1L E S S O N 5 – C O N D I T I O N A L C L A U S E S & E T H I C S

2ND BATXILERAT 15-16

GET YOUR OWN WAY

Winnie is cheating Roo to get his own way!

Get what you want although it might upset other people

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COVER UP

She tried to cover up her mistakes, but in the end she was caught out.

Stop people from discovering the truth

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CATCH OUT

Liars often try to cover up their mistakes, but sooner or later, they are usually caught out.

The last question in the exam caught them all out.

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Parents want their children to be self-reliant and strong-willed.

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RELY ONTrust

8Before you answer this question, you should take into account studies showing that…

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STAND UP FOR STH / SBD

Defend

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STAND BY SOMEBODY

He stood by his little brother during their parent’s divorce.

Continue to support somebody who is in a difficult situation

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UNTRUSTWORTHY

Adjective used to define someone who cannot be trusted

I felt like trusting them, but Tom told me they were totally untrustworthy.

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GO WITHOUTNot to have something that you usually have.

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IN A PERFECT WORLD…

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TURN UP (INFLML)Arrive or appear somewhere

She turned up late for the meeting and was sacked

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SWINDLE / RIP (SB) OFF (INFML)Cheat somebody on something related to money

We were ripped off by the taxi driver

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CARRY OUT / UNDERTAKE

In a treball de Recerca you have to carry out your own research.

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Formal register Informal registerassistance, helpdue to because ofenquire askfurther, more inform tellinformation factsObtain / receive getOccupation / position jobPossess haveProvide giveRepair FixEnquire / request Ask forReserve bookverify Check / proverequirements needs

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A FOR AND AGAINST ESSAY

• Some strategies to write your first sentence:

• Rephrase the statement you are going to discuss.• Say this statement has two sides.

• For example:

• There is heated debate about whether people should be able to drive a car before they are twenty, or not.

• There are both advantages and disadvantages to driving a car before you are twenty”.

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CONDITIONALS

• They have a • main clause• A subordinate or “if clause”

• Both the conditional and the subordinate clause can start the sentence, but if the subordinate clause comes first, then you must remember to use a comma.• If I were a rich man, I will build a big house.• I will build a big house if I were a rich man.

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FORM FOR CONDITIONALS

• First Conditional:• If + present simple + will + base form

• Second conditional:• If + past simple + would + base form

• Third conditional:• If + past perfect + would + have + past participle

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ZERO CONDITIONAL TO TALK ABOUT THE PRESENT

• We use it to talk about general truths and things we believe to be true generally• If + present simple + present simple• If I am sad, he is happy.

• If I am (not) sad, he is (not) happy.• Is he happy if I am sad?

• He is happy if I am sad.• If you heat water, it boils• If you travel to Madrid, it is best to take the train.• It is best to take the train if you travel to Madrid.

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SECOND CONDITIONAL TO TALK ABOUT THE PRESENT

• We use it to talk about things in the present that are hypothetical. Things we think are unlikely or impossible, or things that are opposite of the facts• If + past simple, + would + base form

• If I worked around here, I’d walk to the office.• If I were a millionaire, I would have a castle in Ireland.• If he were younger, he would come with us.• If I had wings, I would fly to Majorca.

• * We use were with to be for all the persons.

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FIRST CONDITIONAL TO REFER TO THE FUTURE

• It is used to talk about things that are possible and may happen in the future• If • Unless (if not)• If I go to Paris, I will visit the Tour Eiffel

Negative• If you don’t come for lunch, I will cook paella.• If you come for lunch, I won’t cook paella.• If you don’t come for lunch, I won’t cook paella

InterrogativeWill + base form + if + present• Will you come if I cook paella?

+ present simple, + will + base form

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THIRD CONDITIONAL TO REFER TO THE PAST

• We use it to reflect on things that happened or didn’t happen in the past and how changing these events might have made a difference.

• If + past perfect, + would + have + past participle

• If he had known his mother was dying, he would have visited hermore often

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IF ONLY / I WISH

• Specific situation – Hadn’t• If only I hadn’t phoned him when I was angry.

• general past tense or would• If only they didn’t / wouldn’t treat me as a child.

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WHAT HAPPENED?• If only you believed me!

• If I had thought of the consequences, I would never have done it.

• If someone had not seen me reading a note, they would not have accused me of cheating.

• I wish it had not happened!

• If that man had not seen me reading that note, they would not have accused me of cheating.

• If they had not caught me cheating I would not have been expelled from University.

• If only my parents would allow me to return the expensive fees!

+MAKING SUGGESTIONS

• What ___________ we do this summer?• _______ have dinner at an Italian restaurant!• How ________ going cycling this weekend?• ________ don’t we go to the movies tomorrow?• I ______________ we visit the science museum.• We ________ go to a concert this weekend

shall

Let’sabout

Whysuggest

could

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CHILD SOLDIERS

…Let’s / how about… / why don’t we… / we could

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GREETINGS AND CLOSINGS IN FORMAL LETTERS

• When you do not know the last name of the person you are addressing• Dear Sir /Madam - Yours

faithfully

• When you know their surname• Ms. – When you do not know if the woman you are

addressing is married or single. It is pronounced “Mizz” – THE MOST COMMON FORMULA

• Mrs. – a married woman• Miss – A single woman - Yours sincerely

+USEFUL PHRASES

Previous Contact• Thank you for your letter of …(date)• Thank you for your letter.• Further to your last letter, …• With reference to your email of… (date)

Reason for email• We are writing to inform you that …• Just a short note to let you know that …• I’m writing about …• I am writing with regard to …

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Adrian O’Donnell – Lado Business English Specialists

USEFUL PHRASES II

Good news• You will be pleased to hear that …• We are able to confirm that …• We can confirm that …

Bad news/Apologising• I apologise for …• We regret to inform you that …• Sorry for …• Unfortunately, …

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Adrian O’Donnell – Lado Business English Specialists

USEFUL PHRASES III

Requests• I would be grateful if you could …• I wonder if you could …• Do you think I could have …