TVA AND THE PO U LT RY I N D U STRY

TVA AND THE POULTRY INDUSTRY

INTRODUCTION

The continued success and growth of the poultry industry in the Tennessee Valley is one of the bright spots for agriculture in the region. The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) is proud to

have been an integral part of that growth and we are committed to working cooperatively to

make that growth continue. Of course, we want this growth to continue in an environmentally

sound manner and in a way that realizes the maximum economic benefit of this industry. We

are convinced it can, and with the attitude we have seen throughout the industry and among

agricultural leaders, we are convinced it will, both here and in other production regions in the

United States.

The Southeast is a major area of broiler production. Alabama alone produces 900 million birds

with a value of over 1.2 billion dollars each year, accounting for 43 percent of farm cash receipts.

Georgia and Arkansas, which with Alabama are the three leading states for broiler production,

produce similar numbers.

The average farm produces 180,000 birds per year in 6-8 week growing cycles. As it leaves the

broiler house, each bird leaves behind about 5 pounds of litter composed of its droppings and the

bedding spread in the house to absorb it. In Alabama, this is equivalent to about 2 million tons.

In addition, each 100 birds leaving the house leaves behind 5 who died during the growing cycle-

-over one-half million dead birds per week, or 880 tons of carcasses--that have to be disposed

of in a controlled manner. Presently they represent an additional pollution source but they could

be converted to a useful agricultural asset in the form of fertilizer.

In terms of fertilizer value, the litter and dead birds collectively represent over one-half the

nitrogen, all of the phosphorus, and three-fourths of the potassium in commercial fertilizers

purchased by Alabama farmers in 1992.

The litter is a valuable source of nutrients for animals as well as plants. It actually has a much greater value as a beef-cattle feed (up to $90 per ton based on nutrient content). Interest is

growing as farmers see opportunities to develop a profitable cattle industry using this low-cost resource.

It also presents a growing environmental problem and a potential hinderance to the continued

growth of this important industry. With the growth and increasing concentration of the industry,

which has a sustained growth rate of 4 percent per year, farms where the birds are grown can no

longer absorb the litter by spreading it on their land without exceeding safe limits of application.

The result will be an eventual nitrogen contamination of ground and surface water, soil and crop

damage, and odor and vector problems. In Alabama and other areas of concentrated production

we are at a crossroads: either find alternative uses or face potential environmental problems that

could hinder growth in the industry. Thus far, there have been scattered instances of pollution

but the present patterns indicate that we must work quickly to prevent further water quality deterioration that could slow, or even halt, production in some areas.

The potential for realizing a greater economic benefit and at the same time averting

environmental problems are particularly applicable to North Alabama where over a third of the

state production is concentrated in five counties, led by Cullman, that lie wholly or partly within

the Tennessee River drainage basin. The realization of the benefits and solutions to

environmental problems are thus particularly important to the Valley, as well as the State, the

Southeast, and the Nation.

HISTORY AND BACKGROUND

For over ten years TVA has been active in developing economically beneficial and

environmentally sound methods of dealing with poultry litter. The endeavors have been part of

a wider effort to improve water quality through the control and utilization of animal and

agricultural wastes, which are an important source of ground and surface water pollution in the

Valley. In cooperation with USDA agencies, local groups, and landowners, water quality

protection measures were demonstrated on 28 farms in the Duck River watershed in 1984-1985; from 1985-1990, 140 waste management systems on 50 farms were installed, allowing the Bear

Creek floatway to be reopened; since 1983, TVA has conducted sampling programs and

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watershed inventories to identify water quality problems and their causes; in 1985-1986 a project

testing poultry litter as a goat feed was conducted by Tuskegee University.

TVA has worked closely with universities, industry, Land and Water 201, and other government

agencies during this time. The Agricultural Institute, Water Resources, and NFERC have

coordinated activities to research, demonstrate, and implement practices to improve environmental

quality and allow the industry to adopt effective self-regulatory control measures that also

increase the value of the product.

TVA’s Agricultural Institute initiated work with farmers and businesses in 1989 to improve

processing and marketing of broiler litter as a cattle feed, soil amendment, and organic fertilizer.

