Unit 1Study
The study of body structure is ___________. Anatomy
The study of body function is ___________. Physiology
Types of Anatomy Study of body considering organization by
areas. (Used by medical & dental schools) Regional Anatomy
Study of body organization by system. (This is how we will study) Systemic Anatomy
Study of external features to serve as landmarks to locate deeper structures. Surface Anatomy
X-rays, ultrasound, MRI are examples of: Anatomic imaging
System that consists of glands & works to regulate body functions Endocrine
Body Systems Which organ system(s) involved in
transporting or exchanging gases in the body? Endocrine Cardiovascular Respiratory Urinary
Body Systems System that consists of skin, nails, hair,
etc. Integumentary
System that maintains tissue fluid balance, filters foreign material from blood, and fights disease Lymphatic
System that provides support for the body Skeletal
Levels of Organization Put these in order: Cell, organ, organelle, organ system,
organism, chemical, tissue
Basic unit of all living things: Cell
A group of similar cells working together Tissues
Negative feedback is important for maintaining what? Homeostasis
Example of positive feedback: Chronic hypertension
Know anatomic position: Which way does the individual face? Standing, sitting, or lying down? Which way are palms facing?
Revisit directional terms: Superior/Inferior Anterior/Posterior Dorsal/Ventral Lateral/Medial Deep/Surface Distal/Proximal Cephalic/Caudal
A cut across the long axis of an organ at an angle other than a right angle: Oblique
The trunk of the body consists of (3 parts): Thorax Abdomen Pelvis
Which abdominal quadrant would the pain of appendicitis be felt? Lower right
The thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominal cavity by: Diaphragm
In which cavity would the bladder & reproductive organs be found? Pelvic
The mediastinum: Divides thoracic cavity in two parts Contains the heart
What is the function of the fluid found between serous membranes? Reduce friction
Mesentaries – Double layered serous membranes Anchor some organs to body wall Are not connected to retroperitoneal
organs Are continuous with parietal & visceral
peritoneum (all of these!!)
The pericardial cavity contains: Pericardial fluid Heart
The kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, & bladder are called what type of organs? Retroperitoneal
Organelles & Functions Nucleus
Control center/brain of cell Nucleolus
Makes ribosomes Golgi Apparatus
Packaging center of cell Smooth ER
Lipid synthesis
Organelles & Functions Mitochondria
Powerhouse – converts food to usable energy (ATP)
Ribosomes Makes proteins
Lysosomes Contains digestive enzymes
Plasma Membrane Made of phospholipid bilayer, selectively
permeable
Rough ER Has ribosomes attached to it
Cytoplasm Gel-like substance in which organelles
suspended
What type of cells would likely have a large number of mitochondria? Why? Muscle Cells (energy needed for movement)
In humans, what is the normal number of chromosomes in body cells (somatic or autosomes)? 46
In human sex cells (gametes – egg & sperm)? 23
Phases of cell cycle – in order: Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis
Mitosis Chromosomes line up at center of cell:
Metaphase Period between cell division
Interphase Chromosomes begin to unravel & resemble material
from interphase Telophase
Spindle fibers form, nuclear envelope breaks down Prophase
Chromosomes are pulled apart at centromere Anaphase
All cells in the adult human body: Develop from a single fertilized egg All contain identical DNA
Differentiation occurs during when: Some portions of DNA are inactive and
others active
Crossing over takes place in which phase of meiosis? Prophase I
Meiosis results in how many & what type of cells? four Haploid (n) cells
Mitosis results in how many & what type of cells? two Diploid (2n) cells
Make sure to study: Cavities (what they contain or how
divided): Thoracic Abdominal Pelvic Pericardial Pleural
Study – Planes of section: Frontal Section Saggital Section
Midsaggital Parasaggital
Longitudinal Transverse Oblique