Unit 1 ReviewUnit 1 Review2013-14

Laws/Treaties/ProtocolsLaws/Treaties/Protocols

• Clean Air ActsClean Air Acts

• Kyoto ProtocolKyoto Protocol

• Endangered Species ActEndangered Species Act

• National Environmental Policy ActNational Environmental Policy Act

• Stockholm DeclarationStockholm Declaration

If the ice cap at the North Pole continues If the ice cap at the North Pole continues to shrink, which of the following is NOT a to shrink, which of the following is NOT a likely outcome?likely outcome?A. Polar bears could decline or become A. Polar bears could decline or become extinct. extinct. B. Seal populations would likely increase. B. Seal populations would likely increase. C. Indigenous people would lose a food C. Indigenous people would lose a food source. source. D. Arctic fox populations would be D. Arctic fox populations would be negatively affected. negatively affected. E. Penguin populations would increase. E. Penguin populations would increase.

Which of the following molecules is Which of the following molecules is NOT NOT considered a greenhouse gas?considered a greenhouse gas?

A. Chlorofluorocarbon A. Chlorofluorocarbon B. Methane B. Methane C. Ozone C. Ozone D. Nitrogen D. Nitrogen E. Carbon DioxideE. Carbon Dioxide

Which of the following Which of the following greenhouse gases does greenhouse gases does NOT NOT exist naturally?exist naturally?

A. Chlorofluorocarbons A. Chlorofluorocarbons B. Ozone B. Ozone C. Carbon dioxide C. Carbon dioxide D. Methane D. Methane E. Nitrous oxideE. Nitrous oxide

A greenhouse gas that results from A greenhouse gas that results from natural anaerobic processes natural anaerobic processes (decomposition) typically associated (decomposition) typically associated with saturated soil conditions found in with saturated soil conditions found in wetlands would be:wetlands would be:

A. nitrogen gas A. nitrogen gas B. methane B. methane C. hydrogen sulfide C. hydrogen sulfide D. ozone D. ozone E. chlorofluorocarbonE. chlorofluorocarbon

Global dimming is a phenomenon whereby Global dimming is a phenomenon whereby incoming solar energy is reflected back into incoming solar energy is reflected back into space prior to hitting the Earth’s surface. A space prior to hitting the Earth’s surface. A non-anthropogenic source of this dimming non-anthropogenic source of this dimming could be from:could be from:

A. soot from coal fired power plants A. soot from coal fired power plants B. heightened volcanic ash in the atmosphere B. heightened volcanic ash in the atmosphere C. decreased reflectivity of snow and ice from C. decreased reflectivity of snow and ice from particulates particulates D. forests burned for conversion to agriculture D. forests burned for conversion to agriculture E. methane emission from livestockE. methane emission from livestock

Which of the following nations is Which of the following nations is responsible for the most carbon responsible for the most carbon emissions on an annual basis?emissions on an annual basis?A. China A. China B. Russia B. Russia C. India C. India D. Germany D. Germany E. United StatesE. United States

An approach to combating global An approach to combating global warming by removing already-warming by removing already-emitted greenhouse gas is termed:emitted greenhouse gas is termed:

A. thermal stratification A. thermal stratification B. carbon disassociation B. carbon disassociation C. carbon sequestration C. carbon sequestration D. cogeneration D. cogeneration E. methanogenesisE. methanogenesis

Soils contain a large amount of stored Soils contain a large amount of stored carbon. The current and expected increase carbon. The current and expected increase in temperature is likely to stimulate a in temperature is likely to stimulate a positive feedback mechanism driven bypositive feedback mechanism driven by

A. loss of groundwater recharge A. loss of groundwater recharge B. increased plant growth B. increased plant growth C. soil salinization C. soil salinization D. heightened soil erosion D. heightened soil erosion E. increased activity of decomposersE. increased activity of decomposers

An indirect anthropogenic release of An indirect anthropogenic release of methane is manifested by:methane is manifested by:

A. increased wind farm activity in the A. increased wind farm activity in the northern latitudes northern latitudes B. melting of arctic permafrost B. melting of arctic permafrost C. reduced tropical deforestation C. reduced tropical deforestation D. greater concentration of D. greater concentration of atmospheric soot atmospheric soot E. decreased termite activityE. decreased termite activity

In which of the following years did In which of the following years did temperatures increase in the northern temperatures increase in the northern hemisphere, but decrease in the hemisphere, but decrease in the southern hemisphere?southern hemisphere?

A. 1930 A. 1930 B. 1900 B. 1900 C. 2000 C. 2000 D. 1990 D. 1990 E. 1960E. 1960

In the last 10 years, there has been a clear In the last 10 years, there has been a clear differentiation between northern and southern differentiation between northern and southern temperature increases. For the most recent temperature increases. For the most recent data shown on the graph, the northern data shown on the graph, the northern hemisphere increase is what percent of the hemisphere increase is what percent of the southern temperature increase?southern temperature increase?

