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UAV – lecture Payload
Payload – specialized avionics &
Ground Control Stations
Lecture 4
Zdobyslaw Goraj
Warsaw, 26.03.2020
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Thermovision & day-light cameras (MOSP, FLIR) MOSP – Multi-Mission Optronic Stabilized Payload
FLIR - Forward Looking Infra Red (protected name –
trade-mark – Name of the Company)
IR: f=0.3 380 THz ; = 106 nm (1 mm) 770 nm
Day-light: f=380 790 THz ; = 770 380 nm
Antennae TCAS – Traffic Collision Avoidance System –
lokalizuje transpondery
ADF – Automatic Direction Finder
DME – Distance Measuring Equipment
VHF L - Very High Frequency L band
ILS – Instrumental Landing System
VHF R-Very High Frequency – Right
Rad Atimeter -Radio Alitimeter
VOR - VHF Omni-directional Range (radiobeacon,110 MHz)
Frequency bands
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[𝐻𝑧] =
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[𝐻𝑧]∗ 108
range comment Acronim Frequency (kHz; MHz; GHz)
Wave length (km; m; cm)
Very Low Frequency VLF 3 – 30 kHz 105 - 104 m (100-10 km)
Low Frequency Long waves LF 30 – 300 kHz 104 – 103 m (10 -1 km)
Medium Frequency Medium waves MF 300 – 3000 kHz (3 MHz)
103 – 102 m (1 -0,1 km)
High Frequency Short waves HF 3 – 30 MHz 100 m – 10 m
Very High Frequency WiFi VHF 30 – 300 MHz 10 m – 1 m
Ultra High Frequency Mobile phones UHF 300 – 3000 MHz (3 GHz)
1 m – 10 cm
Super High Frequency SHF 3 – 30 GHz 10 cm – 1 cm
Extremaly High Frequency
EHF 30 – 300 GHz 1 cm – 0,1 cm
WiFi - 1 2,4 GHz 0,125 m
WiFi - 2 5 Hz 0,208 m
Letter designation of higher-frequency bands
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Letter
designation
Frequency range
(GHz)
Wave’s length [m]
P 0,3 1
L 0,39-1,55 76 – 19,35
Ls 0,90 – 0,95 33 – 31,58
S 1,55 – 5,20 19,35 – 5,77
C 3,9 – 6,2 (RADAR) 7,69 – 4,84
X 5,20 – 10,90 5,77 – 2,75
Xb 6,25 – 6,90 4,8 – 4,34
K 10,90 – 17,25 2,75 – 1,74
Ku 15,35 – 17,25 1,95 – 1,74
Ka 33,00 – 36,00 0,90 – 1,83
Q 36,00 – 46,00 0,83 – 0,65
10-9 nano n; 10-6 micro ; 109 giga G; 1012 tera T;
1015 peta P; 1018 eksa E
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No Range Application Frequency
(kHz; MHz;
GHz)
Wave length (km;
m; cm)
1 Radio waves Telecommunication,
medicine, radar
10 KHz – 3 THz 0.1 mm – 30 km
Radio Radar 3,9 – 6,2 GHz 7,69 – 4,84 cm
2 Infra-red waves Teledetection, metal
treatment
0.3 THz – 395 THz 70 m – 1 mm
3 Visible waves Photography,
telecommunication
395 THz – 790
THz
400 m – 700 m
4 Ultraviolet waves Not destructive
testing, medicine
790 THz – 30 PHz 0.01 m – 0.4 m
5 Roentgen waves Not destructive
testing, medicine
30 PHz – 30 EHz 0.1 nm – 100 m
6 Gamma waves Not destructive
testing, medicine
> 3 EHz < 10 nm
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Automatic Take-Off & Landing ATOL (1/3)
Motivation:
• more reliable, precise operation;
• less risk of human error / damage to the UAV;
• smaller landing area;
• avoid training effort for external pilots;
• reliable during day, night, rain and snow;
• and currently it is a standard for MALE class.
