Unit 1AUnit 1A

About water use and supply

Homework reviewHomework review• 1. With reference to the United Kingdom and

the Mediterranean, explain what water deficit and water surplus mean.

• 2. What % of the world’s available water is fresh water? And of that, what % is easily accessible for drinking?

• 3. What is potable water? How many people are without it?

• 4. List 4 factors that are likely to imply that particular groups are likely to be without potable water?

• 5. ‘Access to sanitation is important to ensure safe drinking water’. Explain why this is so.

• 6. Over 80% of the available water in LEDCs is used in agricultural production. Give a named example of how the amount of water that is lost in agriculture can be reduced.

• Named example = where? + what is the problem? + solution

So it’s a good idea …So it’s a good idea …

•To fill in the class notes as we go

•Ask if you are stuck or need a bit more time

•Use the PowerPoint to do the home work (until the textbooks are printed)

What are all the different What are all the different uses of water you can think uses of water you can think

of?of?

Here are some of the uses of waterHere are some of the uses of waterAgricultureAgriculture

What is going on here?

Do you know what this called?

What is going on here?

And we mentioned drip irrigation last week. Where did we see an example of that?What were they growing?What were the advantages?

Here is the general pictureHere is the general picture

India is similar to other low/middle India is similar to other low/middle income countriesincome countries

• Why do you think India still uses so much water in agriculture?

• As India becomes more industrialized, industries needs will rise

• What industries use most of the water at the moment?

Industrial use in IndiaIndustrial use in IndiaAnd as India industrializes more

More water will be needed

Indian IndustryIndian Industry

• Thermal power that is it burns things – mainly coal which it has quite a lot of

• engineering• textiles• paper• All use a lot of water and soon more will be needed

• According to the World Bank, the water demand for industrial uses and energy production will grow at a rate of 4.2 per cent per year, rising from 67 billion cubic meter in 1999 to 228 billion cubic meter by 2025.

Not only industry will need moreNot only industry will need more

•What are 2 issues shown here that say that India will need more water in future?

So we have a neat little case study So we have a neat little case study herehere

• Example of growing water usage in a country

• Place: India

• How do they use their water at present?

• Domestic: ? Industrial:? Agriculture:?

• Why will it rise?

• Industrial use: ? (think – which industries use most? Which will

increase? By how much will it increase?)

• Domestic use?: (Population: what is happening to it – figures.

Potable water – mention that have done well but still need?)

Ways to improve thingsWays to improve things

• In rural areas, dig wells which you then line and cover to prevent them becoming corrupted.

•On a large scale, build dams to collect water that can then be distributed to irrigate agricultural land and take fresh water to the cities

•On a smaller scale, build infrastructure in the poorer parts of cities

Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dam

Yangtze River and the Three Yangtze River and the Three GorgesGorges

•The Yangtze is China’s largest river stretching 5,600 kms from its source in Tibet to where it enters the Yellow Sea near Shanghai.

•Midway through its course the river flows through a 190km section known as the Three Gorges.

•The river valley narrows here and there are steep limestone cliffs on either side.

•The river is fast flowing and hidden rocks make it dangerous for ships.

The SchemeThe Scheme

•The dam, when completed, will be the biggest in the world, 2kms wide and 185 metres high.

• It will create a reservoir 600kms long behind it.

• It was started in 1993 and estimated to be completed by 2009.

•The cost will be at least $20 billion and the hydro-electric plant will generated 18,000 megawatts of electricity, making it the biggest HEP station in the world.

Advantages of the SchemeAdvantages of the Scheme

• During the 20th Century there were 3 catastrophic floods, plus many smaller ones. Over 300,000 people have been drowned. The dam will prevent flooding, thereby saving thousands of lives.

• The dam will provide 10% of China’s present electricity requirements. It will be a clean fuel, reducing China’s SO2 emissions and helping to reduce global warming gases.

• All year round navigation will be possible by ocean going vessels as far as Chongqing at the far end of the reservoir.