A. 130% A. 130% B. 100% B. 100% C. 60% C. 60% D. 75% D. 75% E. 230%E. 230%

Which of the following natural Which of the following natural disasters in the United States can be at disasters in the United States can be at least partly attributed to global least partly attributed to global warming?warming?

A. hurricane Katrina A. hurricane Katrina B. Love Canal B. Love Canal C. Exxon Valdez Oil spill C. Exxon Valdez Oil spill D. Eruption of Mount St. Helens D. Eruption of Mount St. Helens E. Gulf Oil spillE. Gulf Oil spill

In some cases, increased global temperatures In some cases, increased global temperatures have caused an extension in growing seasons and have caused an extension in growing seasons and thus annual primary productivity. Which of the thus annual primary productivity. Which of the following would be most likely to cause this following would be most likely to cause this trend to cease?trend to cease?

A. greater supply of genetically modified A. greater supply of genetically modified organisms organisms B. higher amounts of grazing by herbivores B. higher amounts of grazing by herbivores C. build up of soil organic matter driven by C. build up of soil organic matter driven by decomposition decomposition D. increased crop yield by humans D. increased crop yield by humans E. loss of soil moisture because of heightened E. loss of soil moisture because of heightened evaporation and lower regional precipitationevaporation and lower regional precipitation

Between 400,000 and 10,000 years ago, Between 400,000 and 10,000 years ago, the highest COthe highest CO

22 concentration was concentration was

approximatelyapproximately

A. 290 ppm A. 290 ppm D. 380 ppm D. 380 ppm B. 180 ppm B. 180 ppm E. 320 ppmE. 320 ppmC. 200 ppm C. 200 ppm

The difference between the present The difference between the present observed carbon dioxide concentration and observed carbon dioxide concentration and the concentration 400,000 years ago is the concentration 400,000 years ago is closest to:closest to:A. 35 ppm A. 35 ppm D. 120 ppm D. 120 ppm B. 90 ppm B. 90 ppm E. 60 ppmE. 60 ppmC. 20 ppmC. 20 ppm

What is the approximate percent increase What is the approximate percent increase between carbon dioxide levels 150,000 years between carbon dioxide levels 150,000 years ago and carbon dioxide levels in 2010?ago and carbon dioxide levels in 2010?

A. 100% A. 100% D. 50% D. 50% B. 75% B. 75% E. 150%E. 150%C. 25% C. 25%

Over the last million years, glacial periods lasting Over the last million years, glacial periods lasting about ____ years have alternated with about ____ years have alternated with interglacial periods lasting about ____. interglacial periods lasting about ____.

A. 10,000 . . . 1,000 A. 10,000 . . . 1,000 D. 10,000 . . . 100,000 D. 10,000 . . . 100,000 B. 1,000 . . . 100,000 B. 1,000 . . . 100,000 E. 10,000 . . . 10,000E. 10,000 . . . 10,000C. 1,000 . . . 10,000C. 1,000 . . . 10,000

An organismal level effect that is partially the An organismal level effect that is partially the result of global warming may be seen in the result of global warming may be seen in the disassociation of types of algae from their disassociation of types of algae from their symbiotic hosts. This process is known as:symbiotic hosts. This process is known as:

A. commensalistic separation A. commensalistic separation B. sequential hermaphroditism B. sequential hermaphroditism C. parasitoid evacuation C. parasitoid evacuation D. coral bleaching D. coral bleaching E. mutualistic exclusionE. mutualistic exclusion

Which of the following would Which of the following would NOTNOT be considered be considered an economic hardship associated with global an economic hardship associated with global warming?warming?

A. increased coastal flooding from rising seas A. increased coastal flooding from rising seas B. reduced seasonal availability of ski tourism B. reduced seasonal availability of ski tourism C. incorporating true cost pricing on product C. incorporating true cost pricing on product sales, particularly vehicles sales, particularly vehicles D. increased investment in renewable energy D. increased investment in renewable energy sources sources E. loss of annual crop yield due to less water E. loss of annual crop yield due to less water availabilityavailability

An attempt at global collaboration in An attempt at global collaboration in curbing greenhouse gas emissions was curbing greenhouse gas emissions was demonstrated by the:demonstrated by the:

A. Clean Air Act A. Clean Air Act B. Montreal Protocol B. Montreal Protocol C. Natural Resource Defense Council C. Natural Resource Defense Council D. Kyoto protocol D. Kyoto protocol E. Environmental Protection AgencyE. Environmental Protection Agency

Ignoring COIgnoring CO22 emissions emissions

caused by fossil fuel use, caused by fossil fuel use, which would be the best which would be the best practice to reduce practice to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gases?anthropogenic greenhouse gases?