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Automatic Take-Off & Landing ATOL ATOL (2/3)
Tripod mounted Pan/tilt system with a camera and eye-safe laser
located near the runway;
Pan/tilt and payload is controlled remotely from
Ground Control Station;
Video tracker detects and tracks the UAV, laser provides
information on the slant range;
Only equipment installed on the UAV is a small reflector;
The UAV position is measured continuously at
a high update rate for precise control and improved susceptibility
to laser drop outs;
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Automatic Take-Off & Landing ATOL ATOL (3/3)
The system employs a data fusion algorithm, this accepts
positional data from external sources such as RADAR or GPS
as well as the data from the optical tracking mount.
This improves the overall performance of the system;
The measured position (TSPI) of the UAV is transmitted to ground
control station, processed and can be used to control
flight parameters on the UAV via an data uplink.
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A curious detail: ATOL for Aerostar UAV
The Israeli UAV manufacturer Aeronautics is carrying out
3-4 daily test flights with the objective of completing the
development of its new Automatic Take Off and Landing
(ATOL) system. The company hopes to complete development
by the end of the year. The system will first be installed on
the company’s Aerostar UAV, which are supplied to Poland.
The Polish Army acquired two Aerostar systems within the framework of a $35 million
contract, for the operation of Polish units deployed in Afghanistan. The contract included
an ATOL system, but the development was delayed, resulting in the UAVs being supplied
without the system, which is presently being developed at an accelerated pace.
ATOL capability is very important given the conditions in Afghanistan. It allows for a safe
final landing approach while enduring strong wind conditions. The length of the
Aerostar UAV is 4.5 m, and its wingspan is 7.5 m. It has a maximum take-off weight of
210 kg and has an endurance of 12 hours. The ATOL system will allow the UAV
supplied to Poland and other clients to carry out automatic take-offs and landings without
preparing the area in advance. The system also requires that changes be made to the body
of the UAV, as it is exposed to harsher landings.
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Antennas for direct
communication For war d electronics Bay
Engine Bay
Rear Electr onics Bay
LN-100G(INS/GPS)Hybrid GPS- INS modul
Receiver /Excit er /
Transmit t er
* Ku Band ( 16.4 Ghz)* MPM ( Tr ansmitter )
- Mini TWT/SS LNA
SAR Ant enna
* 2 Axis Gimbal (AZ/EL)
* 30 Electr onic Scan ( AZ)* 135 AZ* -15 to -75 EL
°±
° °°
ImageFormat ion
Processor
* COTS* Mercur y Based
* Real Time Image Formation
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IAI UAV Systems Expertise
Ranger
Hunter
E/O
Payloads
SAR
GDT
MPR
AGCS EW
payloads
Heron 1
E-Hunter
Heron 2
Searcher \ SAR
Heron 1 \ MPR
Harpy
SAR/GMTI & MPR Radar Multimission Performance Radar
MPR (Maritime Patrol Radar) GDT Ground Directional Tracking
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Air Inlet • Mask the Compressor Face
• Low Profile Capture Face
• Use of Blockers and RAM
• Exterior Shaping
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Use of Radar Absorbing Material
RAM Weight: 2300kg
15% MTOW
25% Empty Wt
Polychloroprene + carbonyl iron ferrite
(10% by weight)
Used in parasitic form (not as structure)
for external skin and lining for air inlet
To defeat 3cm (10GHz) radar
requires 7.5mm thick RAM
PW113 - structure
Forward electronics
& sensors bay Bottom electronics & sensors buy
Backward electronics buy
Main segment of the structure
- central fuselage Engines
PW113 – central element of the
structure - continued Three main frames
made of alluminium alloy Other frames made
of composite material
Wing – fuselage joining
PW113 – central element of the structure
Body fuel tank
Bay for on-board systems:
electro-energetical, air-conditioning,
navigation, control, ...
SATCOM Antenna and Radome
SATCOM - KU band
antenna about 800 mm
diameter
For high data link rate or
real time communication
Structural concept
Construct of composite materials to keep structure as light as possible and at the same time sufficiently strong.
The structure is basically composed of :
– Sandwich structures of Graphite\Epoxy plies – Nomex honeycomb or Rohacell foam core
Fuselage
Structure
Wing Box
Tail Spars
Modular Structural Segments Design
Engines
nacelles
Reducing the transportability Footprint to one standard
40ft (11.7m) container
Unitized structure (maximum segment
length 11.7m)
SATCOM
radome
Aft cover