UBS - French Equity Conference
Paris, 27 March 2006
Paul Hermelin, CEO
12005 Annual Results
In 2005, Capgemini got back into the race1. Capgemini won market share
Q1 + 20.3%Q2 + 22.1%Q3 + 9.8%Q4 + 9.6%FY + 15.0%
Organic growth
2005/2004
3. Capgemini returned to profit
2. Capgemini has significantly improved operating performance
-4420
62
163
H1 2004 H2 2004 H1 2005 H2 2005
-1.5%
-600
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
Operating margin
2004 2005
-534
+141
-24
+225
Net Income +675 ME
Operating margin+3,6 pt
4. Capgemini achieved its major goals
1 Consolidate Project & Consulting European recovery
2 Accelerate the North American turnaround
3 Drive sustainable, profitable growth in outsourcing
4 Change gears in RightshoreTM
+0.6%+1.8%
+4.7%
22005 Annual Results
M€FY 2004IFRS restated
H1 2005 H2 2005 FY 2005FY 2005
vsFY 2004
Operating Revenue 6 235 3 472 3 482 6 954-6 729
2253.2%
175-186214-38
-35141904
61,036
+11.5%*Operating expenses -6 259 -3 410 -3 319Operating Margin -24 62 163(% Op. Revenue) -0.4% 1.8% 4.7% +3.6 ptOther operating Income 6 143 32Other operating expense -263 -82 -104Operating income -281 123 91Financial Interest Income & Expenses, net
-27 -9 -29
Income tax expense -226 -56 21Profit/(Loss) for the period -534 58 83Net cash and cash equivalents 285 498 904 +618Number of employees (end of period) 59,324 59,190 61,036
(*)+15% organic
Strong growth & margin improvement
32005 Annual Results
In 2005, Capgemini won market share
RightshoreTM
US presenceAlliances
“From consulting to outsourcing & Business Process Outsourcing”
Transformation capabilityFront-office
Collaborative Business Experience“decentralization and entrepreneurship”
Due to our unique position… ...These clients trusted us in 2005
Le chiffre d’affaire du groupe progresse de +15%Toutes nos activités sont en croissance
Versus European competitors
Versus global Tech competitors
Versus Indian Pure Play competitors
Versus other leadersIn the sector
Group revenues are up +15%All our businesses are growing
42005 Annual Results
Revenues Current Organic
Q3 05 Q4 05
332 336
1 472
442
447259
114
113
57
23
17
TOTAL 1 674 1 808 8.0% 7.4% 7.3% 9.6%
1 343
432
393228
114
87
50
20
18
Sequential Year on Year Sequential Year on Year
North America1.3% 3.2% -1.7% 4.9%
Europe & Asiaof which :
9.6% 8.4% 9.6% 10.8%
UK & Ireland 2.2% 17.5% 1.7% 15.6%
France 13.7% 12.5% 13.9% 12.5%
Benelux 13.7% 9.1% 13.7% 9.1%
Central Europe 0.3% -11.7% -0.3% 5.6%
Nordic 29.3% -3.9% 29.7% 5.0%
Iberia 15.0% 9.7% 15.0% 9.7%
Italy 14.0% -9.6% 14.0% -9.6%
Asia Pacific -6.4% -23.9% -0.1% -10.3%
Q4: Current & organic growth by geography
52005 Annual Results
Q4 05 / Q3 05 Q4 05 / Q4 04Consulting Services 13.1% 8.2%Technology Services 10.9% 10.5%Professional Services 11.3% 7.4%Project & Consulting 11.4% 9.2%
Outsourcing Services 0.7% 10.4%TOTAL GROUP 7.3% 9.6%
CS/TS Revenues related to mega deals recorded in Outsourcing
Q4 05 / Q3 05 Q4 05 / Q4 04Consulting Services 12.7% 7.4%Technology Services 11.4% 23.3%Professional Services 11.3% 7.4%Project & Consulting 11.7% 15.9%
Outsourcing Services -1.8% -2.8%TOTAL GROUP 7.3% 9.6%
CS/TS Revenues related to mega deals reclassified in CS/TS
Q4: Growth by discipline –Outsourcing is still a growth provider for P&C
62005 Annual Results
In 2005, Capgemini returned to profit
Project & Consulting Europe
TOTAL US