• Over 20,000 medium term jobs have been provided in the construction industry. This will create a positive multiplier effect to the local economy

Disadvantages of the SchemeDisadvantages of the Scheme

•1.2 million people will be relocated. This will include 13 cities, 140 towns, and 4500 villages. In addition 1600 industrial enterprises will have to be relocated.

•23,000 hectares of fertile farmland and 7000 hectares of forest will be drowned.

•Fertile soil will be lost to farms downstream from the dam. This is likely to lead to an increase in the use of chemical fertilisers.

Disadvantages of the SchemeDisadvantages of the Scheme

• Sediment will build up behind the dam over time leading to a squeezing out of the reservoir.

• Pollution in the form of sewage and toxic metals from industry will collect and build up the reservoir.

• The reservoir will create much deeper, colder water thereby changing the environment including types and numbers of fish.

• The dam lies near an earthquake fault line. • Although the government says they have

taken this into account, any major earthquake could create a disaster on an unprecedented world scale, with a death toll of several million.

What do you notice about the visibility?

Mini–case study of a damMini–case study of a dam

•Name:

•Where is it? Why is there?

•Some idea of size – not all the figures just something memorable

•Advantages:

•Disadvantages

These objections have lead to These objections have lead to changeschanges

• Up until the mid 1990s, the World bank funded many large dam projects.

• According to the Manibeli DeclarationManibeli Declaration these large dams have had "extensive negative environmental impacts, destroying forests, wetlands, fisheries, habitat for threatened and endangered species, and increasing the spread of waterborne diseases." In addition the World Bank has "tolerated and thus contributed to gross violations of human rights by governments in the process of implementing Bank-funded large dams, including arbitrary arrests, beatings, rapes, and shootings of peaceful demonstrators.“

• As a result of this and other criticism, they stopped.

Why did the world bank Why did the world bank stop building large dams?stop building large dams?

Marunda Project, Jakarta, IndonesiaMarunda Project, Jakarta, Indonesia

Not much help! But the arrow points to the word Marunda, which is the far NE of the city. It is near the sea. But most of the folk there were moved because of the building of a dock

A Rapidly Growing CityA Rapidly Growing City

• In 1930, the population of Jakarta was 530,000. • Today, Indonesia's capital city is home to an

estimated 11 million people. • Like many urban centres in the developing world,

Jakarta acts like a magnet for people seeking work and a better quality of life from other parts of the country.

• However, Jakarta's rapid urban growth presents an enormous headache for city planners as they struggle to provide the necessary infrastructure and services.

• As the city continues to swell in size, Jakarta's water company have only managed to provide less than half the population with piped water.

This what has been happennig to the This what has been happennig to the populationpopulation

A Rapidly Growing CityA Rapidly Growing City

• Meanwhile, many other people rely on water from wells, and the groundwater supply that lies a few metres below the surface.

• This water has to be boiled for hours to kill off any harmful germs and bacteria.

• In the north of the city, land is actually sinking as Jakarta's groundwater supply is over used by people.

• Houses on low-lying land have to be re-built every few years to keep them above sea level.

• Meanwhile, saltwater from the Java Sea is seeping into the land polluting the remaining groundwater.

Problems in MarundaProblems in Marunda

• The problems of water supply are particularly difficult for the people that live in Jakarta's squatter settlements.

• These poorer neighbourhoods are known as 'kampongs', which means 'communities' in Indonesian.

• Marunda is a kampong of 20,000 people that was forced to re-locate to a site in north-east Jakarta in 1984.

• Residents were evicted from their original homes to make way for a new port.

Many kampongs in Jakarta are located on waste ground along the city's polluted rivers and canals, where 700,000 m3 of sewage is dumped each day.

Problems in MarundaProblems in Marunda• Starting the settlement again

meant that Marunda lacked even the most basicservices, including a reliable, clean water supply.

