Lesson 1: Arts from the Middle Parts of the Philippines 7 Learning Targets 7 Warm-up 8 Learn about It! 9 Check Your Understanding 16 Hands-On 17 Hearts-On 19
Lesson 2: Understanding MIMAROPA and the Visayan Arts 20 Learning Targets 20 Warm-up 20 Learn about It! 21 Check Your Understanding 26 Hands-On 26 Hearts-On 29
Lesson 3: Drawing Inspired by the Attire, Fabric, and Tapestries of the People from MIMAROPA and Visayas 30
Learning Targets 30 Warm-up 31 Learn about It! 32 Check Your Understanding 41 Hands-On 42
Fig. 1. A painting depicting the battle that happened between Lapu-Lapu and Magellan represents two important
group of people that contributed to the traditional art of the Middle Philippines. Source: Nmcast at English Wikipedia, MactanShrinePainting2, CC BY-SA 3.0
Introduction Art is an expression of one’s belief and culture. Whether it is an expression of an individual or a collective idea coming from a group of people, art can be dynamic and diverse. It is also an effective lens in magnifying and studying one’s history and culture. Philippines is an archipelagic country made evident in its central area which includes the MIMAROPA and the Visayas region. This region is known historically as the place where Spanish colonizers set foot in the Philippines particularly in Eastern Samar where Ferdinand Magellan landed his ship in 1521. In 1565, Miguel Lopez de Legazpi established his first permanent settlement in Cebu. These two historical landmarks greatly influenced the country towards what it is right now with Christianity as its major religion and the language. We will focus on the arts of the MIMAROPA and the Visayas region. We will look into the cultural motifs and crafts from different places included in the islands of Middle Philippines. By identifying these, you will be able to understand the history behind it and the relevance of it in our cultural identity as Filipinos. Activities are also provided to help you appreciate the beauty and artistry of the people living in this region.
Folk arts are the craftsmanship of people representing a local area which depicts everyday life scenario and given from generation to generation. Folk art is useful and decorative. Folk artists usually undergo an apprenticeship in informal settings to learn techniques. Folk art reflects established art forms of diverse cultural community groups.
An artwork should serve the purpose for which it is designed to have meaning. The products of art become economically helpful especially in the livelihood category of art. In determining the heritage value of an artwork, several factors are considered such as the durational existence and authenticity of the community where it came from and its relevance to the community. Functional Art is any piece of artwork intended for a specific purpose as well as be a means to generate income. This refers to aesthetically pleasing objects that also serve utilitarian purposes.
The Philippines has a diverse cultural setting and are influenced by different cultures. It contains various cultural motifs per island. Cultural Motifs are the central theme of folk art and design. These are good determiners of the artistry and craftsmanship of an artist and even cultural markers to trace the influences in writing the cultural history of a society.
Lesson 1: Arts from the Middle Parts of the Philippines MIMAROPA stands for the provinces of Mindoro, Marinduque, Romblon, and Palawan while the major islands of Visayas are Panay, Negros, Cebu, Bohol, Leyte, and Samar. The area of MIMAROPA is technically part of the Luzon area. However, due to geographical proximity, these areas constitute the middle part of the Philippines. They are separated by sea and have different cultural heritages that grew in time, but they share some commonalities, especially in the area of arts and culture.
Learning Targets
In this lesson, you should be able to: ● understand the distinct cultural motifs of folk arts from MIMAROPA and Visayas region; ● identify characteristics of arts and crafts in specific areas in MIMAROPA and the
Visayas such as the Moriones Masks of Marinduque, Manunggul Jars of Palawan, writing of the Hanunuo Mangyans in Mindoro, old Catholic churches in Bohol, woodwork of Cebu, culinary arts of Panay, and the Basey weaving in Samar and Leyte;
● reflect on and derive the mood, idea or message emanating from selected artifacts and art objects.
Warm-up What is the Middle Philippines? Name the provinces belonging to the MIMAROPA and the Visayas region. Using the photo below, trace their locations.
Learn about It! Art is a reflector of one’s history and culture. The way it is preserved and passed on from generation to generation is a collective effort that emanates cultural identity.
The middle part of the Philippines, though separated by islands and sea, is bonded by their rich arts and culture that can be traced even before the colonization of the Spaniards. Mindoro Mindoro is an island that is divided into two areas, the Oriental Mindoro and Occidental Mindoro. This island is known as the home for the indigenous group called the Mangyans. Mangyan is a collective term referring to the eight ethnolinguistic groups of Mindoro. One of these groups, the Hanunuo Mangyans, are known for their unique poetry called Ambahan. It is used to deliver the message and feelings of the Mangyans in an allegorical way. Marinduque Marinduque is a heart-shaped island known for its rich wildlife, agriculture, and fishery. Despite its small population, they display a rich culture that magnifies hospitality. Their tradition called Putong is a custom of putting flower crowns to their visitors to welcome them to their community. This is accompanied by singing and dancing. This is a ritual that is also performed to special occasions to celebrate gratefulness. Moriones is a theatrical event based on the religious beliefs of the people of Marinduque. This happens during the Holy Week where participants wear masks and costumes of Roman soldiers. They reenact the story of Longinus, a Roman soldier who was said to have experienced a miracle when the blood of Jesus touched his blind eye during the crucifixion.
The word Morion means mask, and in this tradition, the headdress of the participants show faces based on Roman soldiers. However, instead of the crest above its helmet, Moriones masks have flowers on their helmet to represent the years of penitence the participants still have to do. The Moriones mask shows a fierce expression, but the costume is bursting with vibrant colors that are evident to Philippine culture. Romblon
Romblon is composed of three major islands and tiny islets. It is a small part of MIMAROPA region, but it is called the Marble Capital of the Philippines because of its rich marble deposits. The local artisans of this province are known for their craft in marble sculpting and woodwork.