A. institute policies that reduce deforestation A. institute policies that reduce deforestation worldwide worldwide B. eliminate the use of ozone-depleting chemicals B. eliminate the use of ozone-depleting chemicals C. convert wetlands into agricultural land C. convert wetlands into agricultural land D. increase the use of nitrogen based fertilizer D. increase the use of nitrogen based fertilizer E. subsidize logging in the Pacific NorthwestE. subsidize logging in the Pacific Northwest

Which of the following would provide the most Which of the following would provide the most ecologically sound approach to sequestering carbon ecologically sound approach to sequestering carbon that has already been emitted into the atmosphere?that has already been emitted into the atmosphere?

A. applying nitrates to oceans to stimulate algal A. applying nitrates to oceans to stimulate algal growth and thus photosynthetic activity growth and thus photosynthetic activity B. allowing agricultural fields to become pasture or B. allowing agricultural fields to become pasture or forest forest C. converting methane-emitting wetlands into C. converting methane-emitting wetlands into agricultural land agricultural land D. interrupting bacterial respiration to reduce carbon D. interrupting bacterial respiration to reduce carbon output output E. introducing termite bio-controls to reduce the E. introducing termite bio-controls to reduce the production of methaneproduction of methane

Which of the following Which of the following processes would likely processes would likely contribute the most to the contribute the most to the greenhouse effect?greenhouse effect?

A. raising of livestock A. raising of livestock B. ignoring the Montreal protocol B. ignoring the Montreal protocol C. supporting slash and burn agriculture C. supporting slash and burn agriculture D. usage of hydrocarbon fuel for energy D. usage of hydrocarbon fuel for energy E. stimulating microbial digestion of organic E. stimulating microbial digestion of organic mattermatter

What is the only developed What is the only developed country that has country that has NOT NOT ratified the ratified the Kyoto Protocol?Kyoto Protocol?

A. United States A. United States B. France B. France C. Russia C. Russia D. Japan D. Japan E. FranceE. France

The major greenhouse gases The major greenhouse gases include all of the following include all of the following

EXCEPTEXCEPT

A. water vapor. A. water vapor. B. methane. B. methane. C. sulfur dioxide. C. sulfur dioxide. D. carbon dioxide. D. carbon dioxide. E. nitrous oxide. E. nitrous oxide.

Which of the following statements about the greenhouse Which of the following statements about the greenhouse effect is effect is FALSEFALSE??

A. The amount of heat trapped in the troposphere A. The amount of heat trapped in the troposphere depends on concentrations of greenhouse gases. depends on concentrations of greenhouse gases. B. The greenhouse effect is a new theory that explains the B. The greenhouse effect is a new theory that explains the warming of the atmosphere. warming of the atmosphere. C. The two predominant greenhouse gases are water C. The two predominant greenhouse gases are water vapor and carbon dioxide. vapor and carbon dioxide. D. It has been confirmed by numerous lab experiments D. It has been confirmed by numerous lab experiments and measurements of atmospheric temperatures at and measurements of atmospheric temperatures at different altitudes. different altitudes. E. Heat trapped by greenhouse gases keeps the planet E. Heat trapped by greenhouse gases keeps the planet warm enough for life. warm enough for life.

The greatest The greatest UNUNcertainty in current certainty in current climate models comes fromclimate models comes from

A. patterns of variation in solar A. patterns of variation in solar radiation. radiation. B. measurements of air pressure. B. measurements of air pressure. C. measurements of air temperature. C. measurements of air temperature. D. measurements of wind speed and D. measurements of wind speed and direction. direction. E. effects of clouds and ecosphere on E. effects of clouds and ecosphere on climate. climate.

Almost half of the excess carbon dioxide Almost half of the excess carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere by human released into the atmosphere by human activitiesactivities

A. is absorbed by the soil. A. is absorbed by the soil. B. remains in the atmosphere. B. remains in the atmosphere. C. is absorbed by the oceans. C. is absorbed by the oceans. D. is absorbed by the growth of plants. D. is absorbed by the growth of plants. E. remains in sea shellsE. remains in sea shells

In the event of global warming, food In the event of global warming, food production might be negatively affected production might be negatively affected by all of the following by all of the following EXCEPTEXCEPT

A. A. lack of irrigation water in some areas. lack of irrigation water in some areas. B. changes in crop yields. B. changes in crop yields. C. increased insect populations. C. increased insect populations. D. poorer soil in new crop-growing D. poorer soil in new crop-growing regions. regions. E. decreased UV radiation resulting from E. decreased UV radiation resulting from increased ozone. increased ozone.

