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UAV – lecture Payload

Payload – specialized avionics &

Ground Control Stations

Lecture 4

Zdobyslaw Goraj

Warsaw, 26.03.2020

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Radar SAR (1/2) Synthetic Aperture Radar

f=0.3 10 GHz ; = 1 0.03 m

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Radar SAR (2/2)

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Icing – serious hazard for any UAV

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Anti-icing de-icing technologies

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Thermovision & day-light cameras (MOSP, FLIR) MOSP – Multi-Mission Optronic Stabilized Payload

FLIR - Forward Looking Infra Red (protected name –

trade-mark – Name of the Company)

IR: f=0.3 380 THz ; = 106 nm (1 mm) 770 nm

Day-light: f=380 790 THz ; = 770 380 nm

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Ground Control Station - GCS

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Stationary (not movable) control station

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Usually more than one operator

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2 types of movable

GCS

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Nature of the LOS communication

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Extension of the

LOS concept

Antennae TCAS – Traffic Collision Avoidance System –

lokalizuje transpondery

ADF – Automatic Direction Finder

DME – Distance Measuring Equipment

VHF L - Very High Frequency L band

ILS – Instrumental Landing System

VHF R-Very High Frequency – Right

Rad Atimeter -Radio Alitimeter

VOR - VHF Omni-directional Range (radiobeacon,110 MHz)

Frequency bands

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range comment Acronim Frequency (kHz; MHz; GHz)

Wave length (km; m; cm)

Very Low Frequency VLF 3 – 30 kHz 105 - 104 m (100-10 km)

Low Frequency Long waves LF 30 – 300 kHz 104 – 103 m (10 -1 km)

Medium Frequency Medium waves MF 300 – 3000 kHz (3 MHz)

103 – 102 m (1 -0,1 km)

High Frequency Short waves HF 3 – 30 MHz 100 m – 10 m

Very High Frequency WiFi VHF 30 – 300 MHz 10 m – 1 m

Ultra High Frequency Mobile phones UHF 300 – 3000 MHz (3 GHz)

1 m – 10 cm

Super High Frequency SHF 3 – 30 GHz 10 cm – 1 cm

Extremaly High Frequency

EHF 30 – 300 GHz 1 cm – 0,1 cm

WiFi - 1 2,4 GHz 0,125 m

WiFi - 2 5 Hz 0,208 m

Letter designation of higher-frequency bands

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Letter

designation

Frequency range

(GHz)

Wave’s length [m]

P 0,3 1

L 0,39-1,55 76 – 19,35

Ls 0,90 – 0,95 33 – 31,58

S 1,55 – 5,20 19,35 – 5,77

C 3,9 – 6,2 (RADAR) 7,69 – 4,84

X 5,20 – 10,90 5,77 – 2,75

Xb 6,25 – 6,90 4,8 – 4,34

K 10,90 – 17,25 2,75 – 1,74

Ku 15,35 – 17,25 1,95 – 1,74

Ka 33,00 – 36,00 0,90 – 1,83

Q 36,00 – 46,00 0,83 – 0,65

10-9 nano n; 10-6 micro ; 109 giga G; 1012 tera T;

1015 peta P; 1018 eksa E

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No Range Application Frequency

(kHz; MHz;

GHz)

Wave length (km;

m; cm)

1 Radio waves Telecommunication,

medicine, radar

10 KHz – 3 THz 0.1 mm – 30 km

Radio Radar 3,9 – 6,2 GHz 7,69 – 4,84 cm

2 Infra-red waves Teledetection, metal

treatment

0.3 THz – 395 THz 70 m – 1 mm

3 Visible waves Photography,

telecommunication

395 THz – 790

THz

400 m – 700 m

4 Ultraviolet waves Not destructive

testing, medicine

790 THz – 30 PHz 0.01 m – 0.4 m

5 Roentgen waves Not destructive

testing, medicine

30 PHz – 30 EHz 0.1 nm – 100 m

6 Gamma waves Not destructive

testing, medicine

> 3 EHz < 10 nm

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Automatic Take-Off & Landing ATOL (1/3)

Motivation:

• more reliable, precise operation;

• less risk of human error / damage to the UAV;

• smaller landing area;

• avoid training effort for external pilots;

• reliable during day, night, rain and snow;

• and currently it is a standard for MALE class.

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Automatic Take-Off & Landing ATOL ATOL (2/3)

Tripod mounted Pan/tilt system with a camera and eye-safe laser

located near the runway;

Pan/tilt and payload is controlled remotely from

Ground Control Station;

Video tracker detects and tracks the UAV, laser provides

information on the slant range;

Only equipment installed on the UAV is a small reflector;

The UAV position is measured continuously at

a high update rate for precise control and improved susceptibility

to laser drop outs;

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Automatic Take-Off & Landing ATOL ATOL (3/3)

The system employs a data fusion algorithm, this accepts

positional data from external sources such as RADAR or GPS

as well as the data from the optical tracking mount.