Palawan is an island famous for its ecotourism. However, this island is also renowned for its historical discovery of the Manuggul Jars which were found in the Tabon caves of Palawan that were made by the early settlers in the Philippines. The remains of people who are found buried in these caves are said to have lived during 49000 BC. They are called the Tabon people. Palawan is also the home of the Tagbanuas, an indigenous group who have their own writing system.
Fig 3. The Tagbanua alphabet.
Source: DoktorMandrake, Tagbanwa, CC BY-SA 3.0
Panay Panay is located in the Western Visayas region which includes the provinces of Aklan, Antique, Capiz, Iloilo, and Guimaras. Panay region is rich in their own arts and culture reflected in their handicrafts and festivals. Also known as a vibrant hub in the field of culinary arts, Iloilo of Panay is known for its signature dish La Paz Batchoy. A noodle dish filled with pork and beef-based broth, topped with chopped pork, chicharon, fried garlic, and scallions.
Negros Negros is part of the Visayas region that is politically and linguistically divided into two provinces namely the Negros Oriental and Negros Occidental. Negros Oriental is home to the Ilonggo-speaking population while Negros Occidental is dominated by the Cebuano-speakers. However, they all call themselves the Negrenses as a reference to their roots which are the Negrito ethnic groups that are said to have dispersed throughout Southeast Asia even before the arrival of the Spaniards.
Negros is known for their ancestral houses, amongst is the most notable Balay Negrense. Tourists also flock during their festivals which are the very popular Masskara Festival celebrated in Bacolod City and Buglasan Festival in Dumaguete.
Fig 5. The typical costumes of performers in a Masskara Festival.
Bohol Bohol is known as the home of the tiniest primates, Tarsiers, and the Chocolate Hills. They also house numerous old churches and structures dated way back the Spanish era of Philippine history. This is one of the most attractive heritage characters of this province.
The oldest Christian settlement in Bohol is the La Purisima Concepcion de la Virgen Maria Parish Church (also known as the Baclayon Church) located in the municipality of Baclayon. It displays the majestic built heritage of Bohol in terms of churches. However, it sustained major damage during the 7.2 magnitude earthquake that happened in 2013. The National Museum of the Philippines reconstructed it despite the damage and was able to finish it in 2017.
Fig 6. The outside (left) and inside (right) of Baclayon Church.
Sources: (Left) No machine-readable author provided. Magalhães assumed (based on copyright claims)., Baclayon church 1596, marked as public domain, more details on Wikimedia Commons
(Right) Raschid Salting, Baclayon Church interior, CC BY-SA 3.0 Cebu Cebu is the capital of the Visayas region. It is a rising metropolitan area that showcases the culture of the Visayas region to the world. Furniture makers in Cebu are known for their artisanal craftsmanship defined by their detailed-rich designs and indigenous materials. Cebuano-made furniture has contributed to the furniture industry in the Philippines and is known worldwide.
An example of a Cebu furniture is the peacock chair design made from buri or the midrib of a raffia palm. It plays a notable role in the history of furniture design in the country because of the popularity it gained during the 1970s. It is characterized with a very wide back that resembles a peacock raising its tail feathers.
Fig 7. An illustration of the peacock chair
Samar and Leyte The islands of Samar and Leyte are known as Eastern Visayas Region 8. Samar and Leyte were once ruled as one province but were separated during 1768. However, the language popularly spoken is Waray. Samar and Leyte have a rich island ecosystem. They are known for the famous San Juanico Bridge that is declared as the longest bridge in the Philippines.
This region is also the title holder for the most extensively used and widely distributed banig (or mats) all over the country. They have an intricate weaving technique of making banig evident in Basey, Samar. The main material they use is swampy grass called Tikog. The motif design shows a border design with a central motif that may be a stylized rendition of different flowers symbolical to the country.
A. Answer and identify what the following statements describe.
1. What is the traditional poetry of the Hanunuo Mangyans? 2. What is the primary material of a banig produced in Basey, Samar? 3. The woodcrafting of Cebu is popular in producing? 4. This is a pork and beef based broth filled with noodles topped with chopped pork,
fried garlic, and scallions. 5. What is Romblon known for in terms of producing a certain mineral?
1. Why is Ambahan important in the lives of the Hanunuo Mangyans? 2. What makes Cebu furniture unique and indigenous? 3. What makes Palawan an asset in the historical footprint of the Philippines? 4. Why is the inclusion of flowers on a Moriones headdress important? 5. What binds the Negros region despite them being politically and linguistically
divided into provinces?
Hands-On
Illustrative Cultural Map of MIMAROPA and the Visayas
1. Draw the islands of MIMAROPA and Visayas region in illustration board. 2. Draw one traditional art that represents that province in the same illustration board.
CRITERIA
Apprentice (0-2 pts)
Novice (3-6 pts)
Master (7-10 pts)
General Criteria
The artist used different lines, shapes, and forms.
The artwork has good rhythm, movement, and balance.
The artwork has harmony, unity, variety, and emphasis.
Content- Specific Criteria
The artist was able to finish it on time.
The artwork displays different parts of middle Philippines.
The artwork is presented with neatness and cleanliness.
The artist used stylized shapes for the images portrayed.
The artist made good use of the motif of evident in the region.
TOTAL
Key Guide Questions
1. What did you enjoy the most illustrating in this activity? 2. Why is it important for us to be able to identify the cultural significance of each
island comprising the middle Philippines? 3. Among all of them, what would you like to visit the most? 4. What is the most important thing you learned in this activity? 5. How can we protect the traditional culture of our brothers and sisters in this
Lesson 2: Understanding MIMAROPA and the Visayan Arts Understanding art means looking beyond what the eye can see and studying the context behind it. Why does it look that way? Why was it made? How is it relevant to the individual or the community? Art is present everywhere and a way of life. It can be an effective tool to nurture a person’s perception of beauty and values.
Learning Targets
In this lesson, you should be able to: ● identify, locate, and explain artworks in the community; ● analyze the elements and principles of art production in MIMAROPA and the Visayas
region; ● create an artwork inspired by MIMAROPA and Visayan arts; and ● appreciate the artifacts and art objects in terms of their utilization and its distinct use of
art elements and principles.