Incl. Consulting & Technology services US
Outsourcing
Operating Margin
European P&C levels of profitability are in line with our peersNorth America profitable in H2 2005 Outsourcing on a strong improvement trend, accelerated by MAP
Group Operating margin
Net Income (M€)
3.4% (e)
- 8.0%-11.9% (e)
- 2.0%
8.7%2.8%
- 0.8%1.5%
2004
6.3%- 6.6%-8.2%- 1.2%
H1 2005 H2 2005
- 0.4% 1.8% 4.7%
-534 +58 +83
+141
72005 Annual Results
M€
Outsourcing 1 267.1 -14.9 -1.2% 1 340.3 19.4 1.5%Group OPERATIONS 3 471.5 80.1 2.3% 3 482.2 183.9 5.3%
Corporate -18.4 -20.6TOTAL 3 472 62 1.8% 3 482 163 4.7%
Consulting / Technology servicesOutsourcing
Sogeti US
TOTALProject & ConsultingOutsourcingTOTALProject & Consulting
H1 2005 H2 2005
Op. Margin % Revenue Op. Margin %
-1.9 -0.8%
3.6%11.0%2.8%8.7%0.7%5.9%7.7%
12.38.7
19.1157.7
7.1164.8
-8.2%
164.4
249.5
339.778.8
668.01 813.61 000.62 814.22 141.9
-8.2%9.0%
-6.6%6.3%1.1%4.5%4.3%
-25.8
-25.15.9
-45.0115.010.2
125.295.0
Revenue
314.2
305.665.2
685.01 825961.5
2 786.5
NorthAmerica
Europe
2 204.4Row
&
2005: Europe P&C close to industry standards –even at the operating margin level, CS/TS NA close to breakeven in H2
82005 Annual Results
FY 2004 H1 2005 H2 2005 FY 2005Consulting Services 1.1%
-2.0%Professional Services 7.8% 8.0% 10.2% 9.1%Project & Consulting 1.1% 4.3% 7.6% 6.0%
-2.0%-0.4%
4.5%Technology Services
7.4%1.8%3.7% 5.1%
-1.2%
6.5%
1.8%1.5%4.7%
Outsourcing Services 0.1%TOTAL GROUP 3.2%
CS/TS Revenues related to megadeals recorded in Outsourcing
All disciplines contribute to margins improvement
92005 Annual Results
In 2005, Capgemini achieved its major goals
1 Consolidate Project & Consulting European recovery
These businesses have begun a new expansion cycleA few lead indicators point the way forward
Top performers (Divisional Margin)
(%)
123456789
Sd&MSogeti NetherlandsTME C4France CSPortugal Sogeti SwedenFrance TS WestSogeti BeluxNetherlands CS/TS
18.417.014.512.111.611.411.010.910.9
Best operational swings
-10
-5
0
5
10
15FR CS+TS NL CS+TS UK CS+TS Norway Finland Denmark Italy Spain
2004 Divisional margin
+7,2 +4,6 +5,5 +8 +10,1 +4,7+3,7 +4,7
2005 Division margin
102005 Annual Results
In 2005, Capgemini achieved its major goals
2 Accelerate US turnaround
Turnaround plan has delivered above forecastTurnaround will be confirmed during H1 2006
Sales Performance
P&C bookings H2 2005 : + 5% vs. H2 2004+ 3% vs. H1 2005
P&C bookings Q4 2005 : + 10% vs. Q4 2004
Return to profitUS Operating margin : + 2.8% en H2 2005 vs. - 8% in 2004TS & CS Operating margin close to breakeven
Lower Attrition
Headcount : 3,200 in Dec. 05 vs. 2,900 in July 05Stabilize onshore headcountDouble offshore headcountStabilize attrition rate at around 25%
Operating Efficiency
Pipeline P&C > $ 1BnOverruns : - 50% vs. 2004
2% of revenues in Q4 2005
112005 Annual Results
In 2005, these clients trust us in North America
122005 Annual Results
In 2005, Capgemini achieved its major goals
3 Drive sustainable, profitable growth in outsourcing
Over 15% of outsourcing work mobilizes skills from CS and TS businessesMAP launched to accelerate outsourcing profitability
Mega Deals
HMRC
Business Process Outsourcing / Application Mgt / Infrastructure Mgt
significant additional work2 millions (+40%) online assessment as of 31/01/06
TXU
Schneider
18 months ahead of schedule1,400 Rightshore seatsMeasured client satisfaction (99%)