A rise in sea level is A rise in sea level is LEASTLEAST likely tolikely to

A. disrupt coastal fisheries. A. disrupt coastal fisheries. B. flood areas where one-third of B. flood areas where one-third of the world's human population lives. the world's human population lives. C. contaminate coastal aquifers. C. contaminate coastal aquifers. D. accelerate coastal erosion. D. accelerate coastal erosion. E. save the coral reefs. E. save the coral reefs.

Which of the following statements about the Which of the following statements about the potential effects of global warming on potential effects of global warming on human health is human health is FALSEFALSE??

A. Food and freshwater supplies are likely A. Food and freshwater supplies are likely to be disrupted. to be disrupted. B. Increased respiratory disease.B. Increased respiratory disease. C. Sanitation systems in coastal cities may C. Sanitation systems in coastal cities may be flooded. be flooded. D. People are likely to be displaced. D. People are likely to be displaced. E. Insect-borne diseases are likely to E. Insect-borne diseases are likely to decrease in today's temperate zones. decrease in today's temperate zones.

All of the following are examples of All of the following are examples of reducing carbon dioxide levels in the reducing carbon dioxide levels in the troposphere through carbon troposphere through carbon sequestration sequestration EXCEPTEXCEPT

A. injecting it into the deep ocean. A. injecting it into the deep ocean. B. bringing more cropland into B. bringing more cropland into production. production. C. planting more trees. C. planting more trees. D. pumping it deep underground. D. pumping it deep underground. E. growing more switchgrass. E. growing more switchgrass.

The The mostmost powerful thing that powerful thing that decision makers do isdecision makers do is

A. compromise. A. compromise. B. inform the public. B. inform the public. C. establish policies. C. establish policies. D. enact laws. D. enact laws. E. develop and adopt a budget. E. develop and adopt a budget.

__ laws are those developed and __ laws are those developed and passed by legislative bodies such passed by legislative bodies such as federal and state governments.as federal and state governments.

A. Corporate A. Corporate B. Administrative B. Administrative C. Common C. Common D. Legislative D. Legislative E. StatutoryE. Statutory

Most federal public land is Most federal public land is locatedlocated

A. in National Parks. A. in National Parks. B. in Alaska. B. in Alaska. C. in the Northeast United States. C. in the Northeast United States. D. in the Western United States. D. in the Western United States. E. in California. E. in California.

All of the following are economic All of the following are economic goods goods EXCEPTEXCEPT

A. a walk in the woods. A. a walk in the woods. B. a swing set. B. a swing set. C. clothes. C. clothes. D. computer repair service. D. computer repair service. E. food. E. food.

Which of the following is Which of the following is NOTNOT considered a considered a fundamental but correctable weakness in a fundamental but correctable weakness in a capitalistic market system? Failure to capitalistic market system? Failure to

A. properly value nature's ecological services. A. properly value nature's ecological services. B. make widespread use of indicators that B. make widespread use of indicators that monitor environmental health and quality. monitor environmental health and quality. C. respect estimated sustainable-yield C. respect estimated sustainable-yield thresholds of natural systems. thresholds of natural systems. D. obey the law of supply and demand. D. obey the law of supply and demand. E. include the harmful environmental costs of E. include the harmful environmental costs of goods and services in market pricesgoods and services in market prices

The optimum level of pollution control is reached The optimum level of pollution control is reached whenwhen

A. when technologies become affordable to clean A. when technologies become affordable to clean up pollution up pollution B. when demand for pollution clean-up exceeds B. when demand for pollution clean-up exceeds the capacity to clean pollution the capacity to clean pollution C. the marginal cost of pollution control intersects C. the marginal cost of pollution control intersects with the marginal cost of pollution with the marginal cost of pollution D. marginal costs of pollution control begins to D. marginal costs of pollution control begins to exceed the marginal cost of pollution exceed the marginal cost of pollution E. marginal costs of pollution begins to exceed the E. marginal costs of pollution begins to exceed the marginal costs of pollution controlmarginal costs of pollution control

Which of the following is Which of the following is NOT NOT an an external cost of driving a domestic external cost of driving a domestic car?car?

A. cost of manufacture A. cost of manufacture B. destruction of land B. destruction of land C. pollution C. pollution D. highway deaths D. highway deaths E. highway accidentsE. highway accidents

Which is Which is NOT NOT a branch of the a branch of the U. S. government?U. S. government?

A. executive A. executive B. judicial B. judicial C. legislative C. legislative D. long-range planning board D. long-range planning board E. administrativeE. administrative

All of the following would be considered All of the following would be considered examples of nonprofit, nongovernmental examples of nonprofit, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) organizations (NGOs) EXCEPTEXCEPT

A. the National Science Teachers A. the National Science Teachers Association. Association. B. the Nature Conservancy. B. the Nature Conservancy. C. the AFL-CIO. C. the AFL-CIO. D. Texaco. D. Texaco. E. the National Wildlife Federation. E. the National Wildlife Federation.