Warm-up
Art around us!
Identify objects in your surroundings that display artistic attributes and with a functional purpose that enables you to use it more often. Write your observation in a piece of paper.
Learn about It! In studying folk arts, one will see not just the creativity of the community where it came from but also the impact of art in building the rich culture and heritage of that place. It has a function that speaks a lot on its relevance to the community where it came from. The folk arts of MIMAROPA and Visayas Region reflects the early settlers and colonizers that arrived in the Philippines and the livelihood, customs, and beliefs prominent in this region. Luka The Ambahan or the poems of the Hanunuo Mangyans of Mindoro are inscribed in a bamboo wood they call Luka with a sharp object and are rubbed with charcoal for the writings to appear. Their writings are called Surat Mangyan that resembles the Baybayin. Their language is archaic that was passed on by their ancestors.
Fig. 10. The Mangyans document their Ambahan through their Luka.
Kudyapi Kudyapi is the only guitar-like instrument found in Palawan. It is a three-stringed, fretted boat-lute. It is four to six feet long with nine frets made of hardened beeswax. It is carved out of wood such as the jackfruit tree.
Fig. 11. A Kudyapi instrument exhibited in a museum.
Source: Ringer, Kudyapi, CC BY-SA 4.0
Masino Intaray is a GAMABA awardee famous for his expertise in playing instruments of Palawan. Music is vital to their tradition because it takes part in their rituals and celebrations.
Banton Burial Cloth Said to be the oldest existing cloth in the Philippines, the Banton Burial Cloth is a remnant of a blanket found in a wooden coffin in Banton, Romblon. It is said to have been made sometime from 13th to 14th century and is one of the oldest warp ikat textiles in Southeast Asia.
Fig. 12. The surviving pieces of the Banton Burial Cloth. Source: Joannerfabregas, Banton Burial Cloth, CC BY-SA 4.0
Sundang Sundang is a cutting tool used in the Philippines. It is popularly known as Bolo but to the natives of the middle part of the Philippines, call this Sundang. This is a tool they use for vegetation and trailblazing. Because of its availability, it became improvised weaponry during the war against the colonizers for the natives.
The Sundang is usually made of a steel blade that curves and widens and hardwood or animal horn for its handle. These characteristics are important to its use because it gives the tool extra momentum for chopping. It is used mainly for opening coconuts. Loay town in Bohol is famous for their blacksmithing of Sundang.
A. Fill in the blanks with the correct answers. 1. ______________ ______________ ______________ is the oldest existing cloth in the Philippines.. 2. The Ambahan is the __________ of the Hanunuo Mangyans. 3. The handle of a Sundang can be made of hardwood or animal _________. 4. The __________ is the only guitar-like instrument found in Palawan. 5. The writings of the Mangyans are called _____________ ___________.
B. Write true if the statement is correct, otherwise, write false. 1. The Kudyapi is a wind-type instrument. 2. The Sundang is a cutting tool similar to bolo. 3. The Banton Burial Cloth is found in a jar in Banton, Romblon. 4. Luka is where the Hanunuo Mangyans write their Ambahan. 5. Marinduque is famous for making Sundang.
Hands-On
Make Your Own Luka Materials:
● Piece of Bamboo wood of any size ● Cutter ● Charcoal
Procedure:
1. Compose your own poem. 2. Write it in your bamboo using a cutter. 3. Rub it with charcoal for the writings to appear.
and culture related to MIMAROPA and the Visayas region.
The artwork promotes the arts of the indigenous people.
The artwork uses distinct art elements and principles in displaying the art of the indigenous people.
The artwork displays patriotism to the country.
TOTAL
Key Guide Questions
1. What are the art forms produced in this activity? 2. What did you enjoy the most in doing this activity? 3. What are the challenges you encountered in this activity? 4. Why is it important to be able to protect the Luka art of the Mangyans? 5. How can Luka Art survive the test of time and the threat of modernity?
Lesson 3: Drawing Inspired by the Attire, Fabric, and Tapestries of the People from MIMAROPA and Visayas What is worn in the body is an expression of taste and culture. Clothing changes from time to time, and it became an important indicator in studying a community and its tradition. It is now considered as an art form that is popularly known as fashion. In this lesson, we will look into the arts of MIMAROPA and Visayas in terms of their art production in attire, fabric, and tapestries.
Learning Targets
In this lesson, you should be able to: ● incorporate the design, form, and spirit of artifacts and art objects from MIMAROPA
and the Visayas; ● describe the attire, fabric, and tapestries of the MIMAROPA and Visayas region; ● derive elements from traditions/history of a community for one’s artwork; ● appreciate the beauty of MIMAROPA and Visayan attire, fabric, and tapestries.
Learn about It! Weaving is an important process in producing clothing. In the early times, the natives in Asia do it by hand by manually gathering materials and weaving the cloth using back-loom weave.
The Philippines has a brant culture in weaving, and some regions display unique methods and designs in their weaving. This is an important part of their everyday lives, not just in terms of fashion but also to their livelihood. Ethnic wear is the traditional outfit of a population subgroup that reflects their tradition and culture. Ramit Ramit came from the Hanunuo Mangyans. It is made by a thread they call Mamburao that they usually buy in the market. The process of preparing the threads is Paghahan-ay, and they use it for Paghahablon or the process of weaving the cloth. A finished Ramit can be used as clothing, carrying babies, bags or table cloths. The motif of a Ramit usually incorporates a distinct design they call a Pakudos which came from the Spanish word cross. It is believed by the natives that the pakudos motif is a symbol that wards off evil spirits. It also symbolizes the mandala symbol that is often seen in Southeast Asia.
Fig, 14. The motif pakudos of the Mangyans.
