Tuesday 1/21/14 Tuesday 1/21/14 RAP RAP Why did you have yesterday off Why did you have yesterday off from school? from school? Why do we observe this in Why do we observe this in history? history? Today: Today: Close reading and comparison of Close reading and comparison of the Declaration of Independence the Declaration of Independence and Declaration of the Rights of and Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen. Man and the Citizen.
Transcript
Tuesday 1/21/14Tuesday 1/21/14
RAPRAPWhy did you have yesterday off from school?Why did you have yesterday off from school?Why do we observe this in history?Why do we observe this in history?
Today:Today:Close reading and comparison of the Declaration Close reading and comparison of the Declaration of Independence and Declaration of the Rights of of Independence and Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen.Man and the Citizen.Revolutions encouraged by the above.Revolutions encouraged by the above.
Close reading and comparison of the Close reading and comparison of the Declaration of Independence and Declaration of Independence and Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen.Citizen. (TITLE your notes ) (TITLE your notes ) – As we read I want you and your partner to pull As we read I want you and your partner to pull
out information from each reading that are out information from each reading that are similar and different.similar and different.
– What differences did you write down?What differences did you write down?– What similarities did you write down? What similarities did you write down?
and Latin American Independence and Latin American Independence MovementsMovements1750-19141750-1914
**Global Connection**Global Connection Revolutions spurred on movements in Revolutions spurred on movements in
other countriesother countries Introduced Introduced new new political ideaspolitical ideas
(democracy, constitutions, etc.) used (democracy, constitutions, etc.) used world wideworld wide
In the case of Haitian Revolution, In the case of Haitian Revolution, inspired other slave rebellionsinspired other slave rebellions
Gave Gave power to commoners/slavespower to commoners/slaves; ; knew they could overthrow knew they could overthrow governmentgovernment
American Revolution led to American Revolution led to independence movements in other independence movements in other colonies escaping from European colonies escaping from European controlcontrol
Prelude to the American RevolutionPrelude to the American Revolution
Laws passed by the Laws passed by the English government to English government to limit expansion as well as limit expansion as well as pass laws on the American pass laws on the American coloniescolonies
American colonies American colonies looking for more looking for more independence independence
Artisans and farmers Artisans and farmers looking for ways to looking for ways to promote social equality promote social equality
American RevolutionAmerican Revolution On On June 15, 1775June 15, 1775, the , the
Continental Congress appoints Continental Congress appoints George Washington general of George Washington general of Continental ArmyContinental Army
On June 17, 1775, the Battle of On June 17, 1775, the Battle of Bunker Hill occurs with the Bunker Hill occurs with the British winning, but at a huge British winning, but at a huge costcost
In December of 1775, the In December of 1775, the American colonies are placed American colonies are placed under an embargounder an embargo
May 2, 1776, France commits May 2, 1776, France commits 1 million dollars1 million dollars in arms to the in arms to the colonies and Spain also offers colonies and Spain also offers supportsupport
Battle of Bunker Hill
American RevolutionAmerican Revolution **On July 4, 1776 the Declaration of **On July 4, 1776 the Declaration of
Independence is issuedIndependence is issued October 7, 1777- Battle of Saratoga October 7, 1777- Battle of Saratoga
results in results in 11stst major American victory major American victory Articles of Confederation adopted on Articles of Confederation adopted on
November 15, 1777 making Congress the November 15, 1777 making Congress the sole authoritysole authority
1781- last battle at Yorktown—Britain 1781- last battle at Yorktown—Britain defeated.defeated.
1783-Paris Peace agreement between 1783-Paris Peace agreement between American colonists and GBAmerican colonists and GB
In In 1789, the U.S. sets up a new 1789, the U.S. sets up a new constitutional structureconstitutional structure with checks and with checks and balances between the different branches balances between the different branches of government as well as limited voting of government as well as limited voting rights (to wealthy white males)rights (to wealthy white males)
Above - The signing of the Declaration.
Began on August 22, 1781Began on August 22, 1781 Slave uprising against the Slave uprising against the
French French Francois Dominique Francois Dominique
Toussaint L’OuvertureToussaint L’Ouverture organized a small military organized a small military groupgroup
In order to overcome In order to overcome powerful countries wanting powerful countries wanting to claim Haiti (France, to claim Haiti (France, England, and Spanish) England, and Spanish) Toussiant played powers Toussiant played powers off of one another, finally off of one another, finally allying with Frenchallying with French
Toussaint L'Ouverture, whose name means "the opening," opened the way to freedom for Blacks in Haiti and throughout the Western Hemisphere when he led his army of enslaved Africans against Napolean's top troops. Haiti's President Jean Bertrand Aristide declared 2003 "The Year of Toussaint" in honor of the 200th anniversary of his death in a French prison just before the Haitian Revolution won victory. When captured, Toussaint warned the French that they had cut down "only the trunk of the tree of liberty. It will spring up again by the roots, for they are numerous and deep."
resulted in Toussiant’s resulted in Toussiant’s deathdeath
Jean-Jacques Jean-Jacques Dessalines was former Dessalines was former slave who took over slave who took over
General Leclerc sent General Leclerc sent by Napoleon to deal by Napoleon to deal with Haitians, bloody with Haitians, bloody battles occurredbattles occurred
Ended on November Ended on November 28, 180328, 1803
Legacy of Haitian RevolutionLegacy of Haitian Revolution
Symbol of freedom Symbol of freedom and hope to the rest of and hope to the rest of slaves in North slaves in North AmericaAmerica
Slave owners became Slave owners became aware of chance of aware of chance of rebellion of slavesrebellion of slaves
Slave shelters built by Slave shelters built by slave owners in case slave owners in case of an uprisingof an uprising
Beginnings of the Mexican Beginnings of the Mexican RevolutionRevolution
General Porfirio Diaz was president of General Porfirio Diaz was president of Mexico from 1876-1911Mexico from 1876-1911
Mexico had Mexico had political and economic political and economic stabilitystability,, but at expense of farmers and but at expense of farmers and laborers (only select few had wealth)laborers (only select few had wealth)
Suppressed any uprisings with armySuppressed any uprisings with army Claimed that he was waiting until Mexico Claimed that he was waiting until Mexico
was ready for a democracywas ready for a democracy
Mexican RevolutionMexican Revolution In 1909, Francisco Madero In 1909, Francisco Madero
formed Anti-Reelectionist formed Anti-Reelectionist Party, trying to oust Party, trying to oust General Diaz and form a General Diaz and form a democracy; ran for democracy; ran for president in 1910president in 1910
Madero imprisoned for Madero imprisoned for “inciting rebellion” and Diaz “inciting rebellion” and Diaz won electionwon election
Madero won election in Madero won election in 19111911,, but found most but found most revolutionaries wanted revolutionaries wanted immediate change which he immediate change which he couldn’t providecouldn’t provide
Mexican RevolutionMexican Revolution Madero killed in 1913, and Madero killed in 1913, and
replaced by Victoriano replaced by Victoriano HuertaHuerta
Huerta didn’t stay true to Huerta didn’t stay true to revolutionary beliefs, left revolutionary beliefs, left country in 1914country in 1914
Huerta replaced by Huerta replaced by Venustiano Carranza who Venustiano Carranza who organized a convention that organized a convention that resulted in the resulted in the formation formation of a new constitution in of a new constitution in 19171917
Chinese RevolutionChinese Revolution
Revolution began in Revolution began in 1890s with fall of Ch’ing 1890s with fall of Ch’ing (Qing) dynasty(Qing) dynasty
After After Boxer Rebellion in Boxer Rebellion in 19001900, Western ideas , Western ideas dominated education and dominated education and much of Chinese lifemuch of Chinese life
1911 Revolution began in 1911 Revolution began in southwestern province of southwestern province of SzechwanSzechwan
Motivated by plan to Motivated by plan to nationalize the railwaynationalize the railway
Chinese RevolutionChinese Revolution Sun Yat-sen was “Father of Sun Yat-sen was “Father of
the Revolutionthe Revolution”” Educated in west, saw Educated in west, saw
revolution as nationalist, revolution as nationalist, social, and democratic social, and democratic revolutionrevolution
In 1905, Chinese United In 1905, Chinese United League formedLeague formed
By By end of November of 1911end of November of 1911, , 2/3 of China had seceded from 2/3 of China had seceded from the Ch’ing empirethe Ch’ing empire
In In December 1911, China December 1911, China proclaimed a republic with proclaimed a republic with Sun Yat-sen as presidentSun Yat-sen as president
Chinese RevolutionChinese Revolution Yuan Shih-kai had been Yuan Shih-kai had been
appointed as prime minister in appointed as prime minister in 19111911
On January 3, 1912, Yuan On January 3, 1912, Yuan claimed he would get the claimed he would get the Ch’ing dynasty to abdicate if Ch’ing dynasty to abdicate if he was offered the presidencyhe was offered the presidency
Yuan appointed president on Yuan appointed president on February 1, 1912February 1, 1912
Yuan suppressed any Yuan suppressed any rebellions, dissolving the rebellions, dissolving the parliament and parliament and becoming becoming dictator in 1914dictator in 1914 President Yuan
Shikai
Latin American Independence Latin American Independence Movements (Brazil)Movements (Brazil)
By end of 18By end of 18thth century, Brazil century, Brazil had grown in economic had grown in economic importanceimportance
1807, France invaded 1807, France invaded Portugal; Portuguese king Portugal; Portuguese king moved to Brazil; Rio de moved to Brazil; Rio de Janeiro made capitalJaneiro made capital
Dom Joao VI moved back to Dom Joao VI moved back to Portugal in 1820, but son Portugal in 1820, but son Dom Pedro I, stayed behindDom Pedro I, stayed behind
Pedro was called back to Pedro was called back to Portugal, but, after Portugal, but, after refusing,** refusing,** declared Brazil declared Brazil independent in 1822independent in 1822
Latin American Independence Latin American Independence Movements (Peru)Movements (Peru)
Jose San Martin was military Jose San Martin was military commander in Argentina who commander in Argentina who wanted to secure Peruvian silverwanted to secure Peruvian silver
Peru still under Spanish control, Peru still under Spanish control, upper class extremely conservative; upper class extremely conservative; but Napoleonic invasions of Spain but Napoleonic invasions of Spain sparked revolutionsparked revolution
San Martin was unable to defeat San Martin was unable to defeat Spanish in interior, and with his Spanish in interior, and with his withdrawal, Simon Bolivar took withdrawal, Simon Bolivar took overover
Battles in 1824 such as battle of Battles in 1824 such as battle of Ayacucho assured Peru’s Ayacucho assured Peru’s independence independence
Latin American Independence Latin American Independence Movements (Chile)Movements (Chile)
In September 1810, open In September 1810, open town meeting appointed town meeting appointed junta made up of local junta made up of local leaders to rule (searching for leaders to rule (searching for more independence)more independence)
Battle of Rancagua in Battle of Rancagua in October 1814, Spain October 1814, Spain regained controlregained control
Carrera brothers and Bernard Carrera brothers and Bernard O’Higgins convinced Jose O’Higgins convinced Jose San Martin to help themSan Martin to help them
**Independence **Independence proclaimed in 1818proclaimed in 1818 with with O’Higgins as dictatorO’Higgins as dictator
Young Anti-War Protest
**Causes/Motives of the **Causes/Motives of the RevolutionsRevolutions
All revolutions All revolutions resulted from peasant unrestresulted from peasant unrest Industrialization and economic hardships (Industrialization and economic hardships (food food
shortages)shortages) Nationalist ideasNationalist ideas helped to spur on all revolutions helped to spur on all revolutions Media played major role in advocating changeMedia played major role in advocating change;;
monarchs could publish newspapers supporting their monarchs could publish newspapers supporting their actions, controlling the public’s knowledge, actions, controlling the public’s knowledge, revolutionaries could also use media to support their revolutionaries could also use media to support their beliefs of overthrowing the governmentbeliefs of overthrowing the government
Need to industrialize nationsNeed to industrialize nations Artisans or peasants who wanted older economic valuesArtisans or peasants who wanted older economic values
**Causes/Motives of the Revolutions **Causes/Motives of the Revolutions continuedcontinued
Enlightenment thinkersEnlightenment thinkers challenged regimes that didn’t challenged regimes that didn’t grant religious freedoms or grant religious freedoms or insisted on aristocratic privilegeinsisted on aristocratic privilege
Commercialization caused Commercialization caused merchants to challenge idea that merchants to challenge idea that aristocrats hold highest poweraristocrats hold highest power