Part of this work involved tests to determine the economics and effectiveness of using litter on

row crops and vegetables as well as pasture land.

Through the Alabama Universities TVA Research Consortium (AUTRC), funded by the State and

TVA, has supported private firms in developing processes and begin commercial marketing of

broiler litter and evaluating alternative methods for dead bird disposal. With Auburn University,

TVA has developed processes to produce cattle feed, potting soils, and fertilizer from broiler

litter now being marketed in several states.

PRESENT ACTIVITIES

In 1990, NFERC began a high-priority project to address the failure to fully exploit the

advantages and alleviate the environmental problems stemming from broiler litter and, to a lesser

extent, dead bird disposal and utilization. Broiler litter was selected as the major focus because

of its high potential of becoming a value-added product and also of having a major environmental

impact on ground and surface water that could have damaging effects on the growth of this

important Alabama industry. Rather than treat it as a waste, it is increasingly looked upon as an

asset with multiple uses, requiring development of better production and processing methods to

provide new products as well as new industries.

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The project team is composed of several TVA organizations and cooperating universities in the

Southeast. The project has expanded in scope to include projects in Arkansas, Oklahoma, and

Rhode Island as well as substantial work in Alabama. Contacts with industries and universities

have been developed in almost all major poultry areas.

The objective has been to improve water quality through the development of value-added

products and to promote marketing through technology transfer to the private sector. The

products being evaluated are beef-cattle feeds, potting mixture; enhanced organic fertilizer; and

composted soil amendments. Potential markets include traditional agricultural, nursery, turf, and

home garden applications through wholesale and retail outlets. By producing stable, value-added

products, they become marketable over a wide area and are not limited to local use.

The current TVA and university work consists of demonstrating the effectiveness of litter-based

products and obtaining the information necessary for effective marketing. These efforts are being

assisted by private firms in Alabama, Tennessee, and Arkansas, whose marketing strategies have

already been influenced by TVA’s technology transfer capabilities.

Besides promoting interaction and cooperation among TVA organizations, other accomplishments

include TVA participation in the Poultry Water Quality Consortium. The consortium is

composed of representatives of the Southeastern Poultry and Egg Association, the Soil

Conservation Service, The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, and TVA. It serves as a

channel to provide information to the industry on the use of poultry by-products as a sustainable

resource and prevent them from becoming a pollution source. In August 1993, the consortium

sponsored a Poultry Waste Management Water Quality Workshop to present current information

on water quality and waste management issues affecting the industry.

TVA is working with rendering plants to improve wastewater handling and to evaluate dead bird

fermentation for use in pet food. TVA is also providing technical assistance to a poultry

processing plant in meeting new regulations governing stormwater runoff.

In on-farm demonstration work, the Agricultural Institute has supported both composting and

fermentation as an effective means of dead bird disposal. These methods are being adopted as

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cheaper, environmentally sound alternatives to incineration and pit burial. Composting has

already been widely adopted by other states. Alabama already has over 400 on-farm bird

composters but further work is still necessary.

Demonstrations and educational meetings and materials are being used to encourage increased

use of litter and corn mixtures as a beef-cattle feed.

The Agricultural Institute, in cooperation with Auburn University, is establishing an Agricultural

Waste Data System to address community opportunities associated with waste reduction and

utilization. Also, with the Alabama Department of Environmental Management and Auburn, an

environmental handbook is being developed to address water quality and water pollution control

in agriculture. The information in video and hardcopy provides information on non-point source

water pollution problems.

Through effective cooperation and coordination, Auburn University and TVA provide national

leadership in methods for recycling litter and encouraging use of litter products. Numerous

research and extension service publications have resulted from this work. For example, administrators of the University of Puerto Rim have visited demonstrations in North Alabama.

On the basis of their visit, the university is developing demonstrations of dead bird composting,

poultry litter enhancement for use as a fertilizer, and constructed wetlands processing for the

Puerto Rico poultry industry.