BPO breakthrough in Finance & Administration
Rebalanced portfolio (19 new deals between € 10-50M)
Growth of AM vs. IM
Strong commercial drive :
GM : € 498M
Metropolitan Police : € 503M
Swansea : € 91 M
Zurich : € 41 M
Successful transition (31countries)Global Core System production delayed by 6 months / one year
132005 Annual Results
€ 50 - 250M
€ 10 - 50M
In 2005, these clients trusted Capgemini for outsourcing
> € 250M
142005 Annual Results
M€FY 2004IFRS restated
H1 2005 H2 2005 FY 2005FY 2005
vsFY 2004
Operating Revenue 6 235 3 472 3 482 6 954-6 729
2253.2%
175-186214-38
-35141904
61,036
+11.5%*Operating expenses -6 259 -3 410 -3 319Operating Margin -24 62 163(% Op. Revenue) -0.4% 1.8% 4.7% +3.6 ptOther operating Income 6 143 32Other operating expense -263 -82 -104Operating income -281 123 91Financial Interest Income & Expenses, net
-27 -9 -29
Income tax expense -226 -56 21Profit/(Loss) for the period -534 58 83Net cash and cash equivalents 285 498 904 +618Number of employees (end of period) 59,324 59,190 61,036
(*)+15% organic
Strong growth & margin improvement
152005 Annual Results
ASSETS Dec. 31,2004
Dec. 31, 2005 LIABILITIES Dec. 31,
2004Dec. 31,
2005Intangible Assets 1 963 1 951 Total equity 2 788 2 992Property plant & equipment 449 399
Financial assets 64 48Deferred tax assets & long term receivables 899 938
Provisions for pensions & other post employment benefits
426 448
Total non-currentassets 3 375 3 336 Other non current
liabilities 259 273
Accounts & notes receivables 1 814 1 868 Total non-current
liabilities 1 453 1 866
Other receivables & assets held for sale 195 180 Accounts & notes
payable 2 082 2 490Financial receivables & short-term investments 1 001 1 805 Other current
liabilities 313 257
Cash 251 416
Total Assets 6 636 7 605 Total Liabilities 6 636 7 605
Long-term debt 768 1 145
Balance Sheet
162005 Annual Results
285
225
228
277
-92
-193
-129
-69-36
-45 46
201
23
687
194
904
Net Cash as of
1.1.2005 IFRS
2005 Op. Margin
2005 Amortization & Provisions
2005 Bonuses part not
paid
2005 CAPEX
Payment of 2004
Bonuses
Payment of prior years
restructuring
Payment of 2005
restructuring
Payment of Income
Tax
Payment financial assets & expenses
Improvement debtors days
Increase of accounts payable/
Improvement creditors
days
Other
Net cash before
disposals as of
31.12.2005
Cash from disposals of
activities
Net cash as of
31.12.2005
-11
A strong focus on cash has delivered excellent results
Cash from disposals
of Behoust
172005 Annual Results
In 2005, Capgemini set out its future1. Launch of the MAP initiative 2. Doubled ‘RightshoreTM’ Capability
4. Capgemini has adapted to new demand in the market3. Capgemini recruited and
invested in training
2005
Div
isio
n M
argi
n
2%
8%
Jan 2005 Feb 2006
Indi
an h
eadc
ount
2000
4000
14,500 new hires
1.7 M training hours
2006
4%
Service Oriented ArchitectureRightshoreTM EuropeBPO Finance & Administration3rd Generation ERP…
182005 Annual Results
In 2005, Capgemini launched the MAP initiative
Revenues
Production costs
Business Mix
Re-negotiation
Purchasing
Rightshore
Rationalization
General Expenses Support Function
TBD
0.5%
1 – 1.5%
1.5 – 2%
1 – 1.5%
1 – 1.5%
Impact on Op. MarginLevers
MAP in implementation phase since Dec. 2005Goal: divisional operating margin of 4% in 2006
Project : Governance structure in place Full time team of 14 people (OS+CS)
