UNFCCC Crashcourse

UNFCCC CrashcourseIntroduction to the Climate Regime

[email protected]

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Cancun, 26-28 Novembre 2010

Outline

The History The Convention The Kyoto Protocol The Institutions The Negotiations The Actors

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The History

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The existing Climate Regime

Intergovernmental Cooperation on Science 1988: establishment of the IPCC by the UNEP & WMO

UNFCCC 1990: UN General Assembly Mandate 1991-1992: Intergovernmental Negotiations Committee 1992: Convention Signed 1994: Convention entered in forceMainly limited to an overall objective, a few key institutions

and the statements of key principles

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The existing Climate Regime

The Kyoto Protocol 1995: The Berlin Mandate (beginning of the negotiations) 1997: Protocol Signed 2005: Protocol entered in force 2008-2012: First Commitment Period

The Post-Kyoto Agreements (more detailed rules necessary to implement the KP) 2001: Marrakesh Accords

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Cancun, 26-28 Novembre 2010The Convention

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The Objective

The ultimate objective of this Convention and any related legal instruments that the COP may adopt is to achieve, …, stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous

anthropogenic interference with the climate system.

Such a level should be achieved within a time frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to

proceed in a sustainable manner.

Article 2

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The Principles

Precautionary Approach Sustainable Development Rights of Future Generations Cooperation Common but Differentiated Responsibility

Historical responsibility Respective Capacity(most debated principles, no consensus on what it concretely means)

Article 3

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Cancun, 26-28 Novembre 2010The main obligations

All: Develop inventories of GHGs

(Annex I pay for the costs of developing countries)

Only developed States: Stabilisation by 2000 at the 1990 level of Annex 1

Countries (Art. 4) Financial and technological transfers (not for Economies

In Transitions)

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The Kyoto Protocol

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The Kyoto Protocol

Ratification 55/55 requirement Entered into force: 2005 (with the ratification of Russia)

Scope: 6 GHGs concernedCO2, Methane, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6

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The Kyoto Protocol

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The Kyoto Protocol The main obligation only for Developed states:

Aggregate reduction of 5% of GHG in the commitment period based on 1990 levelsAustralia 108 Greece 92 Norway 101Austria 92 Hungary* 94 Poland* 94Belgium 92 Iceland 110 Portugal 92Bulgaria* 92 Ireland 92 Romania* 92Canada 94 Italy 92 Russian Federation* 100Croatia* 95 Japan 94 Slovakia* 92Czech R* 92 Latvia* 94 Slovenia* 92Denmark 92 Liechtenstein 92 Spain 92Estonia* 92 Lithuania* 92 Sweden 92E.U. 92 Luxembourg 92 Switzerland 92Finland 92 Monaco 92 Ukraine* 100France 92 Netherlands 92 UK, Northern Ireland 92Germany 92 New Zealand 100 United States† 93

Accompanying technical requirements

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The Kyoto Protocol

The Flexibility Mechanisms ETS: Emissions Trading (North-North)

Regional Carbon markets CDM: Clean Development Mechanisms (North-South)

For projects in developing countries JI: Joint Implementation (North-North)

For projects in another developed country

The Sinks LULUCF (forest activities in developed countries) - included CCS - excluded

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Cancun, 26-28 Novembre 2010The Institutions

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The Institutions COPs (Conference Of the Parties): Main decision-making body for matters

under the convention CMPs (Meeting Of the Parties): same thing for matters related to the Kyoto Protocol

Secretariat, Facilitates the process and support parties in their implementation

Subsidiary Bodies, support the COP: SBI: Subsidiary Body for Implementation SBSTA: SB for Scientific and Technical Advice

The IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change The GEF: Global Environmental Facility

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COP/MOP

SBSTA SBI

Secretariat

Bureau

BureauBureau

IPCCFinancial

Mechanism

CDM

JLG

JWG

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Cancun, 26-28 Novembre 2010The Negotiations



