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Type of x-ray

-MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging):

An MRI scan is a powerful diagnostic tool that uses a strong magnetic field to produce high-quality,images in multiple planes or directions. The images are generated using superconducting magnetsand pulsed radio waes.

MRI has !een in use since the early "#$%s and has no &nown side-effects. It has !ecome theinestigation of choice for many neurological and musculos&eletal conditions and is used in allareas of the !ody.

-It helps identify problems in soft tissue mainly & include:

"-'pine, oint or muscle pro!lems.- A!dominal tumors and disorders.*-+rain tumors and a!normalities.- +reast cancer.eart or !lood essel pro!lems.-5

-CTscan (omputed Tomography)/

T is a sensitie diagnostic tool that uses 0-rays to ta&e a series of two dimensional cross-sectional images (1slices1) around an a2is. It is used to image many diseases and inuries and has!een in widespread use since the early "#3%1s.

-It helps identify problems in hard tissue mainly & include:

"- Muscle and !one disorders, such as tumors and fractures.- 4iseases such as cancer or heart disease.*- Tumors, infections, or !lood clots.- Internal inuries.

-5ltrasound scan/

5ltrasound has !een used in a ariety of clinical settings, including o!stetrics and gynecology,cardiology and cancer detection. The main adantage of ultrasound is that certain structures can!e o!sered without using radiation. 5ltrasound can also !e done much faster than 0-rays or otherradiographic techniques.

-It helps identify cyst mainly & including:

theheartand !loodessels, lier,gall!ladder, spleen,pancreas,&idneys,!ladder,uterus,oaries ,eyes, thyroid, testicles , 6regnancy and can help doctors during procedures such asneedle!iopsies.

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Radiographic imagesFilms are classified into:

A - "- Intraoral - 72traoral

- 4epending on location+ - "- 4irect e2posure films - 'creen films - 4epending on type of rays hitting the film-The 2-rays will hit the o!ect 8pass through it8 hit the film which could !e intraoral or e2traoralfilm.

Intraoral films:

- +c9 it is placed inside the pt mouth.

-types/

"- +itewing. - 6eriapical. *- :cclusal.

Bitewing

-'hows/6art of the upper and lower teeth ; interpro2imal caries ; aleolar !one inolement.

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eriapical radiograph

'hows/ periapical area and teeth

-5sed for/apical pathology, periodontal ealuation, caries detection and endodontic treatment.

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!cclusal films

-The orientation of the film in the pt mouth is parallel to the occlusal plane.-It

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Extraoral films:

- =ilm (receptor) placed outside the mouth.

-Types/

"# anoramic.$# %ateral aw>lateral o!lique>.'# %ateral cephalometric#(# osteroanterior cephalometricor osteroanterior )*+#?. @aters (occipitomental).. Reerse Towne3. 'u!mentoerte2.$. Transcranial.

Panoramic

,se for--:

-Impacted wisdom teeth diagnosis and treatment planning - the most common use is to determinethe status of wisdom teeth and trauma to the aw.6eriodontal !one loss and periapical inolement-.=inding the source of dental pain-.Assessment for the placement of dental implants-.:rthodontic assessment. pre and post operatie-.4iagnosis of deelopmental anomalies such as cheru!ism, cleido cranial dysplasia-.

-arcinoma in relation to the aws.-Temporomandi!ular oint dysfunctions and an&ylosis.

4iagnosis of osteosarcoma, amelo!lastoma, renal osteodystrophy affecting aws andhypophosphatemia.

-4iagnosis, and pre- and post-surgical assessment of oral and ma2illofacial trauma, e.g.dentoaleolar fractures and mandi!ular fractures.

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Lateral jaw "lateral oblique"

The purpose of this radiograph is to e2amine the posterior region of the mandi!le, third molars and

when children or adults are una!le to tolerate placement of an intraoral image due to fractures orswelling this is a good alternatie.

Lateral cephalometric

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The purpose of this radiograph is for use !efore and after ortho T0. It is also used to ealuatetrauma, growth, deelopment, deelopmental a!normalities. It can also reeal facial soft tissueprofile when a filter is placed !etween the tu!e and the patient to remoe some of the 2-rays.

Posteroanterior (PA) or Cephalometric Posterior

This is used to e2amine facial growth, deelopment, disease, trauma, a!normalities, 5sed tosupplement lateral sureys !ecause the right and left sides are not superimposed on one anotherin this method.

Waters (occipitomental)

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This method is used to ealuate the ma2illary, frontal and ethmoid sinuses.