Population increasePopulation increase made it made it harder for anyone not aristocrat harder for anyone not aristocrat to gain office; led to protestingto gain office; led to protesting
Comparison of Causes and Motivations of Comparison of Causes and Motivations of RevolutionsRevolutions
HaitiHaiti MexicoMexico ChinaChina FranceFrance AmericaAmerica Latin AmericaLatin America Slaves wanted Slaves wanted vengeancevengeance
Slaves retained Slaves retained culture, wanted to culture, wanted to reinstate itreinstate it
Planters wanted Planters wanted independence independence from Francefrom France
Free people of Free people of color wanted color wanted citizenshipcitizenship
Pressure from Pressure from foreign foreign governmentsgovernments
Weakness of Weakness of central central government government (under Manchus)(under Manchus)
Imperial plan to Imperial plan to nationalize the nationalize the railway (wealthy railway (wealthy gentry stood to gentry stood to lose investments)lose investments)
In lean years, In lean years, 90% of peasantry 90% of peasantry lived at or below lived at or below subsistence levelsubsistence level
Kings competed Kings competed with officers for with officers for authority; kings authority; kings wanted monarchywanted monarchy
King had been King had been involved in involved in religious religious controversies controversies
Resisted Resisted Britain's attempts Britain's attempts to impose taxes to impose taxes and trade controls and trade controls on colonieson colonies
Overpopulation Overpopulation led young men to led young men to seek new seek new opportunitiesopportunities
Growing Growing commerce led to commerce led to farmers and farmers and artisans looking artisans looking for ways to defend for ways to defend social equality social equality and community and community spiritspirit
Stamp Act of Stamp Act of 1765 on all 1765 on all documents and documents and pamphletspamphlets
Conflict and Conflict and invasion in invasion in mother country mother country (Legitimacy of (Legitimacy of rulers)rulers)
Restrictions on Restrictions on education and education and tradetrade
Conflict Conflict between political between political values (liberals values (liberals and conservatives)and conservatives)
American, American, French, and French, and Haitian Haitian RevolutionsRevolutions
Resented Resented taxation and taxation and policies of mother policies of mother countriescountries
**Effects of Revolutions on Women continued**Effects of Revolutions on Women continued Before RevolutionsBefore Revolutions After RevolutionsAfter Revolutions
Women Women expected to be wives and expected to be wives and mothersmothers; could not vote or hold political ; could not vote or hold political officeoffice
Unmarried women under authority of Unmarried women under authority of their fatherstheir fathers
Once married, couldn't work, enter into Once married, couldn't work, enter into contracts, or control own estates without contracts, or control own estates without husband’s permissionhusband’s permission
Enlightenment ideas enforced beliefs Enlightenment ideas enforced beliefs that women biologically and socially that women biologically and socially different from men and should stick to different from men and should stick to domestic tasksdomestic tasks
Women Women secluded within homessecluded within homes; had to ; had to wear long skirts or dresseswear long skirts or dresses
Lower class women had more freedom Lower class women had more freedom than those of upper classthan those of upper class
Women Women allowed to be educatedallowed to be educated: at first : at first the sole purpose was to train them for the sole purpose was to train them for “enlightened” role within the home“enlightened” role within the home
Demand for teachers allowed for higher Demand for teachers allowed for higher education; education; women became more women became more confident and advocated women’s rightsconfident and advocated women’s rights
As 20As 20thth century progressed, women century progressed, women gained right to votegained right to vote in addition to other in addition to other civil liberties (Ex: raised hemline of civil liberties (Ex: raised hemline of dresses)dresses)
When men went off to war, left When men went off to war, left openings in openings in factory positionsfactory positions which were which were filled by women (proved themselves able filled by women (proved themselves able to work in even heavy industry, including to work in even heavy industry, including munitions)munitions)
**Rise of Democracy**Rise of Democracy In In Mexican RevolutionMexican Revolution, new , new constitution constitution
formed in 1917 that:formed in 1917 that: - - Redistributed landRedistributed land from wealthy from wealthy