Source: Hariboneagle927, Pakudos, marked as public domain, more details on Wikimedia Common
Salugin The Tagbanuas wear traditional costumes made from the bark of trees they call Salugin. They cut this tree and beat the outer layer of the bark with a wooden mallet until it is soft to be hung. This is then washed in the river and dried in the sun. No dye or designs are added to it because back-looming weaving is unknown to them. The early clothing of Tagbanuas consists of simple loincloth for men, supported by a woven rattan waistband they call Ambalad. For women, the short wrap-around skirts made from the Salugin.
Patadyong
Patadyong is a wrap around loose-skirt worn by women. It displays colorful checkered designs or patterns. Patadyong is considered a heritage clothing in Iloilo because it symbolizes the colorful attire of the Panay Bukidnon, an indigenous people mainly residing in the Panay region.
Fig. 15. A patadyong skirt is a folk dress in the VIsayas region.
Variations of Patadyong Upper Garments Kimona A traditional blouse made of pineapple fibers. It is typically transparent with a matching handkerchief called Tubao in its shoulder and a sando on the inside. It used to be worn as a casual dress or for special occasions. People who wear patadyong with a matching kimona are usually in the Cebu and Negros Island of the Visayas region.
Fig. 16. A complete attire composes of kimona and patadyong.
Sinumbrahan na Pula This is a traditional blouse of the Panay Bukidnon women. It is a red blouse adorned with the traditional embroidery of this indigenous group.
Koton Contrary to sinumbrahan na pula, koton is the white version of the blouse worn by the Panay Bukidnon women. It is also embroidered with intricate designs that show the important symbols and images observed in the surroundings of the Panay Bukidnon people.
Panubok The blouse matched with the patadyong in Panay island displays a traditional embroidery technique they call Panubok. It is a century old needlecraft that was propagated from the indigenous group of the Panay Bukidnon used in the attires and accessories of the natives on this island.
Binukot (also known as kept maidens of Panay Bukidnon) are known to be adept with the art of practicing panubok because they are not allowed to go outside and have to master the skills of embroidery, dance and epic chanting.
The patterns in panubok range from nature-inspired motifs and also characters and events from the Sugidanon epic. The following are some examples of their motifs:
● Bulak ng Labog/Linabog - a flower design patterned from Roselle, a species of Hibiscus ● Matang Punay- the eye of the Punay bird also known as the yellow-breasted fruit dove
is a sacred symbol because it represents a powerful female deity of the mountains involved in the rituals of the dead.
Fig. 19. A matang punay motif is a common design in panubok.
● Binunghay - a motif design that is used in weaving bamboo strips
Fig. 26. The binunghay design.
● Girigiti - a vine design usually found in the edges of a Panay Bukidnon women blouse
Fig. 27. The girigiti design.
Piña/Pinya Weaving Aklan is known for weaving the Barong Tagalog and the Baro’t Saya (the national dresses of the Philippines) using piña/pinya or the pineapple fibers. It is unique in this place because of the variety of the pineapple they plant which is the Red Spanish Pineapple. The process in doing this is: first, they gather the leaves of the plant and soak it in water to soften the leaves. They will then remove the thorns which they call Pagkigue. They scrape the leaves with a broken plate and gather the first set of fibers which they call Bastos. They call the finer set of piña fibers as Liniwan. These fibers are washed and dried before weaving.
Nowadays, piña weaving is mixed with other materials. Fibers blended with materials like silk is called piña seda while those mixed with abaca is called piña jusi. Fabrics made of purely piña is more expensive because of their quality and softness.
Fig. 28. A close-up look on a barong tagalog made of piña fibers.
Source: Paulo Ordoveza, Barong Up Close, CC BY 2.0
A. Answer and identify what the following statements describe.
1. This is the traditional embroidery technique of the Panay Bukidnon indigenous group. 2. What is the traditional transparent blouse of the Visayan women that is usually
matched with the patadyong? 3. What do you call the common motif used in weaving Ramit? 4. The Tagbanuas make their traditional cloth from the bark of what tree? 5. What is the variety that is planted in producing the pineapple fibers in Aklan?
● Needle ● 2 Threads with different colors ● 3 white plain-woven cotton fabric (10 inches by 5 inches)
Procedure:
1. Using the different panubok designs mentioned in the lesson, choose three designs and try to embroider them using your own interpretation and observation to the designs.
CRITERIA
Apprentice (0-2 pts)
Novice (3-6 pts)
Master (7-10 pts)
General Criteria
The artist used different lines, shapes, and forms.
The artwork has good rhythm, movement, and balance.
The artwork has harmony, unity, variety and emphasis.
Content- Specific Criteria
The artwork shows motif evident to the indigenous group’s culture.
The artist shows appreciation to the art design of the region of MIMAROPA and Visayas.
The artist celebrates cultural identity through the artwork.
The artwork promotes dedication and love for the Philippine culture.
The artwork celebrated the culture of the indigenous people.
TOTAL
Key Guide Questions
1. Was it easy to copy the designs? 2. Why did you choose those designs? 3. Why do you think the Panay Bukidnon women came up with those motifs? 4. What are the important skills to embroider panubok? 5. If you can make your own motif for a panubok design, what would it be and why?
Lesson 4: Assembling MIMAROPA and Visayan Art Inspired Accessories
Learning Targets
In this lesson, you should be able to: ● incorporate the design, form, and spirit of artifacts and art objects from MIMAROPA
and the Visayas; ● identify and locate accessories worn by each local community; ● create crafts that can be locally assembled with local materials, guided by local
traditional techniques; ● realize the importance of accessories to the culture and arts of MIMAROPA and Visayas.
Warm-up
Designing the Body
Enumerate all the possible accessories you can adorn your body. Share your list with a classmate.
Learn about It! Art inspired accessories is an embodiment of how a community perceives their concept of beauty. Its functionality differs from clothing because unlike clothing, accessories are excess objects that decorate the body to make it more beautiful. Sometimes, it serves the purpose of indicating one’s level in the hierarchy. The production of personal adornment and body decoration accumulates the prestige of an individual and varies from region to region. Beaded Pakudos Accessory Mangyans in Mindoro wear colorful accessories traditionally made in plant seeds. These are in the form of necklaces, bracelets, and anklets. The pakudos design also applies in their accessories because of its sacred function as a talisman against evil spirits. Nowadays, the Mangyans produce their accessories using modern materials which are commercial glass beads, and they also produce resorted to producing other accessories such as keychains, rosaries, and other body ornaments.
Fig. 30. A Mangyan woman adorned with numerous accessories comprising of beads.
Source: The Bureau of Science, Manila., A Mangyan woman, marked as public domain, more details on Wikimedia Commons
Tagbanuas Body Ornaments The Tagbanuas of Palawan used to file their teeth and blacken them. They also carve earplugs made of hardwood they call bantilinaw. Men and women also wore their hair long. They carve wooden combs and bracelets. Women used to cover their necks with strung bead necklaces. Anklets made of brass wire and copper also adorn Tagbanua women.
Fig. 31. A Tagbanua woman that is weaving a basket. Source: Darwgon0801, Tagbanua weaver, CC BY-SA 4.0
Jewelry-Making in Dauis, Bohol It is said that before the arrival of the Spaniards, a datu died and was buried in Dauis, Bohol along with his possessions. Around 1600, people living in Dauis started building their houses and would find gold. Because of their frugality, people of Dauis would keep the treasure to themselves and hide it in their baul as their possession.
When the Spanish arrived in the Philippines, the Dauis people realized that they could not use gold as monetary tools anymore since a new currency was introduced. That’s why they resort to developing it as jewelry; hence, the birth of the jewelry industry of Dauis, Bohol.
The technique used in making the jewelry in Dauis is the traditional “stamping” technique that was passed on from generation to generation. The history of the jewelry industry in Dauis is
not purely aesthetic but can also be traced as a way to propagate Christianity because the friars condemned the use of talismans and indigenous amulets. They transform these into crucifix and rosaries.
Filipino Christians during the Spanish era wore these pieces of jewelry as an act of faith, but for the plateros or jewelers, it served a purpose greater than that. They used this opportunity to go around the royal decree of declaring their personal belongings because a piece of jewelry with a religious theme was an effective way of getting around the restrictions during that time.
Fig. 32. A Dauis made jewelry uses stamping technique.
Panay Bukidnon Accessories The Panay Bukidnon in the island of Panay has a rich traditional culture when it comes to their attire and comes along with it is are their wonderful and meaningful accessories that reflect their traditions and beliefs.
● Bali-og A choker-type necklace that displays panubok design and dangling coins worn by Panay Bukidnon women.
Fig. 33. A bali-og of the Panay Bukidnon women.
● Panyo Panyo literally translates to a handkerchief, and in the culture of the Panay Bukidnon, this is used in binanog which is an ethnic courtship dance. This is also embroidered with panubok usually with motifs of matang punay and sakag-sakag.
Fig. 34. A panyo of the Panay Bukidnon women exhibit intricate designs.
● Pudong This is a headdress worn by women of Panay Bukidnon. Also called as tangko, this is usually adorned with coins and panubok designs. This also serves an heirloom received by women from their grandmothers.
Fig. 35. The headdress called pudong.
● Biningkit A necklace made of coins and beads handed down as an heirloom to the women of a Panay Bukidnon family.
Fig. 36. A biningkit matched with a koton worn by the Panay Bukidnon women.
1. The earplugs of Tagbanuas is made of hardwood called ________________. 2. Bali-og is a _________ type of necklace. 3. The technique used in Dauis, Bohol jewelry-making is _______________. 4. Pudong is a headdress adorned with pakudos designs and ____________. 5. _________ is an ethnic courtship dance of the Panay Bukidnon where the use of
B. Write true if the statement is correct, otherwise, write false.
1. Jewelry making in Daius, Bohol use the traditional “stamping” technique. 2. The Tagbanua men and women file their teeth and blacken them. 3. The Mangyans wear colorful accessories traditional made in glass beads. 4. Binanog is a celebration for harvest dance. 5. Walcos is a Panay Bukidnon accessory for the ankle.
Hands-On
Time to Accessorize!
Materials:
● needle ● 3 different threads ● A cut fabric that can be wrapped around your neck ● Metallic Soda bottle caps ● hammer ● nail
Procedure:
1. Pound the metallic soda bottle caps using the hammer until they are all flat. 2. Put a hole in a bottle cap by pounding a nail near the edge of it. 3. Sew the pounded bottle caps to the cut fabric and make you own bali-og. 4. Sew your own rendition of the panubok design of the Panay Bukidnon to the fabric. 5. Display your work by doing a mini fashion show.
1. What did you like the most in the activity? 2. How did you come up with the design of your own bali-og? 3. What is the importance of accessory in showing the culture of a community? 4. How can the indigenous group of the Philippines protect the authenticity of their
own traditional accessories in the midst of reproduction and alteration?
Hearts-On
Feelings / Situations I disagree. I agree. I strongly agree.
The art accessories of the people living in the MIMAROPA and the Visayas region is unique and of importance.
The various ways of adorning the body of the people in the middle parts of the Philippines are worth studying.
The art of adorning the body through time is a heritage that must be propagated and protected.
Lesson 5: Painting the Architectural Wonders of MIMAROPA and Visayas A structure portrays design and functionality. It has been an indicator of mankind’s advancement through time. It is an art form that indicates how mankind sheltered itself or build its community by developing structures conducive for worshipping, selling goods, and other purposes.
Learning Targets
In this lesson, you should be able to: ● trace the external (foreign) and internal (indigenous) influences that are reflected in the
design of an artwork; ● reimagine an architectural wonder through painting; and ● show the relationship of MIMAROPA and Visayas arts and crafts to Philippine culture,
traditions, and art history.
Warm-up You Build Me Up Before You Go! Go!
Describe the characteristics and the possible functions of the building in the photos below.
Learn about It! The materials available and the weather conditions affect the architectural structure of any community. The Philippines is a tropical country where wood is a primary source of building houses. However, upon the arrival of the Spaniards, building structures made from stones were introduced. This made a big difference in the preservation of the cultural heritage of this country.
As a region that is divided by sea yet first introduced the archipelago to the Spanish colonizers, the middle parts of the Philippines exhibited several Spanish-influenced structures that have survived through time. These display the grandiose and history of the Philippines and their structures are to be studied to understand the influence of where it came from. Bahay Kubo Bahay Kubo is the traditional house of the Filipino natives even before the coming of the Spaniards, and it is common in the whole archipelago. Because it is easy to build and the materials needed are very easy to gather, the bahay kubo has been an icon of typical Filipino traditional life.
In the middle part of the Philippines, the bahay kubo displays a design where the silong is not very high compared to the bahay kubo in Luzon area. A traditional bahay kubo also have a palayas or an extension that resembles a veranda in the entrance where they perform the cooking and the eating area.
Bahay na Bato Translated as ‘house of stone,’ bahay na bato is the improved version of the bahay kubo. More sturdy against typhoon, earthquake and other tropical climate conditions, the bahay na bato has been adapted in different parts of the Philippines that undergone different evolutions through time. In the middle part of the Philippines, the bahay na bato is known to be uniquely characterized with its coral stone material foundations. The art of cutting the stone or coral became a fine art that displays the skillfulness of the carpenter. The use of coral is so durable that it does not need a layer of paletada.
Aside from housing, a good display of architectural heritage in the Philippines are the churches. When the Spaniards came to the Philippines, one of their missions is to Christianize the natives. They built churches as a place where people can worship and learn about the Christian faith. Building churches was also a great avenue for the Spaniards to share their technology in building structures that have withstood the test of time as well as the Spanish language as a mode of communication. However, it is important to observe that even though influences of Spaniards are evident in the early architecture of the Philippines, several factors such as the weather, social, political, and economic conditions were adopted by the Filipinos to fit in the Philippine setting. Simbahang Bato in Marinduque The Simbahang Bato in Marinduque is a Jesuit church built in 1842 by Spanish Jesuits that came to the island. It is a structure with a stone-wall. It has no walls and only supported by beams to connect itself to its roof. It was built in a secluded place in the forest but was set on fire by Moro pirates. However, it was rebuilt to serve as a place of worship for the people of Marinduque. Boac Church Another famous structure in Marinduque is the Boac Church. It is built on a hill and protected by a fortified wall due to the Moro raids during the 17th century. It is a baroque church that was built in the Spanish-colonial era. It is declared as a National Historical Landmark in the Philippines.
St. Joseph Spouse of Mary Parish Church The St. Joseph Spouse of Mary Parish Church in Gasan, Marinduque is known for its unique ceiling design that resembles fans made of anahaw leaves. Anahaw is the national leaf of the Philippines, and in Gasan, they are famous for producing this. The beams of the church are made of coconuts, and their lighting fixtures are made from capiz shells.
Fig. 46. The interior of the Gasan Church.
Source: Joelaldor, Interior of Gasan Church, Marinduque, CC BY-SA 4.0
A. Answer and identify what the following statements describe.
1. What is the traditional house of the Filipino even before the Spaniards came? 2. What catholic denomination founded the Simbahang Bato in Marinduque? 3. This is the improved version of the Bahay Kubo. 4. The church in Gasan is famous for its ceiling that resembles this plant. 5. Enumerate the three characteristics of St. Joseph Spouse of Mary Parish Church that
B. Write true if the statement is correct, otherwise, write false.
1. Bahay Kubo is an icon of typical Filipino traditional life. 2. Simbahang Bato in Marinduque is built in the 1900s. 3. A traditional bahay kubo has a palayas in the entrance. 4. The name of Gasan Church is St. Joseph Spouse of Mary Parish Church. 5. The bahay na bato in the Visayas is characterized by its coral stone foundations.
Hands-On
The Wonderful Architecture of Middle Philippines
Materials:
● Acrylic Paint in single tubes ● Canvass or gesso board ● Brushes ● palette ● easel ● cloth rag ● water
Procedure:
1. Paint a house inspired by the Bahay na Bato built in Visayas region.
CRITERIA
Apprentice (0-2 pts)
Novice (3-6 pts)
Master (7-10 pts)
General Criteria
The artist used different lines, shapes, and forms.
The artwork has good rhythm, movement, and balance.
The artwork has harmony, unity, variety, and emphasis.
Content- Specific Criteria
The artwork is inspired by MIMAROPA or Visayan architectural wonder.
The artwork exemplifies creativity.
The artist finished on time.
The artist displayed keen attention to details through the artwork.
The artwork is clean and neatly presented.
TOTAL
Key Guide Questions
1. Describe your work. 2. How were you able to come up with the design of your artwork? 3. What are the important characteristics of a Bahay na Bato? 4. What are the elements in your artwork that showcase the MIMAROPA and
Visayas culture? 5. How can we enrich and preserve the traditional architecture of this region?
Lesson 6: Reimagining MIMAROPA and Visayan Sculptures and Everyday Objects
Learning Targets
In this lesson, you should be able to: ● identify sculpture of MIMAROPA and the Visayas region; ● trace the external (foreign) and internal (indigenous) influences that are reflected in the
design of artwork or in the making of a craft or artifact; and ● correlate the development of crafts in specific areas of the country, according to
functionality, traditional specialized expertise, and availability of resources.
Warm-up
Name it all!
Think of all the everyday objects you use that seems to be so ordinary and yet exhibits cultural relevance. Explain why you think it is culturally and artistically relevant.
Learn about It! Art can make use of any of the senses: see, hear, smell, taste, and touch. The most common on how it manifests is visual where people create an object using its imagination and creativity.
In the middle parts of the Philippines, where the land meets the sea, the MIMAROPA and the Visayas region exhibit skillful production of art materials that play a major role in their everyday lives. Iraya Baskets The Iraya Mangyans living in the Talipanan Mangyan Village have been weaving their baskets since time immemorial. Their baskets have been one of their sources of livelihood. This is made from soft and narrow strips of buri palm leaf, which are overlaid with nito. This usually contains geometrical figures in its design like a hexagonal household basket which is usually made in small sizes. An iraya basket can also be made from bamboo strips which are blackened and dried. Their finished product varies from purse, trays, lampshades and other materials.
Fig. 48. The finished products of the Iraya Mangyans made of buri and nito.
Source: KisekiLacroix, Iraya Mangyan Community Village 003, CC BY-SA 4.0
Bay-ong Bay-ong is a traditional basket that serves as bags for the Mangyans. This is a hand-woven traditional everyday object that is made of buri. Just like in their clothing, the pakudos is used as a common motif in designing the bay-ong. Tingkep/Tingkop Tingkep/Tingkop is the harvest basket of the Tagbanuas. It is a cone-shaped colander type of basket that is usually black and made of natural bamboo. Its design displays an extremely subtle changing of the under-over pattern. It is used for practical and spiritual purposes. It is used in hunting, as a storage for personal belongings, and even as an item for trading. The Tagbanuas also believe that this is an important material to house the spirit of “Linamin et Kundu” in their healing ritual they call Kundu.
Fig. 49. The tingkep/tingkop displays a lot of function to the Tagbanua as a container of things.
Wood Carvings of Tagbanua Tagbanuas display their skill in sculpting through their wood carvings. They make blackened carvings of animals that expose the original white grain of the wood. Some of the objects they carve are:
Fig. 50. A kararaga sculpture of the Tagbanua is characterized by its black color but exposed white lines achieved
through carving.
These carvings are used as offerings alongside rice, betel nuts and other items in pagdiwata rituals to attract deities and spirit relatives. These carvings are also used as toys for the children. Manunggul Jar The Manunggul Jar is a pre-colonial artwork made between 890-710 BC. It is excavated in the Tabon caves of Palawan. This is a burial jar that reflects the religious beliefs of the natives. The imagery in the cover of the jar shows three objects- the man, the boatman, and the boat. This represents the journey to the afterlife. This is evident to Austronesian belief of the anito. The manner on how the hands are folded in front of the chest is also an evident practice in arranging the corpse for burial in pre-colonial times. The cover also displays curvilinear scroll designs painted with hematite.
Marble Sculpting in Romblon Romblon is the Marble Capital of the Philippines because of its rich mineral deposits. It is said that mining in Romblon started way back in 1900 and it used to be cracked by hand from the mountain and processed by sculptors. Marble stones found in Romblon have two dozen varieties and 158 different shades of colors. They are used not just in building structures but in sculpting objects that have practical functions such as mortar and pestle, ashtray, and jars; religious functions such as sculptures of Jesus Christ and other saints; and decorative functions such as interior or outdoor display. Capiz Shells Capiz, also known as windowpane oyster, is found majorly in the province of Capiz, in the Panay Island of the Philippines. Its shell is a popular decor used for window panes in bahay na bato because of its translucence and durability similar to pearl shells. During the Spanish era, houses and structures with Capiz shells display class in the society because of its value. Nowadays, Capiz shells are used in making other products like accessories, home decorations, and kitchen utensils but in low quantity due to the depleting population of Capiz.
Fig. 52. Capiz shells used as home decor.
Source: Ramon FVelasquez, MuseoSanPablojf7215 06, CC BY-SA 3.0
Guitar-Making in Cebu Cebu is branded as the guitar capital of the Philippines. It is said that guitar-making in this place can be traced back to the Spanish era when the Spanish friars trained the natives to make the instrument to save time sending guitars to Mexico for repairs. It has been a part of their livelihood ever since. Cebu is where Cocolele, the Philippine version of the ukulele was introduced. Cocolele is a four-stringed tiny guitar with its body made out of coconut shell.
Fig. 53. A Cocolele is the Philippine version of Hawaii’s ukulele.
B. Write true if the statement is correct, otherwise, write false.
1. The Iraya basket is made of Buri palm leaf and Nito. 2. The cover of the Manunggul Jar contains imagery of two boatmen in a boat. 3. The body of a Cocolele is made of the cocoa tree. 4. Window panes made of capiz shells are indicators of poor standing in society during the
Spanish era. 5. The Bay-ong is a traditional basket of the Boholanos.
Hands-On My Improvised Cocolele
Materials:
● 2 plastic bowl that can be easily cut ● Illustration Boards ● Paint ● Nylon strings ● Fast Dry Adhesive (Glue gun) ● Coloring materials (Color pencils, crayons, etc.)
Procedure:
1. Cut the 2 plastic bowls in the side and combine them to form the hollow body of the cocolele.
2. Cut the illustration boards to pieces to form the following: a. The surface that will cover the top of the body on the cocolele. Don’t forget to put
a big hole in it that will serve as the soundhole and four small holes where the nylon strings will be inserted.
b. The neck of the cocolele that includes the frets and the nut to lead the strings in proper placement.
c. The head with four holes for the nylon strings. 3. Decorate the illustration boards using coloring materials.
4. Combine the pieces together to form the cocolele using the fast dry adhesive. Don’t forget to put the nylon strings in place before sticking everything together.
CRITERIA
Apprentice (0-2 pts)
Novice (3-6 pts)
Master (7-10 pts)
General Criteria
The artist used different lines, shapes, and forms.
The artist used different values and colors.
The artist made good use of texture and space.
The artwork has good rhythm, movement, and balance.
The artwork has harmony, unity, variety, and emphasis.
Content- Specific Criteria
The artwork display creative designs.
The artwork is clean and neatly presented.
The artwork is keen to details in reference to the true everyday object.
1. Describe how you created your cocolele. 2. What are the principles of art that you used? 3. How were you able to come up with the design of your cocolele? 4. What are the challenges you faced in making the artwork? 5. Explain why your artwork is defined as a sculpted art object.