RationalizationNew organization in Service Line (Europe, US, BPO)Sale of hardware maintenance business France to Unisys
PurchasingGood start to the Cap 30 program
Rightshore : Growth led in 2006 by GM and Eli Lilly
Re-negotiation3 contracts currently under re-negotiation in Q1 2006
Support Functions:Closure of site in UK and NetherlandsBPO of F&A functions
192005 Annual Results
In 2005 Capgemini increased “RightshoreTM” capability
Capgemini is the leading European company in offshoreTarget is to have 10,000 people in India by 2007
India
China
Poland
Spain
France
2,050
200
350
150
300
Headcount ‘04Country Headcount ‘05 Type
3,550
400
750
300
450
Offshore TS/OS/BPO
Offshore BPO
Nearshore BPO/OS
Nearshore OS
Local TS/OS
+80%
50% of offshore staff works for Europe
Outlook 2006Open Calcutta site (with BPO)Create a second site in Krakow (Poland) Oviedo gets stronger (Spain )Opening of Capgemini University in IndiaAccelerate on-campus recruitment at Indian universities
202005 Annual Results
Recruitment
Training
Skills Management
14,500 new hires
700 new colleagues integrated through outsourcing
1,7 M training hours delivered in 2005 (+15%) 4,000 people had access to training leading to qualification :
• Project management• Architecture• Consulting and transformation• Program engineer
Control retention : Attrition stable at 15 %
Improved management of fast track talent/high performers
France
Europe (excl. FR)
NA
India
APAC
4,000
6,200
1,550
2,150
600
HiresCountry
In 2005, Capgemini recruited and invested in training
212005 Annual Results
• Global delivery
• 3rd Generation OS
• BPO and Application Outsourcing
• Dynamic management of offerings / SOA
• Stronger sectors
• Develop business consultancy & transformational outsourcing
Growth
Cost Control
• Innovation
• Business value
• Transformation
Client needs Capgemini
• RightshoreTM
• Focus
• Business Mix
In 2005, Capgemini adapted to new market demands
222005 Annual Results
2006 Priorities
Focus on adding value to clients• Invest in innovation (SOA, 3rd generation ERP
Business Intelligence…) and competencies • Develop sector approach and improve portfolio
management• Grow RightshoreTM capability
Confirm North American turnaround
Implement MAP initiative• Develop BPO and Application Management• Target divisional margin of 4% in 2006
1
2
3
UBS - French Equity Conference
Paris, 27 March 2006
Paul Hermelin, CEO
UBS - French Equity Conference
Paris, 27 March 2006
Back-up slides
252005 Annual Results
2004 restated for IFRS impact
H1 2004 Q3 2004 Q4 2004 H2 2004 FY 2004 Q1 2005 Q2 2005 H1 2005 Q3 2005 Q4 2005 H2 2005 FY 2005
3 482 6 954
11.5%
15.0%
11.5%
15.0%
0.3%
0.7%
6.5%
9.7%
1 808
8.0%
7.3%
7.4%
9.6%
1 674
- 5.1%
5.5%
1.708
1.5%
M€ (Published) 2.965 1.587 1.683 3.270 6.235
15.8%
3 4721 764
3.3%Sequential Current Growth 6.5% 6.1% 10.3%
18.3%
Sequential Organic Growth 11.6%
6.2%
9.0%
Year-on-Year Current Growth 17.1%
21.6%Year-on-Year Organic Growth
Revenue quarterly evolution in M€
1474 14911587
1683 1708 1764 16741808
0200400600800
100012001400160018002000
Q1 04 Q2 04 Q3 04 Q4 04 Q1 05 Q2 05 Q3 05 Q4 05
Sustained growth throughout the year
262005 Annual Results
Revenues Year on Year
FY 04 FY 05 Current Organic
5.2%
17.6%
36.1%12.6%11.5%
9.2%
15.7%5.5%
-0.9%-13.1%
North America 1 351
15.0%
0.2%Europe & Asiaof which
4 884
1 353
5 601
UK & Ireland 1 288 1 738 35.0%France 1 479 1 666 12.6%
Benelux 857 956 11.5%Central Europe 477 443 -7.1%
Nordic 391 415 6.2%Iberia 206 218 5.5%
Italy 93 92 -0.9%Asia Pacific 93 73 -21.5%
TOTAL 6 235 6 954
14.7%
11.5%
M€
2005: Current & organic growth by geography
272005 Annual Results
FY 05 / FY 04Consulting Services 2.1%Technology Services 7.4%Professional Services 7.9%Project & Consulting 6.4%
Outsourcing Services 32.9%TOTAL GROUP 15.0%
CS/TS Revenues related to mega deals recorded in Outsourcing
CS/TS Revenues related to mega deals reclassified in CS/TSFY 05 / FY 04
Consulting Services 2.6%Technology Services 20.8%Professional Services 7.9%Project & Consulting 13.6%
Outsourcing Services 18.0%TOTAL GROUP 15.0%
2005: Growth by discipline
282005 Annual Results
19%
26%
6%14%
6%
24%4%
1%
FY 2005
Benelux
North America
UK & Ireland
Nordic Countries
At constant rates and perimeter2004 restated for IFRS impact
21%
21%
6%14%7%
25%
5%1%
FY 2004
North America
UK & Ireland
Nordic Countries
Central Europe
France
South Europe
Asia Pacific
Benelux Central Europe
France
South Europe
Asia Pacific
Revenues by regions:UK & Ireland is now the group’s first region
292005 Annual Results
15%
7%
27%11%
28%12%
19%
12%
8%20%
13%
28%
FY 2004
FY 2005Energy & Utilities
Financial Services
Other
Government
Telecom, Media & Networks
Manufacturing, Retail& Distribution
Energy & Utilities
Financial Services
Other
Government
Telecom, Media & Networks
Manufacturing, Retail& Distribution
At constant rates and perimeterexcluding Sogeti
Revenues by sector: a balanced portfolio
302005 Annual Results
FY 2004
FY 2005
13%16%
33%38%
15%17%
36%32%
Consulting Services
TechnologyServices
Outsourcing Services
Professional Services
Consulting Services
TechnologyServices
Outsourcing Services
Professional Services
At constant rates and perimeter2004 restated for IFRS impact
Revenues by discipline:The Group’s rebalancing is mostly over
312005 Annual Results
Bookings evolution (incl. megadeals) –A solid close to 2005
Restated for perimeter changes (North American Healthcare & Japan)
1 308
764
1 287
554
848
402 2 380
4 124
1 097
488
1 195
3 015
946
289
1 270
1 962
1 123
276
1 230
483
937
314
1 277
1 110
0
1 000
2 000
3 000
4 000
5 000
6 000
7 000
Q1 03 Q2 03 Q3 03 Q4 03 Q1 04 Q2 04 Q3 04 Q4 04 Q1 05 Q2 05 Q3 05 Q4 05
OutsourcingProjet & Consulting
M€
2 072 1 8411 250
6 504
1 585
4 210
1 235
3 232
1 3991 713
1 251
2 387
322005 Annual Results
300
600
900
1200
1500
1121 1153 1150 1131 1150 1127 11361175
614 615 617 620 628 614 620 620
407 410 403 406 410 414 417 418
Consulting Services Technology Services Professional Services
Q3Q3 Q1 Q3Q1 Q3Q2 Q2 Q4Q4 Q1 Q3Q1 Q3Q2 Q2 Q4Q4 Q1
Restated for perimeter changes (North American Healthcare & Japan)
Q1 Q2 Q2 Q4Q42004 2005 2004 2005 2004 2005
Quarterly charge-out rate since 2004:prices are stable or even improving
Technology Services onshore COR is improving
332005 Annual Results
50
60
70
80
90
686869
656562
6564
74 7576 76
7879 79 79
8384
86 86 85 86 86 86
Consulting Services Technology Services Professional Services
Q1 Q2 Q2 Q4Q42004 2005
Q3Q3 Q1 Q1 Q2 Q2 Q4Q42004 2005
Q3Q3 Q1Q1 Q2 Q2 Q4Q42004 2005
Q3Q3 Q1
Quarterly utilization rates since 2004: stabilized at good levels
Restated for perimeter changes (North American Healthcare & Japan)
342005 Annual Results
FY 2004 H1 2005 H2 2005Op.
Margin % Revenue Op.Margin %
19 2.8%
4.4%
6.0%
12.3%
10.1%
1.9%
3.7%
4.7%
24.3%
n/a
4.7%
39
12
60
23
16
4
2
9
-21
163
668
874
200
488
227
840
107
43
35
-
-45
3 482
-6.6%
3.2%
5.5%
8.8%
5.9%
3.5%
3.5%
-1.8%
0.9%
n/a
1.8%
28
12
41
13
28
4
-1
0
-18
62
Op.Margin % Revenue
-8.0% 685
864
215
468
216
826
111
49
38
-
3 472
0.6%
0.3%
5.4%
3.1%
3.6%
0.0%
-10.8%
3.3%
n/a
-0.4%
-108
8
1
46
15
54
0
-10
3
-33
-24
FY 2005
M€ Revenue Revenue Op.Margin %
North America 1 351
1 288
391
857
477
1 479
206
93
93
-
6 235
1 353 -26 -1.9%
Italy 92 1
UK & Ireland 1 738 67 3.8%
Nordic 415 24 5.8%
Benelux 956 101 10.6%
Central Europe 443 36 8.1%
France 1 666 44 2.6%
Iberia 218 8 3.7%
Asia Pacific 73 9 12.1%
Corporate - -39 n/a
TOTAL
1.1%
6 954 225 3.2%
Operating margins by regionsAll regions profitable in H2 2005
352005 Annual Results
M€ FY 2004 H1 2005 H2 20053 472 3 482
-2 67276.7%
81023.3%
-2507.2%
-39711.4%
1634.7%
-2 70575.6% 77.9% 77.3%
76722.1%
-2747.9%
-43112.4%
621.8%
FY 2005Revenue 6 235 6 954
Cost of services rendered -4 712 -5 377
Gross Margin 1 523 1 577% of Revenue 24.4% 22.7%Business Development Costs -611 -524% of Revenue 9.8% 7.6%Support Function Costs -936 -828% of Revenue 15.0% 11.9%Operating Margin -24 225% of Revenue -0.4% 3.2%
Cost structure by destination:SG&A significantly lower in a growth year
362005 Annual Results
M€ FY 2004 H1 2005 H2 2005 FY 2005Revenue 6 235 3 472 3 482
-2 02858.2%
-92526.6%
-1494.3%-116
3.3%-101
2.9%-3 31995.3%
1634.7%
6 954Salarial and social charges -4 001 -2 147 -4 175% of Revenue 64.2% 61.8% 60.0%
% of Revenue 23.0% 25.4% 26.0%
% of Revenue 5.0% 4.6% 4.5%
% of Revenue 4.5% 3.6% 3.5%
% of Revenue 3.7% 2.8% 2.8%
% of Revenue 100.4% 98.2% 96.8%Operating Margin -24 62 225% of Revenue -0.4% 1.8% 3.2%
Purchases and other charges -1 437 -883 -1 808
Travel expenses -309 -160 -309
Office rents and related charges -282 -124 -240
Depreciation and Amortization -230 -96 -197
Total operating expenses -6 259 -3 410 -6 729
Cost structure by nature:megadeals drive purchases but costs are under control
372005 Annual Results
in M€ FY 2004 H1 2005 H2 2005 FY 2005(534) 141
20628
(166)3536
280
(36)(32)330542(92)176(7)
619285904
232 24
Gain on disposal of assets (14) (138) (28)
Cash-Flow from operations beforeincome tax (34) 88 192
Tax paid 4 (10) (26)Change in restructuring debt 53 (27) (5)Changes in working capital 295 38 292
Opening net cash and cash equivalent 186 285 498Closing net cash and cash equivalent 285 498 904
22632
318(101)
23(141)
99
Net income 58 83Depreciation & Amortization 97 109Provisions 12 16
Income tax 56 (21)Other 3 33
Operating cash flow 89 453Capital expenditure (net) (43) (49)Net investments 150 26Translation. perimeter changes & other 17 (24)
Change in net cash and cash equivalent 213 406
Cash position
382005 Annual Results
Headcount as of Jan. 1, 2005 59 324
Recruits 14 453
Acquisitions / Big Deals 712
Disposals -1 415
Layoffs -2 801
Leavers -9 237
Headcount as of Dec. 31, 2005 61 036
Headcount evolution
392005 Annual Results
FY 2004 FY 2005Consulting Services 5 631 5 235
Technology Services 19 341 20 770
Outsourcing Services 16 798 16 606
Professional Services 12 969 14 048
Enabling 4 585 4 377
TOTAL 59 324 61 036
Headcount by discipline