2 hours 15 meter high waves• Thailand 2 hours 15 meter high waves• Somalia 7 hours ?• South Africa 16 hours 1.5 meter high waves• Mexico >16 hours 2.6 meter high waves• South America >16 hours 0.2 - 0.4 meter waves

Kalutara Beach, Sri Lanka (before tsumani)

Receding waters, Kalutara Beach, Sri Lanka

“Before” photo of Gleebruk Villagehttp://homepage.mac.com/demark/tsunami/13.html

“After” photo of Gleebruk Villagehttp://homepage.mac.com/demark/tsunami/13.html

“Before” photo of Banda Aceh, Indonesiahttp://serc.carleton.edu/images/NAGTWorkshops/visualization/collections/bandaaceh.jpg

“After” photo of Banda Aceh, Indonesiahttp://serc.carleton.edu/images/NAGTWorkshops/visualization/collections/bandaaceh.jpg

“Before” photo of Meulaboh, Indonesia http://homepage.mac.com/demark/tsunami/20.html

“After” photo of Meulaboh, Indonesia http://homepage.mac.com/demark/tsunami/20.html

Vegetation stripped away from mountain side at Lhoknga.http://cwis.usc.edu/dept/tsunamis/2005/tsunamis/041226_indianOcean/sumatra/sumatra.html

More Amateur movies of the tsumani

http://www.westhamptonbeach.k12.ny.us/teachers/cohen/sciweb/earthscience/tsunami.htm

Country wheredeaths occurred

Deaths

Injured Missing DisplacedConfirmed Estimated

Indonesia 173,981 220,000 ~100,000 6,245 400,000- 700,000

Sri Lanka 38,195 38,195 15,686 23,000+ ~573,000

India 10,744 16,413 — 5,669 380,000

Thailand 5,305 11,000 8,457 4,499 —

Somalia 150+ 298 — — 5,000

Myanmar (Burma) 59 2,500 45 7,000 3,200 confirmed

Malaysia 68– 74 74 299 — —

Maldives 82 108 — 26 12,000 – 22,000

Seychelles 1-3 3 — — —

Tanzania 10 10+ — — —

Bangladesh 2 2 — — —

South Africa  2 2 — — —

Kenya 1 2 2 — —

Yemen 1 1 — — —

Madagascar — — — — 1,000+

Total 228,601+ ~288,608 ~125,000 ~40,000 ~1.5 million

Pacific Tsunami Warning Centers

http://www.prh.noaa.gov/itic/library/pubs/great_waves/tsunami_great_waves_8.html

www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/s560.htmtsunami-buoy-deploy2.jpg