UNIT 2:CHAPTERS 4 AND 13

FUN WITH MATH!!!It is 30 miles to The Shops That destroyed the

Prairie. You and your parents drive to the shops and back on Saturday. The vehicle that you are driving goes 20 miles per gallon of gas consumed. How many gallons of gas did your vehicle use on Saturday?

The price of gas is currently $3.69. How much did it cost you to go shopping?

Student Response

Video Link

RISK

1. Driver

2. Vehicle

3. Roadway

Driver Contributed FactorsStudent Response

1.Adjusting radio2.Being angry3.Having blurred vision4.Combing hair5.Alcohol6.Cell phone use

Vehicle FactorsStudent Response

1.Bald tires2.Poorly adjusted brakes3.Dirty windshield4.Broken headlight5.Worn wiper blades

Roadway FactorsStudent Response

1.Bright sun2.Construction3.Dark Shadow4.Snow and ice5.Sharp curve

Some drivers exhibit a high degree of risk. How do such factors as peer pressure, self image and ego help cause high-risk behavior?

IPDE PROCESS

•An organized system of seeing, thinking, and responding.

4 STEPS IN THE IPDE PROCESS

1. IDENTIFY - Possible Hazards

2. PREDICT - Possible Points of Conflict.3. DECIDE - How to Avoid the Conflict.4. EXECUTE - The Correct Actions

IDENTIFY

What to look for?When to look?Where and how long to look?

THE SMITH SYSTEM

5 rules used to develop good seeing habits:

1. Aim high in steering. 2. Keep your eyes moving. 3. Get the big picture. 4. Make sure others see you.

5. Leave yourself an out.

ZONES

•A zone is one of six areas of space around a vehicle that is the width of a lane and extends as far as the driver can see.

Open Zone•A space where you can drive without a restriction to your line of sight or to your intended path of travel.

Closed Zone

•A space not open to you because of a restriction in your line of sight or intended path of travel.

Target Area Range – space from your vehicle to the target area.

12-15 Second Range – space you will travel in during the next 12-15 seconds.

4-6 Second Range – space you will travel in during the next 4-6 seconds, the final update.

Field of Vision – the area you can see around you, while looking straight ahead – 90 degrees to each side, 180 degrees total.

3 MAJOR ELEMENTS YOU SHOULD 3 MAJOR ELEMENTS YOU SHOULD ALWAYS LOOK FOR IN ANY DRIVING ALWAYS LOOK FOR IN ANY DRIVING

ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT

1. Other roadway users.2. Roadway features and

conditions.3. Traffic Controls.

OTHER ROADWAY USERS

1. How they might effect your planned path of travel?

2. Look for different sizes and shapes of users.

3. Look for other users’ problems as well as your own.

ROADWAY FEATURES AND CONDITIONS

1. Identify intersections, hills, and curves early.

2. Multilane to single lane.

3. Change in width of lane (standing water, patches of snow, potholes, objects on road).

Other Things to Look For

•Roadside Hazards (pedestrians, bicyclists, parked cars, animals, shopping center entrances and exits, roadside stands, restaurants and gas stations).

•Roadway Surface – Adjust your driving for wet, snow covered, icy, or gravel roadways.

TRAFFIC CONTROLS3 PLACES TO LOOK FOR TRAFFIC

CONTROLS1. Overhead.2. In the center of the intersection.3. On the four corners.

Identify traffic controls as early as

possible.

PREDICT

Once you identify a possible hazard, you predict how this might affect your path of travel. You predict where the conflict might occur.

2 MAJOR ELEMENTS YOU MUST MAKE PREDICTIONS

ABOUT

1. Possible actions of others.

2. Control of your vehicle and consequences of your actions.

TRACTION

•The basic requirement for vehicle control is traction.

•Traction is the gripping power between the tires and the roadway.

1.ALWAYS predict that other drivers and pedestrians will make mistakes.

2.NEVER assume they will always do the right thing.

DECIDEYou must decide how to avoid the

conflict.3 ways to avoid a conflict 1. Change speed –maintain,

reduce or accelerate. 2. Change direction – space

cushion 3. Communicate your plans -

use signaling actions

SPACE CUSHION

• The area of space all around your vehicle.

• You should constantly strive to keep space all around your car vehicle.

• 3 Lane Positions to use– Center– 3-6 inches from center lane– 3-6 inches from white line on edge

of road

EXECUTE•Carrying out your decision in order to avoid conflict.