This improves the overall performance of the system;

The measured position (TSPI) of the UAV is transmitted to ground

control station, processed and can be used to control

flight parameters on the UAV via an data uplink.

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Link-up, link-down

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A curious detail: ATOL for Aerostar UAV

The Israeli UAV manufacturer Aeronautics is carrying out

3-4 daily test flights with the objective of completing the

development of its new Automatic Take Off and Landing

(ATOL) system. The company hopes to complete development

by the end of the year. The system will first be installed on

the company’s Aerostar UAV, which are supplied to Poland.

The Polish Army acquired two Aerostar systems within the framework of a $35 million

contract, for the operation of Polish units deployed in Afghanistan. The contract included

an ATOL system, but the development was delayed, resulting in the UAVs being supplied

without the system, which is presently being developed at an accelerated pace.

ATOL capability is very important given the conditions in Afghanistan. It allows for a safe

final landing approach while enduring strong wind conditions. The length of the

Aerostar UAV is 4.5 m, and its wingspan is 7.5 m. It has a maximum take-off weight of

210 kg and has an endurance of 12 hours. The ATOL system will allow the UAV

supplied to Poland and other clients to carry out automatic take-offs and landings without

preparing the area in advance. The system also requires that changes be made to the body

of the UAV, as it is exposed to harsher landings.

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Direct communication (Link-up, Link-down)

Short Waves - HF: 330 MHz

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Antennas for direct

communication For war d electronics Bay

Engine Bay

Rear Electr onics Bay

LN-100G(INS/GPS)Hybrid GPS- INS modul

Receiver /Excit er /

Transmit t er

* Ku Band ( 16.4 Ghz)* MPM ( Tr ansmitter )

- Mini TWT/SS LNA

SAR Ant enna

* 2 Axis Gimbal (AZ/EL)

* 30 Electr onic Scan ( AZ)* 135 AZ* -15 to -75 EL

°±

° °°

ImageFormat ion

Processor

* COTS* Mercur y Based

* Real Time Image Formation

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Satellite communication (Link-up, Link-down)

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IAI UAV Systems Expertise

Ranger

Hunter

E/O

Payloads

SAR

GDT

MPR

AGCS EW

payloads

Heron 1

E-Hunter

Heron 2

Searcher \ SAR

Heron 1 \ MPR

Harpy

SAR/GMTI & MPR Radar Multimission Performance Radar

MPR (Maritime Patrol Radar) GDT Ground Directional Tracking

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SATCOM antennas for UAVs

Ku, Ka, Q frequency bands (15-40 GHz)

MALE UAV – main on-board systems

Z.Goraj - Design aspects of UAV

platforms ... 27/55

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Air Inlet • Mask the Compressor Face

• Low Profile Capture Face

• Use of Blockers and RAM

• Exterior Shaping

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Inlet Treatment

Blocker

Engine

Face

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Use of Radar Absorbing Material

RAM Weight: 2300kg

15% MTOW

25% Empty Wt

Polychloroprene + carbonyl iron ferrite

(10% by weight)

Used in parasitic form (not as structure)

for external skin and lining for air inlet

To defeat 3cm (10GHz) radar

requires 7.5mm thick RAM

PW113 - structure

Forward electronics

& sensors bay Bottom electronics & sensors buy

Backward electronics buy

Main segment of the structure

- central fuselage Engines

PW113 – central element of the

structure - continued Three main frames

made of alluminium alloy Other frames made

of composite material

Wing – fuselage joining

PW113 – central element of the structure

Body fuel tank

Bay for on-board systems:

electro-energetical, air-conditioning,

navigation, control, ...

SATCOM Antenna and Radome

SATCOM - KU band

antenna about 800 mm

diameter

For high data link rate or

real time communication

Structural concept

Construct of composite materials to keep structure as light as possible and at the same time sufficiently strong.

The structure is basically composed of :

– Sandwich structures of Graphite\Epoxy plies – Nomex honeycomb or Rohacell foam core

Fuselage

Structure

Wing Box

Tail Spars

Modular Structural Segments Design

Engines

nacelles

Reducing the transportability Footprint to one standard

40ft (11.7m) container

Unitized structure (maximum segment

length 11.7m)

SATCOM

radome

Aft cover

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Teledetection

Example of sensors :

SONAR - Sound Navigation and Ranging

SODAR - Sound Detection and Ranging

LASER - Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

LADAR - Laser Detection and Ranging

LIDAR - Light Detection and Ranging

MOSP - Multi-Mission Optronic Stabilized Payload