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The On-going Negotiations

UNFCCC Timeframe COP 13, 2007: Bali Road Map, detailed plan on how to move forward COP 14, 2008: Poznan ”half way” COP 15, 2009: Copenhagen, foreseen as the conclusion of the negotiations under the AWGs,

failure COP16, 2010: Cancun, pragmatic/incremental approach

Other International Processes Major Economy Forum, G8, G20 Bilaterals and Regional Consultations REDD + Partnernship High-level Advisory Group on Climate Change Financing (AGF)Sometime more political momentum, but less transparency and inclusiveness

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The current negotiations process

AWG-LCA covering other issues under the Convention Created in 2007 Workplan: Four building blocks from the Bali Road Map:

1. Mitigation of Developed countries (“1b i”) Developing countries (“1b ii”) REDD: Reducing Deforestation in the Global South with financial

support from Global North2. Adaptation 3. Financial Transfers

Short Term (up to 2012) Long Term (up to 2020)

4. Technological Transfers

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The current negotiations process

AWG-KP looking at issues under the Kyoto Protocol Created in 2005 Two main issues

1. How to renew obligations from Annex 1 countries after the first commitment period (= after 2012) Kyoto Protocol planned to work with successive commitment

periods So far agreement only on the first one up to 2012 No expiration date, but necessity to include new targets after this

date

2. How to improve the functioning of the Kyoto Protocol in the future (forest accounting/LULUCF, Flexibility Mechanisms)

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Expectations towards COP16

1. Progress and COP decisions on specific policy areas where consensus is easier

2. Clear mandate to move the negotiations towards a fair, ambitious and binding deal in South Africa

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The current negotiations

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“The Brick”

The Process of Negotiations



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The Actors



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The parties to the Convention

The developed Countries (Annex I) EU Umbrella JUSCANNZ

The developing countries (Non-Annex I) G77/China (130+ countries) LDCs: Least developed countries OPEC: oil producing and exporting countries… AOSIS (SIDS): Small Islands States Africa

One country might join more than 1 grouping: e.g. Algeria is a member of Africa, OPEC and G77/China

The Environmental Integrity Group, with both developed (Switzerland) and developing countries (Mexico, South Korea)

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Observers

Other States (US in the case of the KP) International Organizations (WTO, UNICEF…) Civil Society

Observer Organizations Organized within 9 constituencies

Environmental NGOs, Business and Industries, Research, Indigenous People, Gender, Trade Unions, Local Governments, Farmers, Youth

Press

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…

Questions ?

Comments

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Cancun, 26-28 Novembre 2010The UNFCCC

Key Articles of the Convention 2: Objective 3: Principles 4: Commitments 6: Education 7-10: Institutions

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The Kyoto Protocol

Key Provisions of the Convention 2: Political Actions 3: Reductions of emissions 4, 6, 12: Commitments 5: Inventory of emissions 7, 8: Sinks 10: Cooperation 11: Financial Transfers

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AGF High-level Advisory Group on Climate Change Financing (AGF)

AOSIS Alliance Of Small Island States

AWG-KP Ad Hoc Working Group on further commitment for Annex I Parties of the Kyoto Protocol

AWG-LCA Ad Hoc Working Group on Long Term Cooperative Action

CCS Carbon Capture and Storage

CDM Clean Development Mechanism

CMP Conference of Parties acting as Meeting of the Parties

COP Conference of Parties

ETS Emissions Trading Scheme

EU European Union

GEF Global Environmental Facility

GHGs GreenHouse Gases

List of Acronyms used in this presentation

INC Intergovermental Negotiations Committee

IPCC Intergovermental Panel on Climate Change

JI Joint Implementation

JLG Joint Liaison Group

JUSCANNZ Japon, US, Canada, Norway, New Zealand

LDCs Least Developed Countries

LULUCF Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry

MRV Measurable, Reportable and Verifiable

OPEC Oil Producing Exporting Countries (?)

SBI Subsidiary Body on Implementation

SBSTA Subsidiary Body on Scientific and Technical Advice

SIDS Small Island Developing States

UNEP UN Environmental Program

UNGA UN General Assembly

WMO World Meteorological Organization

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