•3 Actions you will execute–Control speed–Steer–Communicate

1. Accelerate – know the acceleration capabilities of your vehicle.

2. Braking – Consider the surface of the roadway.

3. Never lock your brakes.

•Sometimes the best thing to do is maintain your current speed.

Control Speed

Steering1. Swerving

2. Switching lanes

3. Backing up

WAYS OF COMMUNICATING

1. LIGHTS2. LANE POSITION3. EYE CONTACT4. BODY MOVEMENT5. HORN

COMMUNICATING USING YOUR LIGHTS

1. Turn on and off.2. Flash your bright lights.3. Turn signals. 4. Hazard lights.5. Brake lights.6. Back up lights.7. Parking lights.

SAFE PATH OF TRAVEL

A path that is free of hazards and conflict.

4 REQUIREMENTS NEEDED TO MAINTAIN A SAFE PATH OF

TRAVEL1. VISIBILITY A. Sight Distance – The distance

you can see looking straight ahead.

B. Field of Vision – The area you can see around you while looking straight ahead.

Requirements Continued

2. Traction – The gripping power between the tires and the roadway.

3. Space – Space Cushion.

4. Traffic Flow – Keep up with the flow of traffic and avoid unnecessary braking.

3 Defensive Driving Techniques

1. SEPARATE

2. MINIMIZE

3. COMPROMISE

Dealing With Hazards

•SEPARATE – Reduce the number of hazards that must be dealt with one at a time allowing TIME for the hazard to separate.

– Apply when there are two or more hazards and one of them is moving.

•MINIMIZE – Put space between you and the hazard to lesson the chance of a collision.

•COMPROMIZE – Share the available space as a last result.

TIRE WEARContributing Factors:

• Abrupt braking.• Sharp steering.• Bumps.• Potholes.• Poor roadway surfaces.• Unbalanced wheels.• Poor front-end alignment.• Under inflation and over inflation.

TIRE BLOWOUTS• A blowout occurs when a tire loses

air pressure suddenly.• Front tire blowout – The vehicle

quickly pulls in the direction of the blowout.

• Back tire blowout – The back of the vehicle swerves back and forth (fishtails).

WHAT TO DO WHEN A TIRE BLOWS OUT

1. Grip the steering wheel firmly.2. Let off the accelerator. Do not apply the

brakes.3. When you gain control of your vehicle,

slowly drive off the roadway.4. Turn on your hazard lights until you find

a safe place to stop.

BRAKE FAILUREWHAT TO DO:

1. Pump your brakes.

2. Downshift to a lower gear.

3. Pull and hold the parking brake release lever out or hold the parking brake button in the off position. Then apply the parking brake.

4. As a last resort, rub the wheels against the curb to reduce speed. If a collision is unavoidable, steer for a sideswipe rather than a head on collision. Total brake failure rarely happens.

Total brake failure rarely happens.

POWER BRAKE FAILURE

1. If the engine is not running, the power brakes will not work.

2. The brakes have not failed, just the power brakes. You just have to push the brakes harder.

YOUR ACCELERATOR STICKS

First, put your toe under the accelerator and lift up.

If this doesn’t work: 1.Shift to neutral and apply brakes.

2. Choose an escape path that leads to a safe place off the roadway.

3. Turn off the ignition when you’re off the road and no longer need to change directions.

ENGINE FAILURE1. Shift to neutral and try to

restart the engine while you are moving.

2. If the engine starts, put in gear and proceed. If it doesn’t, move safely onto the shoulder or to the curb and turn on your hazards.

STEERING FAILURE

Power steering failure – The steering still works, but you must exert much more effort to steer.

This rarely happens.

YOUR HOOD FLIES UP

1. Look through the crack below the hood.

2. If you cannot see under the hood, look out your window so you can see to get off the road.

3. Turn on flashers and move off the road.

HEADLIGHTS FAIL1. Hold a straight steering course and

slow down as quickly as possible.

2. Try all lights that might help you see to get off the road (Turn signals, flashers, bright lights, street lights, lighted signs, parking lights).

WINDSHIELD GETS SPLASHED

1. Turn on wipers and use your windshield washer as needed.

2. Slow down immediately and try to remember your path until you regain visibility.

ENGINE COMPARTMENT FIRE

1. Steer vehicle off of road.2. Turn off the ignition.3. Get out of vehicle and determine

if fire is small enough to control.

IF FIRE IS SMALL ENOUGH TO CONTROL

1. Use rag to open hood.

2. Use fire extinguisher or heavy cloth to smother burning wires.

- Water is ineffective in putting out oil and fuel fires.