The initiation of a compost research/demonstration program at the Muscle Shoals center arose

from the realization that at its present stage of development, large-scale composting is poorly

understood, often haphazardly applied, and without an adequate technical base that allows product

control through measured physical, chemical, and microbiological properties. Research and

Development efforts are numerous but unorganized, small in scale, and often narrow in scope.

TVA is actively seeking public and private involvement in its waste management research. The

existence of a facility of this type is a major advantage in seeking such support. It will be

particularly attractive to those seeking continuation of research projects through efficient

development and commercialization. There is a growing recognition for the need of such a

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technological bridge to span the present gap between small-scale research and workable,

reproducible systems. Means of providing scientifically sound and properly engineered

technology is badly needed to bring order to this rapidly growing field.

TVA is particularly suited to this type of work because of the wide range of skills and knowledge represented by its staff and its facilities for large-scale demonstration projects. Large-scale

continuing development is beyond the capabilities of university agronomy staffs and is unlikely

to be undertaken by producers because of the costs, skills, and facilities required.

FUTURE WORK

As part of its refocusing efforts, TVA will become more deeply involved with both on-farm

processing and off-farm processed waste management issues. On-farm wastes will increasingly

be viewed as valuable raw materials that can be recycled to provide value to the farmer and to

recycling and marketing firms. The staff will develop closer working relationships with

environmental managers in the food processing industry. Feed products from litter will provide

an opportunity to expand the income of the beef-cattle industry. Efforts will be expanded to

commercialize the products as feed, fertilizer, and horticultural products. Technical and

educational assistance will also be provided to encourage production and marketing of the

products.

In the immediate future the focus will continue to be on the develop of reliable and reproducible

composting techniques for broiler litter and yard waste, concomitant with efforts to demonstrate

uses and develop market strategies. The major efforts will be directed toward minimizing

nitrogen loss, odor control, microbial investigations, establishment of quality criteria and quality

control tests, and identification of important physical and chemical conditions. Demonstrations

will focus on greenhouse tests and trials by potential users (nurseries, landscaping firms, and golf

courses) that will provide the basis for marketing demonstrations.

It will also be necessary to focus on the producers, whose present practices produce a wide and

variable range of litter quality. This will involve education to illustrate the advantages of a good

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quality litter on their costs and ease of disposal. Dead birds, still a major problem, will receive

attention in "posting and fermentation.

The Agricultural Institute has a new program to demonstrate the technology needed for agriculture in the 21st century. Agri-21 Farming Systems is a whole-farm demonstration program

addressing the sustainability and profitability of Valley farms. Its goals are to develop the human

capability of the farm family and make the public aware of critical agricultural issues. These

farms will be applied research laboratories for testing new agricultural technologies such as waste

management systems and waste disposal methods.

Other problems involving water quality such as stormwater management, water usage, processing

wastes, and wastewaters are also areas of concern. Industry and academic involvement through

the present TVA connections will be used in transmitting improved technology and techniques

to the poultry industry.

Other research and development efforts are targeted for broiler bedding material to replace

sawdust and wood shavings. This would reduce waste volume and reduce costs to producers.

The technology being developed for poultry litter will also be applicable to similar development

for other agricultural wastes. The pork industry has expressed interest in TVA's technology to

deal with similar waste problems. They are interested in forming a consortium similar to the

Poultry Water Quality Consortium and we expect to develop additional linkages with the

industry, which will also benefit Alabama farmers.

We have made progress in forging ties with industries, universities, and other agencies, which

will continue to be expanded and strengthened. This is important to enhance the exchange of

information, facilitate the efficient resolution of problems, and maximize the effectiveness of

available funds and personnel.

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To be fully effective, industry has to be closely involved in the program. Open communications and active support are essential if we are to focus on their greatest needs, and they must be

committed to the support of research, development, and demonstration efforts and the

implementation of successfbl practices.

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APPENDIX A

GENERAL TVA A- AND RESEARCH RELATED TO POULTRY INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT

NETWORKING WITH INDUSTRY, OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, AND UNIVERSITIES

INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER INSIDE AND OUTSIDE THE VALLEY

PARTICIPATION IN THE POULTRY WATER CONSORTIUM WITH EPA, SCS, AND THE SOUTHEASTERN POULTRY A N D EGG ASSOCIATION

PELLETIZATION OF LI'ITER FOR RUMINANT ANIMAL FEEDS

PELLETIZATION OF COMPOSTED LITTER FOR LOW-ANALYSIS ORGANIC FERTILIZER OR SOIL AMENDMENTS AND TFIE FORMULATION OF ENHANCED ORGANIC FERTILIZERS FOR "RSERY, TURF, AND HOMEJGARDEN APPLICATIONS

EVALUATION OF GRANULATION FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOSTED FERTILIZER AND SOIL AMENDMENT PRODUCTS

MA- EVALUATIONS FOR SPECIALTY FERTILIZERS

JNDUSTRY CONSULTATION ON EQUIPMENT AND PROCESS SIMPLIFICATION

INITIATION OF A RESEARCH PROGRAM CURRENTLY DEVOTED TO POULTRY LITTER COMPOSTING

DEVELOPMENT OF RAPID ANALYTICAL METHODS TO ASSESS LITTER QUALITY

FEEDING TRAILS OF P E U T E D LlTlTR PRODUCTS

RESEARCH TO IMPROVE COMPOST PROCESS EFFICIENCY, DEFINE COMPOSTING PARAMETERS, AND COMPOST QUALITY ON THE LABORATORY, BENCH, AND DEMONSTRATION SCALES

GREENHOUSE, LABORATORY, AND FIELD TESTS TO ENHANCED FERTILIZER PRODUCTS

DEVELOPMENT OF COMPOST QUALITY CRITERIA FOR DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS

INTERACTION WITH INDUSTRIES TO DIVERSIFY LI'ITER-BASED PRODUCTS PRODUCED AND DEVELOP MARKETING STRATEGIES

EVALUATION OF AMMONIA CONTROL METHODS TO IMPROVE BROILER HOUSE AIR QUALITY AND REDUCE 4ENTILATION REQUIREMENTS

ASSESSMENT OF HEATING BROILER HOUSES WITH WOOD RESIDUES OR LITIXR

APPENDIX B

TVA RESEARCH AND DEMONSTRATIONS IN SUPPORT OF THE POULTRY INDUSTRY

1993 - AGRI-21 FARMING SYSTEMS VALLEYWIDE LAND-GRANT UNIVERSITIES (REGIONAL MANAGERS AND UNIVERSITY COORDINATORS) TVA-AI

AGRICULTURAL WASTE DATA SYSTEM AUBURN UNIVERSITY (DR RON SCHUMACK) TVA-AI

APPLICATION OF SMALLSCALE COMPOSTING OF DEAD POULTRY AUBURN UNIVERSITY (DR. J. P. BLAKE) TVA-AUTRC

DEMONSTRATION OF ON-FARM FERMENTATION AS A METHOD OF DISPOSAL OF FARM MORTALITIES AUBURN UNIVERSITY (DR. JOHN P. BLAKE) TVA-AI

EFFECTIVENESS OF FORAGE PLANTS IN REDIJCING PHOSPHORIJS CONCENTRATIONS IN SOILS WITH EXCESSWE RATES OF POIJLTRY LITTER UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS @R. B. J. HANKINS) TVA-NFERC

EVALITATION OF N I m NT ENHANCED BROILER LITI'ER ALABAMA A&M UNIVERSX'lT (DR DAVID MAYS) TVA-NFERC

IDENTIFICATION OF MICROBIAL POPIMTIONS IN POULTRY WASTE COMPOST UNIVERSITY OF NORTH ALABAMA (DR D. W. ROUSH) TVA-AUTRC

MICROBIAL ECOLOGY OF COMPOSTING UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM (DR. J. J. GAUTHIER) TVA AUTRC

POIJLTRY L m E R AS A SOIL AMENDMENT FOR HORTICULTURAL CROP PRODIJCI'ION OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSiTY @R WARREN ROBERTS) TVA-NFERC

POULTRY LITTER SPREADER CALIBRATION WORKSHOPS AUBURN UNIVERSITY (DR CHARLES B. OGBURN) TVA-AI

POULTRY WASTE MANAGEMENT DEMONSTRATIONS UNIVERSITY OF PUERTO RICO (DR. OSCAR MUNIZ) TVA-NFERC

SYSTEMS FOR ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFE BROILER LITTER UTILIZATION AUBURN UNIVERSITY (DR C. P. DELANEY) TVA-AI

QUALITY, UTILIZATION, AND MARKET ACCEPTANCE OF POULTRY MANURE-BASED COMPOST UNIVERSITY OF REIODE ISLAND (DR W. M. SULLIVAN) TVA-NFERC

TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE FOR RENDERING PLANT WASTEWATER PROCESSING PIC0 FARMS PROTEIN RECOVERY DIVISION TVA-NFERC

IJSING COMPOSTED LlTI'ER IN WOODY NITRSERY PRODIJCTION SYSTEMS UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS (DR. GERALD KLINGAMAN) TVA-NFERC

VALUE OF COMPOSTED AND DEEP STACKED POULTRY UTTER AS FEEDSTUFFS UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS (DR. A. L. GOETSCH) TVA-NFERC

VALUE OF POULTRY LIITER-BASED RANGED CUBES AS CATTLE FEEDSTUFF UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS (DR TOM TROXEL) TVA-NFERC

1992 - A COMPARATIVE EVALIJATION OF THE EFFECTS OF FEEDING POULTRY LIlTER ON STOCKER CA'ITLE PERFORMANCE OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY (DR KElTH LUSBY) TVA-NFERC

BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES TO AVOID OVERAPPLICATION OF POULTRY L I T E R ON PASTURES UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS (DR. CHARLES ALBRIITON) TVA-NFERC

DEMONSTRATION AND EVALUATION OF SYSTEMS FOR ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFE BROILER LIlTER UTILIZATION AUBURN UNIVERSITY TVA-AI

DEMONSTRATION OF BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR FORAGE PRODUCTION UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS (DR B. J. HANKINS) TVA-NFERC

EFFECT OF DAIRY MANURE APPLICATIONS IN SILAGE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS ON SUBSURFACE WATER QUALITY UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE (DR MICHAEL MULLEN) TVA-NFERC

ESTIMATION OF N AVAILABILITY OF FRESH VERSUS DRIED AND PARTLY COMPOSTED CHICKEN MANURE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN (DR KEITH KELLING) TVA-NFERC

EVALIJATION OF CHICKEN LITTER HYDROLYZATE AS A SIJBSTRATE FOR YEASTS TVA-NFERC

EVALIJATION OF YARD WASTE COMPOST MATURITY. QUALITY. AND HORTICIILTURE UTILIZATION AUBURN UNWERSITY TVA-AUTRC

HORTICULTURAL PLANT PERFORMANCE IN SOILLESS GROWING MEDIA AMENDED WITH COMPOSTED BROILER IXITER AUBURN UNIVERSITY TVA-AUTRC

IMPACT OF DAIRY MANURE ON WATER OUALITY IN NO-TILLAGE SYSTEMS UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE (DR MICHAEL MUUEN) TVA-NFERC

INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY FARM DEMONSTRATIONS PROJECT AUBURN UNIVERSITY TVA-AI

LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT AND WATER QUALITY UNIVERSITY OF KENTlJCKY TVA-AI

MANAGEMENT OF NIITFUENT BALANCE ON BERMUDAGRASS UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS @R J. M. PHILLIPS) TVA-NFERC

POULTRY L I T E R UTILIZATION PROJECT UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA TVA-AI

PHOSPHATE LOADING FROM BROILER LllTER APPLICATIONS UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA TVA-AI

PROPOSAL TO INVESTIGATE THE FACTORS NECESSARY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF AN INTEGRATED POULTRY COMPLEX IN THE TENNESSEETOMBIGBEE WATER CORRIDORS MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIVERSITY TVA-AI

QUALITY OF GROUNDWATER ON POULTRY FARMS UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE TVA-AI

WASTE/BY/PRODIICTS--EXTRI)SION OF CHICKEN LlTlTR FOR FEEDS ANI) FERTILIZERS TVA-NFERC

WATER OIIALITY AND WATER POLLUTION CONTROL-RESOURCE HANDBOOK AUBURN UNIVERSITY TVA-NFERC

1991 - A BIOSECURE METHOD FOR TRANSPORTATION OF POULTRY FARM MORTALITIES TO A RENDERING FACILITY AUBURN UNIVERSITY TVA-AUTRC

BROILER PRODIJCTION PROJECT UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY TVA-AI

DEAD BIRD COMPOSTING DEMONSTRATIONS IN FRANKLIN COUNTY AUBURN UNIVERSITY TVA-AI

EFFECT OF CONTINUED USE OF POULTRY MANlTRE AS A NITROGEN SOURCE ON THE CHANGES IN SOIL PH AND NIITRIENT LEVELS I N THE SOIL PROFILE CLEMSON UNIVERSITY @R C. L PARKS) TVA-NJ?ERC

EFFECT OF NITROGEN RATE AND TIME OF NITROGEN APPLICATION ON THE YELD OF WHEAT CLEMSON UNIVERSITY @R. J. J. CAMBERATO) TVA-NFERC

EVALUATION OF VARIOUS SOURCES OF BEDDING MATERIAIS FOR POULTRY HOUSES UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY TVA-AI

INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY FARM DEMONSTRATION PROJECr AUBURN UNIVERSITY TVA-AI

MARKETING POTENTIAL OF PELLETED BROILER L m R AS AN ALTERNATIVE CRUDE PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT FOR BEEF CATLZE AUBURN UNIVERSITY TVA-AUTRC

MARKETING STRATEGY AND POTENTIAL PROFITABILITY FOR A SOILLESS POTTING Mzx AMENDED WITH COMPOSTED BROILER LITTER AUBURN UNIVERSITY TVA-AUTRC

POULTRY LITI'ER AS A FERTILIZER--IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENTAL QIJALITY AUBURN UNIVERSITY (DR. WESLEY WOOD) TVA-NFERC

POULTRY WASTE MANAGEMENT DEMONSTRATION PROJECT AUBURN UNIVERSITY TVA-AI

POIJLTRY WATER QUALITY CONSORTIUM TVA, USDA, EPA, SOUTHEASTERN POULTRY A N D EGG ASSOCIATION

PROCESSING POULTRY h&4NITRE FOR USE AS LIVESTOCK FEED AND ORGANTC FERTILIZER HERITAGE FARMS, COMPETITIVE BID PROJECT, KENTUCKY TVA-AI

OUALITY OF GROUNDWATER ON POULTRY FARMS UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE TVA-AI

1990 - CONSIIMER AND MARKET DEMAND ANALYSIS FOR A SOILLESS PO'ITING MIX AMENDED WITH BROILER LITI'ER AUBURN UNIVERSITY TVA-AUTRC

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF AN POTENTIAL FOR GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION FORM DEAD POULTRY DISPOSAL PITS AUBURN UNIVERSITY ,

TV A-AITTRC

ENVIRONMENTAL OUALITY PRACTICE DEMONSTRATIONS AUBURN UNIVERSITY TVA-AI

INTRODUCING DEAD BIRD COMPOSTING TECHNOLOGY TO FARMERS I N CULLMAN COUNTY, ALABAMA DAN SMALLEY FARMS, COMPETITIVE BID, ALABAMA TVA-AI

MAXIMUM IJSE OF ALABAMA RESOURCES - BROILER L I T E R AND FORAGES AUBURN UNIVERSITY TVA-AUTRC

MEASUREMENTS OF NITRATE LEACF€ING FROM POULTRY LITTER AND UREA IN FORAGES UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA (DR. JIM ENNIS) TVA-NFERC

METHODS FOR COMMERCIAL UTILIZATION OF AGRICULTITRAL WASTE IN THE ORNAMENTAL AND LANDSCAPE INDUSTRIES AUBURN UNIVERSITY TVA-AI

