UniMAP Sem II – 10/11EKT120: Computer Programming1 Week 1 – Introduction to Computers and...

UniMAP Sem II – 10/11

EKT120: Computer Programming 1

Week 1 – Introduction to Computers and

Programming Languages(Part 1)

UniMAP Sem II – 10/11EKT120: Computer

Programming 2

General Information

Contributes 4 units: 2 hours – lectures 4 hours – labs

Main Objective: Students can independently write,

compile, debug and execute computer programs to solve problems, especially engineering related problems.

UniMAP Sem II – 10/11EKT120: Computer

Programming 3

Course Outcomes Ability to define and describe programming

concepts and principles.

Ability to apply programming techniques and tools such as flowchart and pseudo code to design computer programs.

Ability to apply GNU/Linux for coding, compiling, executing and debugging computer programs.

Ability to solve engineering related problems using computer programming techniques.


Overall Evaluation 4 main components:

Theoretical Tests (2) => 20% Lab Assignments (4) => 30% Lab Test => 10% Final Exam => 40%

Assignments are assessed individually The two tests are written tests



References Deitel & Deitel, Sudin, S., Ahmad, R.

Badlishah, and Yacob, Y., “C How to Program”, Pearson-Prentice Hall, 2006.

Cheng, H., “C for Engineers and Scientists”, McGraw Hill, 2010.

Hanly, J.R. and Koffman, E.B., “C Program Design for Engineers”, 2nd Ed., Addison-Wesley, 2001.

ISBN : 0321204174



Notes This course is NOT about the

language per se, it is about problem solving, analytical skills and to apply C to solve problems.

Write C program in Linux environment.

Do early reading. Do not hesitate to ask during

lecture sessions.UniMAP Sem II – 10/11


Outline Computer Fundamentals

Computer organization and hardware Computer software

Programming Languages Machine language Assembly language High-level language

Algorithm : pseudo code and flowchart Control Structures Simple C Program



Computer Fundamentals Computer system is divided into

hardware and software. Hardware refers to physical components

of computer which are: Main Memory Central Processing Unit (CPU) Input Device Output Device Secondary Memory Device


Figure 1.1 The Intel Atom processor chip contains the full circuitry of a central processing unit in an integrated circuit whose small size and low power requirements make it

suitable for use in mobile internet devices. (Intel Corporation Pressroom Photo Archives)

9EKT120: Computer

ProgrammingUniMAP Sem II – 10/11

Figure 1.2

(a) Notebook Computer (HP Pavilion dv5©, Courtesy of Hewlett-Packard).

(b) Palmtop Computer (iPhone 3G©, Courtesy of Apple, Inc.)

(c) Desktop Computer (iMac©, Courtesy of Apple, Inc.)

EKT120: Computer ProgrammingUniMAP Sem II – 10/11

Figure 1.3 Components of a Computer



Computer Hardware

Input Device Output Device

Secondary Memory

Control Unit

Arithmetic and Logic Unit

Register

CPU

Main Memory



Central Processing Unit (CPU) CPU is the computer’s administrator

and is responsible for supervising the operation of the other sections

Consists of two functional units; control unit and arithmetic-logic unit (ALU)

Control unit supervises all activities of the computer system

ALU performs basic arithmetic operations and comparison operations



Main Memory

keeps information from the input unit also keeps processed information until

it can be placed on output devices all programs must be loaded into main

memory before they can be executed and all data must be brought into main memory before it can be manipulated.



Main Memory Main memory can be further

classified into two types: Random Access Memory (RAM)

information in RAM will be lost when the computer is turned-off.

Read Only Memory (ROM) It has been set during manufacturing

process. ROM usually contains instructions and information considered to be fundamental to the computer.


Figure 1.4 1000 Memory Cells in Main Memory



Secondary Memory

Main memory is only used during processing following certain instructions

Permanent information is NOT stored in main memory but is stored in secondary memory E.g. program file, data file, etc E.g. hard disk, diskette, CD


Figure 1.5 Secondary Storage Media



Input/Output Devices

Input devices - feed data and programs into computers E.g. keyboard, mouse, touch screen,

scanners Output devices - display results

produced by computer E.g. monitor, printer, speaker



Software

As a complement to hardware, computer system needs software to solve problems.

Software are classified into : System software Application software



Software System software : manages the

computer and its peripheral devices (hardware) E.g. Operating system (OS) Text editor Pre-processor Language translator Linker Loader



Software Application software : performs specific

tasks There are two types:

Program to solve specific problems Program written by user to solve specified

problem E.g. word processor, desktop publishing

software, spreadsheets, database, graphics, communication, programs perform specific tasks such as accounting, scientific, engineering, education, etc



Programming Languages

Programming language is divided into three categories: Machine Language Assembly Language High-Level Language



Machine Language Language understood by the computer Bunch of 0’s and 1’s Program written in machine language

can be executed without being translated Nevertheless, hard to learn because it is

written in 0’s and 1’s Program is too long to solve simple problem Machine-dependant and not portable E.g.

0101 0001 1100 0100 1011 1000 0101 1000 0101 1001 1100 0111


Figure 1.6 Relationship Between a Byte and a Bit



Assembly Language

Strings of 0’s and 1’s are replaced into instructions which resemble English language to represent computer operation element

Easier to understand and write E.g. LOAD rate

MULT hourSTOR wages



Assembly Language

Nevertheless, needs language translator called Assembler to change Assembly Language to Machine Code for execution purpose

still too long and not portable



High-Level Language Improves weaknesses in Machine

Language and Assembly Language Portable Written in one instruction to carry out

several instructions in machine level E.g. discount_price = price – discount;

Must be changed to machine code before executed, needs compiler : a system software that translates source program to object program



Algorithms The solution to any computing problem

involves executing series of actions in a specific order

Pseudo code : artificial and informal language that helps programmers develop algorithms

E.g. if student’s grade is greater than or equal to 50

Print “Pass” else

Print “Fail”



Algorithms

Flowchart: visual-form of an algorithm

E.g.

Process 2Decision

Data

Process 1

Begin

End



Algorithm-Basic symbols in a flowchart

Start/End

Process

Input/Output

Decision

Flow direction

Connector



Flowchart-(example)

Start

read num1, num2

sum=num1+num2

print sum

End



TRY THIS!!!

Write a pseudo code, flowchart and program that calculates and prints the SUM of two integers A and B.



Pseudo code

• Begin• Input A and B• Calculate A + B• Print result of SUM• End

Flowchart

Begin

Input A,B

CalculateA + B

Print SUM

End



Control Structure

All programs could be written in terms of three control structures: Sequence structure Selection structure Repetition structure



Sequence Structure

Is a series of steps executed sequentially by default

Read num1, num2

Calculate total=num1+num2

Print total

Pseudo code Flowchart

Read num1, num2

total = num1+num2

print total



Selection Structure

Used to choose among alternative courses of action

C has three types: if, if..else, and switch

UniMAP Sem I I– 10/11


The if Selection Structure

“if” structure is a single-entry/single-exit structure

true

false

grade >= 60

print “Pass”

If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60

Print “Pass”



The if..else Selection Structure

Specifies an action to be performed both when the condition is true and when it is false

truefalse

print “Fail” print “Pass”

grade >= 60

If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60

Print “Pass”else

Print “Fail”



Repetition Structure

Specifies a block of one or more statements that are repeatedly executed until a condition is satisfied

Three types : while, for, do-while

UniMAP Sem II– 10/11


The while Repetition Structure Programmer specifies an action is to be

repeated while some conditions remain true

product <= 1000 product = 2 * producttrue

falseWhile product is less than or equal 1000

calculate product=2 * product



Basics of a Typical C Program Development Environment


Figure 1.7 Entering, Translating, and Running a High-Level Language Program


Figure 1.8 Flow of Information During Program Execution



Simple C Program: Program to add two numbers

#include <stdio.h>int main(void){ int dA, dB, dSum; printf (“input first integer \n”); scanf (“%d”, &dA) printf (“input second integer \n”); scanf (“%d”, &dB) dSum = dA + dB;

printf (“Sum is %d\n”, dSum); return 0;}

OUTPUT

Input first integer

39

Input second integer

27

Sum is 66



End Week 1 – Session 1

Q & A!


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