PASSENGER COMPARTMENT FIRE

• Usually caused by a carelessly handled match, lighter, or burning tobacco product.

• These flames smolder but rarely flame up.• Use water or a fire extinguisher.• Upholstery fires often restart.

CAR STALLS ON RR TRACKS1. If no train, try to start car.

2. Get passengers out of the car if it doesn’t start.

3. Put in neutral and push the car off the tracks.

4. If a train is coming, get out of the car and move away from the tracks in the direction from which the train is approaching.

You should always try to go at least 10mph when crossing RR tracks. If you do stall, You’ll have enough momentum to clear the tracks.

RUNNING OFF THE ROAD

1. Stay off of the road and let off the accelerator. The natural reaction is to immediately jerk the car back on the road. This is the WORST thing you can do.

2. After you get slowed down, ease back on the road WHEN THERE ARE NO VEHICLES APPROACHING YOU.

3. The greater the drop off between the road and the shoulder, the more sharply you will have to steer to get back on the road.

4. Counter steer sharply the instant the front tire touches the road.

COUNTER STEER – When you steer in the opposite direction in order to keep a vehicle going straight.

SWERVING• Swerving is a last second emergency

means of avoiding a collision. Swerve only when you judge that braking will not prevent a collision.

• At speeds over 30 mph., you can usually swerve to a new path in less distance than you would be able to stop in.

• Be sure that no other vehicle is in the lane that you are swerving into.

FLOODED ENGINE• When too much fuel and not enough air reach

the engine.

WHAT TO DO :

1. Hold the accelerator to the floor. This lets air in and clears excess fuel from the engine.

2. While the accelerator is down, turn the ignition on steadily for 5 seconds. If this doesn’t work, wait several minutes and try again.

OVERHEATED ENGINE

• 1. Turn on the heater to draw heat from the engine.

• 2. During stops, shift to neutral and press accelerator gently.

• 3. If the temperature light stays on, stop, turn off the car and raise hood.

Do not add water until the engine has cooled.

CAR IN DEEP WATER1. Open window immediately that is farthest out of 1. Open window immediately that is farthest out of

the water and exit through window.the water and exit through window.

2. Exit through door if windows won’t open. The 2. Exit through door if windows won’t open. The doors will open easier once the car fills up with doors will open easier once the car fills up with water.water.

- When a car is under water, some air will be - When a car is under water, some air will be trapped toward the highest side of your car. Get a trapped toward the highest side of your car. Get a breath or two while locating a window or door.breath or two while locating a window or door.

- Turn on your headlights if trapped in a car. Your - Turn on your headlights if trapped in a car. Your car will float from 3 to 10 minutes.car will float from 3 to 10 minutes.

CBS VideoCBS Video

ENTERING A SHARP CURVE TOO FAST

1. Brake as soon as you realize the problem.

2. About halfway through the curve, accelerate gently to help stabilize your car.

One More Emergency

OBJECT ON THE ROADWAY

1. Check traffic, then decide whether to pass, brake, straddle, swerve, or drive over the object.

- Straddle only if your car can clear the object.

- Try to avoid swerving left across the center line because of on coming traffic.

- Drive over an object only as a last resort.

MINIMIZING THE EFFECTS OF A COLLISION

When a collision is about to occur you should:

1. Keep control of your vehicle. Any change of speed or direction will lessen the impact.

2. If you leave the road, steer for something soft if possible. Avoid hitting anything that will stop your vehicle suddenly.

3. Steer for a sideswipe rather than a head on.

HEAD ON COLLISIONProduces the highest force of impact of any

collision.

1. Slow down as much as possible without locking your brakes.

2. Blow your horn and flash your lights. Begin to brake and move to your right if the driver does not change his path.

3. Always steer right towards the shoulder.

SIDE IMPACT COLLISION1. Brake or accelerate quickly. Do

whichever seems more likely to lessen the impact.

2. Blow your horn to alert the other driver.

3. Change lanes or swerve away from the impact.

REAR END COLLISION1. Flash brake lights early to alert the driver

behind you.

2. Release your brake and move forward to give them more room to stop.

3. Accelerate across the intersection or quickly turn right if its clear.

4. If a collision is unavoidable, release your brakes just before impact. This will lessen the impact. Brake after the impact to avoid getting pushed into another car.

If You Are Involved In a Collision

All states require you to take 5 steps.

1. Stop immediately.

2. Aid the injured – Good Samaritan Law

3. Prevent further damage.

4. Send for police.

5. Exchange information.