POULTRY WASTE MANAGEMENT DEMONSTRATION PROJECT AUBURN UNIVERSITY TVA-AI

WATER QUALITY EDUCATIONAL PRACTICE DEMONSTRATIONS AUBURN UNIVERSITY TVA-AI

1989 - COMPOSTING CHICKEN MANIJRE TO IMPROVE WATER QUALITY BROCK MIRACLE EGG FARM, COMPETITIVE BID, ALABAMA TVA-AI

DEAD CHICKEN COMPOSTING AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO PIT DISPOSAL MYLES WYLIE ALBRIGHT, COMPETITIVE BID, ALABAMA TVA-AI

DEVELOPMENT AND MARKET NEW AGRIBUSINESS PRODIJCTS FROM POULTRY HOUSE WASTES IN NORTH ALABAMA HORACE HORN, COMPETITIVE BID, ALABAMA TVA-AI

DEVELOPING MARKETS FOR ORGANIC FERTILIZERS AND FEED CONTAINING POULTRY HOUSE WASTES SOUTHEASTERN FARMS, COMPETITIVE BID, ALABAMA TVA-AI

DEVELOPMENT OF PROFITABLE LOW-INPUT BEEF PRODUCTION STRATEGIES FOR NORTH ALABAMA AUBURN UNIVERSITY TVA-AUTRC

METHODS FOR COMMERCIAL UTILIZATION OF COMPOSTED BROILER LETI'ER IN THE ORNAMENTAL AND LANDSCAPE INDUSTRIES AUBURN UNIVERSITY TVA-AUTRC

SOIL NITRATE AND PLANT TISSUE ANALYSES FOR PREDICTMG N FERTILIZER NEEDS FOR WHEAT GROWN ON S O U AMENDED WITH POULTRY LITI'ER AUBURN UNIVERSITY TVA-AUTRC

DEVELOPMENT OF LOW-INPUT BEEF PRODUCTION STRATEGIES FOR NORTH ALABAMA AUBURN UNIVERSITY TVA-AUTRC

ITTILIZATION OF BROILER HOUSE LITI'ER AND COTTON WASTES AS AMENDMENTS TO TRADITIONAL POTTING MEDIA AUBURN UNIVERSITY TVA-AUTRC

THE EFFECTS OF POULTRY MANURE ON THE PRODIICTION AND ECONOMICS OF VEGETABLE AND ORNAMENTAL CROPS AUBURN UNIVERSITY TVA-AUTRC

THE USE OF EXTRUSION TECHNIOUES TO PROCESS POULTRY BY-PRODUCTS FOR CATTLE FEED POLTECH, INC., COMPETITIVE BID, ALABAMA TVA-AI

1986 - AN AUGER COMBUSTOR FOR CHICKEN L,I'ITER VPI (D. JAASMA) TVA-SERBEP

USE OF POULTRY BY-PRODUCTS AS A FEED SOURCE FOR RUMII'..4 AUBITRN UNIVERSITY TVA-AUTRC

USE OF POULTRY ROIiSE- WASTES I N FEED AUBURN UNIVERSITY TV A-AUTRC

1985 - BEAR CREEK FLOATWAY PROJECT - ANIMAL WASTE CONTROL

USE OF POULTRY LITTER AS A FEED SUPPLEMENT FOR NITBIAN GOATS TUSKEGEE UNIVERSITY TVA-WATER MANAGEMENT

1984 - DUCK RIVER WASTE MANAGEMENT A N D WATER QUALITY PROTECTION PROJECT TENNESSEE TVA-WATER MANAGEMENT, NFDC

1983 - EVALUATION OF A CHEMICAL TREATMENT METHOD FOR PROCESSING BROILER LITTER AS A SAFE FEED INGREDIENT FOR COMMERCIAL MARKETS AUBURN UNIVERSITY @R T. MCCASKEY) TVA-NFERC

WATER QUALITY MONITORING AND NPS INVENTORIES TVA-WATER MANAGEMENT

1978 - ALTERNATE NITROGEN SOURCES FOR RUMINANTS. CONFERENCE HELD IN

UNIVERSITIES IN THE TENNESSEE VALLEY STATES, AND THE FEDERAL EXTENSION SERVICE

ATLANTA, GEORGIA, NOVEMBER, 1977, CO-SPONSORED BY TVA, LAND GRANT