• But the Marunda's residents could not live without clean water. Families need water for laundry, for meals and for washing in the home and for income-generating activities such as their food and soft drinks businesses.

• In the past, the women living in the kampong had to queue from 3 a.m. to collect water from water tankers, or they had to pay for the delivery from private street vendors.

Marunda residents used to rely on these

handcarts to carry water. Collecting water took a lot of valuable time and

money.

Problems in MarundaProblems in Marunda

• Street vendors gathered water from standpipes and then carried the water in 20 litre containers placed on long handcarts that can navigate the narrow alleyways in the kampong.

• This service could cost more than 30 times the price of piped water.

• For the poorest families, these costs could be devastating.

• Without running water, Marunda residents also faced serious health risks as sewage and other domestic waste was not flushed away.

• Across Jakarta, diarrhoea caused by drinking polluted water is responsible for 20% of the deaths of children under five

Water and HealthWater and Health• Water-related diseases are the single largest cause of

human sickness and death. There are four main types that affect the poorest people:-

• Faeco-oral infections that are spread by poor hygiene and dirty water. These include diarrhoea, cholera, typhoid and dysentery. With a clean water supply, the risk of catching one of these diseases is significantly reduced.

• Poor hygiene can spread skin and eye infections including trachoma, an important cause of blindness.

• People can catch various worm infections, particularly bilharzias, by wading in water contaminated with excreta and the snails that carry the parasitic larva. These larva burrow into the soles of people's feet.

• Diseases spread by insects that breed in standing water, such as mosquitoes. Malaria is a disease carried by mosquitoes that kills one million people a year worldwide.

Investment from AbroadInvestment from Abroad • As part of the 'kampong

improvement programme', the Jakarta city authorities have been trying to provide the city's kampongs with the services that local people have found difficult to establish on their own.

• By 1996, more than 5 million people in the Jakarta region had improved basic services as a result of the programme.

• The lack of funds available to keep up with the demand for water has meant that the city authorities have had to contract out projects to private companies.

Laying the water pipes in Marunda

was a joint partnership

between Thames Water and local

people.

Investment from AbroadInvestment from Abroad

• In April 1999, Thames Water Pam Jaya owned by Thames Water in the UK, began a £60,000 project to bring piped water to the people of Marunda.

• From the outset, Thames Water Pam Jaya has understood the need to involve local people in the construction and maintenance of the project.

• This way, the project could be better suited to the needs of Marunda and could gain the trust and support of its residents.

• As a result, 2,000 local people have been working on the project alongside 10 staff from Thames Water UK.

A Pipe Dream Come True?A Pipe Dream Come True?• By July 2000, the project was finished and 1,600

houses in Marunda were connected to Jakarta's main water supply.

• This enabled 12,000 residents to have water piped directly into their homes.

• In addition, the cost of the piped water is subsidized.• Residents can now receive water at a third of the

price that they used to pay to private street vendors. • Savings on water enables families to spend more

money on other basic needs such as clothes and food.

• Improved sanitation through piped water has also brought immediate health benefits to the people of Marunda as it reduces the risk of catching diseases from contaminated water.

• In view of the extent of Jakarta's lingering problems with water supply, the success of the Marunda project may seem small.

A Pipe Dream Come True?A Pipe Dream Come True?

• Nevertheless, the project shows the positive contribution that private companies like Thames Water, working in partnership with city authorities and local communities, can make in improving the lives of the urban poor.

• This is what people saidThis is what people said• "Street vendors with their carts no longer sell their

water to us. They now work in a factory and their carts are kept as a souvenir for their old age and will become a story to be told to their grandchildren." Marunda resident, May 2000."The water, clear and cool like crystal, is now flowing from every tap. Now what we hoped for has been fulfilled; washing, drinking, everything clean..." Marunda resident, May 2000.

Mini–case study of a managing Mini–case study of a managing clean waterclean water

•Project name:

•Where? [ city, country]

•Problem: In general

•For Marunda

•Solution:

•Result: