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Turing Machine의작동원리와일반적인...

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9. Turing Machines 학습목표 Turing Machine의 작동원리와 일반적인 계산모형으로서의 가능성 이해 Welcome to 현실세계의 계산모형
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  • 제 9장. Turing Machines

    학습목표

    Turing Machine의 작동원리와 일반적인계산모형으로서의 가능성 이해

    Welcome to 현실세계의 계산모형

  • 개요

    •표준 튜링 머신

    – 가장 강력한 오토메타

    – 계산 한계 규명의 도구

    • 튜링 머신의 결합

    • Turing Thesis

    철저한 증명보다는 개념적인 이해 및 응용 예 숙지 필요

    왜? 너무 자세히 하기에 너무 복잡해서리…하지만, 기본 방법은 이미 알고있는…

    기본 구성 및 왔다리 갔다리 방식의작동원리 이해

    실제 컴퓨터 언어에서 처럼 복잡한문제를 해결하는데는 단순한 모듈의결합이 제격!

    튜링 머신의 power를 보여주는 명제

  • Standard TM

    ),,(),(Ex 10 Rdqaq =δ0q

    a b c

    states final :state initial :

    blank },{:fn. transition :

    alphabet tape :alphabetinput :

    states internal :),,,,,,(:Def.

    0

    0

    QFQq

    RLQQ

    QFqQM

    ⊆∈Γ∈

    ×Γ×→Γ×ΓΣ

    ΓΣ=⋅

    : □

    δδ

    δ

    1q

    d b c

    cu

    R/W head

    Tape

    여러 가지 정의의 TM에 대한 표준정의

  • TM의 정의: Halt

    a a

    0q

    b b

    0q

    b b

    1q),,(),(),,(),(),,(),(

    10

    00

    00

    LqqRbqbqRbqaq

    □□ ===

    δδδ

    ),,(),(),,(),(),,(),(),,(),(),,(),(),,(),(

    01

    01

    01

    10

    10

    10

    LqqLbqbqLaqaqRqqRbqbqRaqaq

    □□

    □□

    ======

    δδδδδδ

    b

    0q

    a

    ⇒ infinite loop

    • Def A TM is to halt iff it reaches a configuration for which δ is not defined

    .Ex

    .Ex

    이제까지 우리가 알고 있는 계산기의프로그래밍과 유사하지요.

    Standard TM

  • TM의 정의: 기계의 상태 표현

    nkkk aaaqaaaxqx LL 112121 or +−

    dabeqcdabqReqcqδ

    21

    21 ),,(),(├

    =

    bbqaaq

    bbqbbqabqaaq

    1

    *

    0

    1000

    ├├├ □

    : ├⋅

    • Def instantaneous description

    .Ex

    q

    ka 1+ka1−ka⋅ na1a 2a

    1x 2x

    ⋅⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅

    Standard TM

  • TM의 정의: Computation

    undefined is),(,y 21*

    21 aqayqxqx jji δ├

    ∞*

    21 ├xqx

    • Def computation

    • cf infinite loop

    = sequence of configurations leading to a halt state

    Standard TM

  • cf. if w L(M)

    1. machine can halt in a nonfinal state2. it can enter an infinite loop & never halt

    TM as Language Accepters

    },, somefor :{)(

    ),,,,,,{.Def

    *2121

    *

    0

    0

    Γ∈∈Σ∈=

    ΓΣ=

    +

    ⋅xxFqxqxwqwML

    FqQM

    ff├

    □δ

    *00accept toTM adesign },1,0{.Ex =Σ

    ),,(),(),0,(0),(

    10

    00

    RqqRqq

    □□ ==

    δδ

    right movingby continue0 is read symbol theifcheck :idea⋅

  • TM as Language Accepters: 예

    210 qqq

    }1:{accept toTM adesign },,{Ex. ≥==Σ nbaLba nn

    ybxa

    →→

    firstleftmost anext

    ),,(),(),,(),(),,(),(),,(),(

    21

    11

    11

    10

    LyqbqRyqyqRaqaqRxqaq

    ====

    δδδδ

    ),,(),(),,(),(),,(),(

    02

    22

    22

    RxqxqLaqaqLyqyq

    ===

    δδδ

    ),,(),(),,(),(),,(),(

    43

    33

    30

    RqqRyqyqRyqyq

    □□ ===

    δδδ

    ybxa →→⋅ :idea

    좀 복잡해 보이지만 상식적인 문제해결 방식과 같죠!

  • TM as Language Accepters: 예2

    □□

    ├├├

    ├├├

    ├├├

    ├├├

    4

    330

    221

    102

    2110

    qxxyyxxyyqyxxyqyyxxq

    xyyxqyyxxqbxxyqybxxqaybxqxaybq

    aybxqbbxaqabbxqaabbq

    }1:{accept toTMaDesign Ex. ≥= ncbaL nnn

    zyxcba ,,,, →

    실제 계산기를 흉내 내려면 accepter만으로는…

  • TM as Transducers

    Fqwfqwq

    FqQMDf

    ffM ∈

    ∋ΓΣ=∃⋅

    ),(

    ),,,,,,( TM some e)(computabl computable-Turing :on Def.

    *0

    0

    □δ

    yx + compute toTM aDesign Ex.

    • purpose of computation = transform input into output

    xxw =⋅

    |)(|integers positive oftion representa :idea

    0)()(0)(*

    0 yxwqywxwq f +├

  • TM as Transducers: 예

    wwqwq f*

    0 ├

    Ex design a TM to copy strings of 1’s

    ),,(),(),1,()1,(

    31

    11

    RqqLqq

    □□ ==

    δδ

    ),1,(),(),1,()1,(),1,(),(

    12

    22

    21

    LqqRqqRqxq

    ===

    □δδδ

    ),,(),(),,()1,(

    10

    00

    LqqRxqq

    □□ ==

    δδ

    1createend,rightnextforback1rightmost1every ⎯→⎯→⎯→⎯→ xx

  • TM as Transducers: 예2

    ⎩⎨⎧

    <

    yxq

    yxq

    n

    y

    ifstatenonfinalain

    ifstatefinalainhalttoTMaDesignEx.

    yxywxwqywxwq

    yxywxwqywxwq

    n

    y

    <

    if),(0)()(0)(

    if),(0)()(0)(*

    0

    *

    0

    n

    y

    qxxxxxxx

    qxxxxx

    ⎯→⎯

    ⎯→⎯

    110

    110

    LL

    LL

  • Standard TM: Exercises 9.1

    • 5 : 간단한 문제로 답도 간단합니다.

    • 8 : 좀 지루한 작업을 필요로 합니다. 만, 대부분의 TM과 관련된 문제가이와 같은 작업을 필요로 하기 때문에 한번 해봅시다. 어쨌든, pda가할 수 없는 일을 TM이 한다는 사실에 유의할 것.

  • Combining TM for Complicated Tasks

    yxyxyxyxf

    fn.

  • Combining TM for Complicated Tasks: 예

    Ex

    0)()(0)(

    if),(0)()(0)(

    ,

    *

    0,

    0,

    *

    0,

    yxwqywxwq

    yxywxwqywxwq

    fAA

    Ac

    +

    kj qqa elsethen ifuctionmacroinstr thefor TM aDesign

    0)(0)(

    if),(0)()(0)(

    ,

    *

    0,

    0,

    *

    0,

    fEE

    Ec

    qywxwq

    yxywxwqywxwq

    ├ <

    QqRaqaq iji ∈= allfor),,(),( 0δ

    }{allandallfor),,(),( 0 abQqRbqbq iki −Γ∈∈=δ

    Γ∈= cLcqcq jj allfor),,(),( 0δ

    Γ∈= cLcqcq kk allfor),,(),( 0δ

  • Region separator

    ##

    Workspace for A Workspace for BT

    • Subprogram manipulation in TM

    – divide the tape into several regions

    • Idea : repeated copying of the multiplicand yfor each 1 in the multiplier x

    Ex Design a TM to multiply two positive integers

    1. Repeat the following steps until x contains no more 1’sFind a 1 in x and replace it with another symbol aReplace the leftmost 0 by 0y

    2. Replace all a’s with 1’s

    Combining TM for Complicated Tasks: 예2

  • • 개념적으로는 어려운 문제가 아니지만, 대부분 일반적인 프로그래밍과

    관련된 지루한 코딩이 필요합니다.

    • 2번과 4번 정도를 한번 시도해 봅시다.

    Combining TM: Exercises 9.2

  • Turing’s Thesis

    DdFqdfqdq

    RdfDdMRDf

    ffM ∈∀∈

    ∈→∈∋→⋅

    ),(

    )(answer correct halt with input TM ,:for algorithm :Def

    *0 ├

    • TM > pda

    • TM ? = digital computer

    Anything that can be done on any existing digital computer can also by a TM

    No one has yet been able to suggest a problem, solvable by what we consider an algorithm, for which a TM cannot be written

    Alternative models have been proposed, but none of them are more powerful than TM model

    1.

    2.

    3.

    • Any computation by mechanical means by some TM

  • Turing’s Thesis: Exercises 9.3

    • 따로 연습하기 어려운 부분이기는 한데…

    • 3문제 모두 한번 생각은 해봅시다.


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