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Introduction to C – Part 1

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General Information Contributes 4 units:

2 hours - lectures 2 hours – lab and tutorial

Main Objective: Students can independently write a

computer program to solve calculation problems, especially those related to engineering

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Overall Evaluation 4 main components:

4 Assignments (20%) Final exam (40%), Test 1 (10%) & Test

2 (10%) Individual Lab Test (20%)

Assignments are individual “take home” + lab

Two test is written test

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References “C How To Program

4th edition”, Deitel and Deitel, Pearson-Prentice Hall ,2004

“C Programming for Engineering & Computer Science ”, H.H.Tan and T.B.Orazio, Mc Graw Hill, 1999.

Any other C programming books

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Notes This course is NOT about the

language per se, it’s about problem solving / analytical skills & to apply C to solve problems.

Write C program in Linux environment

Do early reading Do not hesitate to ask during lecture

sessions

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Outline Computer fundamentals

Computer organization and hardware Computer software

Programming languages Machine language Assembly language High-level language

Algorithm : pseudocode and flowchart Control structures Simple C program

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Computer Fundamentals Computer system are divided into

hardware and software. Hardware refers to physical components

of computers which are: Main memory Central Processing Unit(CPU) Input Device Output Device Secondary memory device

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Computer Hardware

Input Device Output Device

Secondary Memory

Control UnitArithmetic and

Logic UnitRegister

CPU

Main Memory

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Central Processing Unit(CPU) CPU is the computer’s administrator

and is responsible for supervising the operation of the other section

Consists of two functional units: a control unit and an arithmetic-logic unit(ALU)

Control unit supervises all activities of the computer system

ALU perform basic arithmetic operations and comparison operations

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Main Memory keeps information from the input unit also keeps processed information until

it can be placed on output devices all programs must be loaded into main

memory before they can be executed and all data must be brought into main memory before it can be manipulated.

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Main Memory Main memory can be further

classified into two types: Random Access Memory (RAM)

information in RAM will be lost when the computer is turned-off.

Read Only Memory (ROM) they have been set during the

manufacturing process. ROM usually contains instructions and information considered to be fundamental to the computer.

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Secondary Memory Main memory is only used during

processing following certain instructions

Permanent information is NOT stored in main memory but is stored in secondary memory E.g. program file, data fail etc E.g hard disk, diskette, CD

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Input/Output Device Input device - feeds data and

programs into computers E.g. keyboard, mouse, touch screen,

scanners Output device - display results

produced by computer E.g. monitor, printer, speaker

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Software As a complement to hardware,

computer system needs software to solve problems.

Software are classified into : System software Application software

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Software System software : manage the

computer and its peripheral devices (hardware) E.g. Operating systems(OS) Text editor Preprocessor Language translator Linker Loader

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Software Application software : performs specific

tasks There are two types:

Program to solve specific problems Program written by user to solve specified

problem E.g word processor, desktop publishing

software, spreadsheets, database, graphics, communication, program perform a specific task such as accounting, scientific, engineering, education etc

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Programming Languages Programming language is divided

into three categories: Machine Language Assembly Language High-Level Language

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Machine Language Language understood by the computer Bunch of 0’s and 1’s Program written in machine language can

be executed without being translated Nevertheless, hard to learn because it is

written in 0’s and 1’s Program is too long to solve simple problem Machine-dependant and not portable E.g. 0101 1000 0101 1001 1100 0111

0101 0001 1100 0100 1011 1000

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Assembly Language Strings of 0’s and 1’s are replaced

into instructions which resembles English language to represent computer operation element

Easier to understand and written E.g LOAD rate

MULT hourSTOR wages

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Assembly Language Nevertheless, need language

translator called Assembler to change Assembly Language to Machine Code for execution purpose

still too long and not portable

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High-Level Language Improve weaknesses in Machine

Language and Assembly Language portable Written in one instruction to carry out

several instruction in machine level E.g. discount_price = price – discount;

Must be changed to machine code before executed, need compiler : a system software that translate source program to object program

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Algorithms The solution to any computing problem

involves executing a series of actions in a specific order

Pseudocode : artificial and informal language that helps programmers develop algorithms

E.g. if student’s grade is greater than or equal to 50

Print “Pass” else

Print “Fail”

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Algorithms Flowchart: visual-form of an

algorithm E.g.

Process 2Decision

Data

Process 1

Begin

End

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Algorithm-Basic symbols in a flowchartStart/ End

Process

Input/Output

Decision

Flow direction

Connector

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Flowchart-(E.g)Start

read num1, num2

sum=num1+num2

print sum

End

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Control Structure All programs could be written in

terms of three control structures: Sequence structure Selection structure Repetition structure

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Sequence structure Is a series of steps executed

sequentially by default

Read num1,num2Calculate total=num1+num2Print total

Pseudocode Flowchart

Read num1,num2

total = num1+num2

print total

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Selection structure Used to choose among alternative

courses of action C has three types: if, if..else,

and switch

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The if selection structure if structure is a

single-entry/single-exit structure

true

false

grade >= 60

print “Passed”

 

If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60

Print “Passed”

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The if..else selection structure Specifies an action to be performed

both when the condition is true and when it is false

truefalse

print “Failed” print “Passed”

grade >= 60

If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60

Print “Passed”else

Print “Failed”

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Repetition structure Specifies a block of one or more

statements that are repeatedly executed until a condition is satisfied

Three types : while, for, do-while

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The while repetition structure Programmer specifies an action is to be

repeated while some conditions remains true

product <= 1000 product = 2 * producttrue

falseWhile product is less than or equal 1000

calculate product=2 * product

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Simple C Program//This program will calculate number of RM 50, RM 20, RM 10, RM 5 and RM 1 notes//for a given value entered by user.#include <stdio.h>

int main(void){ int value, balance; int note50, note20, note10, note5, note1;

printf("Enter value in RM : "); scanf("%d",&value); note50 = value / 50; balance = value % 50; note20 = balance /20; balance = balance % 20; note10 = balance / 10; balance = balance % 10; note5 = balance / 5; note1 = balance % 5; printf("Number of RM 50 notes : %d\n", note50); printf("Number of RM 20 notes : %d\n", note20); printf("Number of RM 10 notes : %d\n", note10); printf("Number of RM 5 notes : %d\n", note5); printf("Number of RM 1 notes : %d\n", note1); return 0;}

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End Introduction to C – Part 1

Q & A!