landowners to peasantslandowners to peasants - was 1- was 1stst to recognize collective labor rights to recognize collective labor rights
- - limited the foreign ownership of key limited the foreign ownership of key resourcesresources
Haitian RevolutionHaitian Revolution, gave more equality to , gave more equality to people of color and people of color and gained independence gained independence from Francefrom France
- Inspired other countries to form own - Inspired other countries to form own democracydemocracy- Early - Early constitutions balanced popularconstitutions balanced popular representation by imposing property representation by imposing property restrictions of votersrestrictions of voters
Rise of Democracy Rise of Democracy
****French Revolution:French Revolution:
- Assembly - Assembly published Declaration of published Declaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizen on Rights of Man and of the Citizen on August 26, 1789August 26, 1789
- - Assembly became legislature of new Assembly became legislature of new government (parliament)government (parliament)
Rise of DemocracyRise of Democracy ****Chinese RevolutionChinese Revolution:: - - Constitution formedConstitution formed
limited emperor’s power; limited emperor’s power; said that parliamentary said that parliamentary elections be held within 6 elections be held within 6 months of formation of months of formation of governmentgovernment
- Provincial assemblies were - Provincial assemblies were established in 1909established in 1909- National, democratically - National, democratically elected Consultative elected Consultative Assembly formed in 1910Assembly formed in 1910
Rise of DemocracyRise of Democracy ****American RevolutionAmerican Revolution::
- May 10, 1776, Congress allows each - May 10, 1776, Congress allows each of of colonies to form local governmentscolonies to form local governments
- July 4, 1776, Declaration of - July 4, 1776, Declaration of IndependenceIndependence
- U.S. - U.S. Constitution set up in 1789Constitution set up in 1789 with with checks and balances between different checks and balances between different branches, guarantees of individual branches, guarantees of individual liberties, and limited voting rights liberties, and limited voting rights
****Latin AmericaLatin America
- Local leaders were taking positions - Local leaders were taking positions of greater importanceof greater importance
-- Freedom of trade was reached both -- Freedom of trade was reached both within the nations and internationallywithin the nations and internationally
**Negative Effects of the **Negative Effects of the RevolutionsRevolutions
Mexican RevolutionMexican Revolution- Devastated the country- Devastated the country- Killed 1.5 million people- Killed 1.5 million people- Ranching and farming were - Ranching and farming were disrupteddisrupted
French Revolution-French Revolution-- Radical phase resulted in - Radical phase resulted in deaths of opponents of deaths of opponents of revolution aided by guillotine revolution aided by guillotine - Incited further war, especially - Incited further war, especially under Napoleon, in other under Napoleon, in other countriescountries- Destruction of property- Destruction of property
Destroyed Buildings
**Negative Effects of the Revolution **Negative Effects of the Revolution continuedcontinued
Haitian RevolutionHaitian Revolution- Africans seen by General - Africans seen by General Leclerc (invading French Leclerc (invading French officer) immediately killedofficer) immediately killed- Instilled fear among slave - Instilled fear among slave owners, owners, tighter restriction on tighter restriction on slave rightsslave rights (slaves couldn’t be (slaves couldn’t be taught to read)taught to read)
American RevolutionAmerican Revolution- Deaths of about 7,000 - Deaths of about 7,000 AmericansAmericans- - New government deeply in New government deeply in debt, had to pay soldier’s debt, had to pay soldier’s salaries in addition to cost of salaries in addition to cost of food and weapons food and weapons
Chinese RevolutionChinese Revolution- - Reforms didn’t benefit the Reforms didn’t benefit the peasants; benefited military, and peasants; benefited military, and aristocrats aristocrats - Didn’t provide ample - Didn’t provide ample opposition against the warlordsopposition against the warlords
- Reforms made were not social, - Reforms made were not social, mainly politicalmainly political
Latin AmericaLatin America
- Did not receive fullDid not receive fullindependence; still dependentindependence; still dependentEuropean and U.S.European and U.S.economicseconomics
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