Reverse owne

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This method is used to ealuate and e2amine fractures of the condylar nec& as well as scleraderma and arthritis.

!ubmentoverte

This radiographic method is used to ealuate the positionBorientation of the condylesC or also toealuate fractures of the 9ygomatic arch.

ranscranial

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This radiographic method is used to aid in diagnosing an&ylosis, malignancies, fractures, andtissues changes cause !y arthritis.

Panoramic

Lateral #aw "lateral oblique"

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Lateral cephalometric

Posteroanterior cephalometric or Posteroanterior (PA(

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Waters (occipitomental)

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Reverse owne

!ubmentoverte

ranscr

anial

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Lateral s$ull

Components o% the %ilm

Film cover-:

It could be a vinyl or a paper- .

-Functions:Keeps out light and moisture and to protect

the emulsion.

Black paper-:

Surrounds the film from in front and from the back and it protects

the emulsion and between them is the film

that is covered by the emulsion (its double emulsion (

sometimes there are two films.

Lead foil-:

!o prevent the backscattering.

"ead foil

Film

#lack papers

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Clinasept barrier:

$nly available in si%e & films.-

&ilm si'e (intraoral films(

Film sizes (extra oral- :(

-'anoramic depending on the manufacturer it could be )*+,&* inch or it could be *+,&*

inch.

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-)*+* !rans cranial lateral obli/ue 0aw.

-1*+,2* skull ceph tomogram.

Cassette:

!his is the cassette3s shape and if we

open it there will be & screens and if

they are scratched or will be old we

can replace them by new screens and

between them you replace the film and

we call it rigid cassette and it can be

soft cassette (like a plastic vinylenvelope4 and there are & screens

inside them and we have to be careful

to place the film between the & screens.

!his is how the layers are inside the cassette:

Reversed films

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#ase:

-6ade of plastic.

-Function:support.

7eflecting layer:

-Function:reflect light back toward the film.

'hosphor layer *fluorescence*:

-6ade of rare earth material

-Function:active ingredient of the screen gives fluorescence.

('s: active ingredient of film emulsion4

'rotective coat:

-6ade of plastic.

-Function:protect phosphor layer.

-$ types of screens .nown now:"- +lue light emission/when 2-ray hits it 8 it will emit light8 and produce !lue light.- Rare earth screen/color of light they emit is green.

-0-rays hit the phosphor layer8 and at this area it will fluoresce 8and gie light8that light will go to the film that is !etween intensifying screens.

- In e2traoral films we hae screens one on each side li&e a sandwich and !etween them is thefilm. ( screens !c9 if the 2-ray didn

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- G higher conersion efficiency G faster screen-Rare earth screen hae higher conersion efficiency8 it will emit more light photons.

-Thic.er phosphor layer/

-Thic&er screens8 more possi!ility into conerting 2-rays into light.- G efficiency of producing light is more G faster screen.

Types of screen film:

T-Mat and 7&taision/!oth of them has a screen !ut the difference !etween them

-T-0at:is without anti-crossoer layer and the photons emit light and reach the film and they canalso reach to the other side of the film (cross the two emulsion layers). The area will !e larger

!ecause it has to pass through more distance.

-Ektavision:there is an anti-crossover layer which will allow the light to cross only one

emulsion layer and not cross over to the other side which means that we will have a

sharper image.

Film coices:

8: used form best contrast.

":most forgiving9 normally used.

:used for e+tra copy of film.

!ntraoral film speed:

5e have-:

-; speed (still used4: the crystals that are inside the emulsion are globular in shape.

-F speed: the newer one that actually used in the dental teaching center and it3s the fastest

and it uses larger crystals (the shape of them are tabular4 and they use 2< less e+posure

than ; speed (e+pose the patient to much less radiation.(

-5hen you talk about e+tra oral speed you talk about system speed (film speed = screen

speed.(

-5hen the silver halide crystals are getting enlarge this mean that the film is getting

faster.

Film storage-:

-'tore at ?%-3% degrees = (refrigerated.('torage at high temperatures may result in film fogging .

)Temperaturedar&ening of the filmdar& radiograph(

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-:pened !o2es of screen (e2tra oral) film need to !e &ept in light-tight area (dar&room), and needto !e cool (only open in a dar& room.(

-5se film !efore e2piration date to aoid film fogging.

-4o not store film in room where radiographs are ta&en !ecause if you are ta&ing radiographs,there are scattered 2-rays that may e2pose your film.

Done by: Dr. Khalil H. Al-saffar