Hearts-On
Feelings / Situations I disagree. I agree. I strongly agree.
Everyday objects are good representations of our cultural heritage.
Sculptures created by the indigenous people of MIMAROPA and Visayas region are culturally relevant to the country.
Everyday objects in MIMAROPA and Visayas that are carriers of history and culture must be protected and passed on to the next generation.
Lesson 7: MIMAROPA and Visayan Arts and Crafts Exhibit Art is not just an expression that serves a practical, artistic, and cultural purpose. It also serves as an effective tool for education. Gathering artworks to be exhibited is not just an activity to exercise one’s creativity but also to share to the public an underlying message to educate and to be critical.
Learning Targets
In this lesson, you should be able to: ● analyze the elements and principles of art production in MIMAROPA and the Visayas
region; ● shows the relationship of MIMAROPA and Visayas arts and crafts to Philippine culture,
traditions, and history; ● identify characteristics of arts and crafts in specific areas in MIMAROPA and the Visayas; ● mount an exhibit using completed MIMAROPA and Visayas-inspired arts and crafts in
an organized manner; and ● appreciate the MIMAROPA and Visayan arts.
Warm-up
Exhibit Process Based on the previous unit, what are the steps in mounting an exhibit?
Learn about It! A museum is an institution that conserves artifacts that exhibits artistic, historical, cultural or scientific importance. It can be publicly supported by means of government funds or privately owned. Museums are perceived to be a strong foundation for preserving a country’s cultural identity. A gallery is defined as a room or building that display or sell works of art. On the other hand, an exhibit is a public display of an object or a group of objects in an art gallery, museum or trade fair. Casa Gorordo Casa Gorordo is a public museum located in Cebu. It is a two-storey bahay na bato built in the mid-19th century that exhibits Philippine culture and lifestyle during the Spanish era. It displays antique furniture, traditional attires, religious images, wood carvings and household items prominent in mid-19th to early 20th century. It was turned into a house museum to showcase what a typical Filipino house was during the Spanish era. A gallery for contemporary art is also included on the ground floor. It underwent a two-year enhancement project to include interactive and digital age technology to bring in-depth experience to its visitors.
Fig. 55. The Casa Gorordo house is now a building for showcasing Philippine culture.
Source: Carlo Joseph Moskito, Casa Gorordo, CC BY-SA 4.0
Mariyah Gallery Mariyah Gallery was established in 1992 in Dumaguete City in Negros Oriental. It studies different clay types found in Negros and on related matters that are of interest to the artist who explores the tradition and medium of pottery. It also accepts proposals for other art exhibition using different medium by an individual artist or group of artists. The gallery also offers a space for art-related activities, workshops, and performance based on the locality and neighboring provinces. Negros Museum The Negros Museum is the provincial museum of Negros Occidental. It aims to promote and sustain a deep understanding of the history, culture, artistry, and ecology among children and youth not just of Negros island but also to other people visiting the province. It commits itself towards a long-lasting social understanding of Negros local culture. The Negros Museum is said to be the first in the Philippines to have been curated without the focus on artifacts but on the stories of the people who lived in Negros. It makes use of original contemporary artworks and art reproductions. It is a child-friendly museum with a livelihood component for local artists and artisans to sell copies of their commissioned works.
Fig. 56. The Negros Museum in Negros Occidental.
Source: User: (WT-shared) SnappyHip at wts wikivoyage, Negros Museum, CC BY-SA 3.0
In organizing an exhibit about the middle parts of the Philippines, it is important to list down themes that this region. Innovative ideas that stimulate interaction, imagination, learning, and enjoyment are wonderful components that can make an exhibit well-rounded and socially relevant. Sharing a story through the images and objects to the viewers can be an effective tool for the coherency and flow of the exhibit.
A. Identify what the following statements describe.
1. This museum is said to be the first museum in the Philippines to focus on the stories of the natives it represents than the artifacts.
2. What year is the Mariyah gallery established? 3. This is defined as a room or building that display or sell works of art. 4. Casa Gorordo is located in what province in the Visayas? 5. This is perceived as a strong foundation for preserving a country’s cultural identity.
B. Write true if the statement is correct, otherwise, write false.
1. A gallery is a room or building where the artworks are displayed while an exhibit refers to the group of artworks that can be displayed in an art gallery, a museum or a trade fair.
2. The Negros Museum would like to promote to the youth and other visitors of Negros Island deeper understanding of the history, culture, artistry, and ecology of the Philippines through art.
3. An exhibit should be interactive, imaginative, educational and enjoyable be well-rounded and socially relevant.
4. Casa Gorordo housed relics reminiscent of Filipino lifestyle during the pre-colonial era that is now open for public viewing.
5. Art is an effective tool for self-expression and education.
The exhibit displayed artworks related to the culture of the people of MIMAROPA and Visayas.
TOTAL
Key Guide Questions
1. Describe your exhibit. 2. Describe how you organized your exhibit. 3. What are the challenges you faced in doing the exhibit? 4. How were you able to solve these challenges? 5. What is your best experience in doing the exhibit?
Feelings / Situations I disagree. I agree. I strongly agree.
The arts of MIMAROPA and Visayas region is worth sharing and propagated.
Organizing exhibit is a good avenue for education and art appreciation.
The art of the people from MIMAROPA and Visayas is part of the cultural identity of the Philippines.
Did You Know?
Did you know that the early design of Catholic churches in the Philippines is the main building and a belfry but the windows are located very high in the facade? This is because the church served as a fortress against Moro raiders during the early Spanish era. Some fortress churches have windows in the sides that are lower but not that high to serve as a lookout. These windows have stairs inside the church that are used to drive away from the Moro raiders. The belfry contains not only the bells of a church but also served as the watchtower of the town.
Compare the similarities and differences in terms of physical characteristics and functionality of traditional art objects of the provinces of MIMAROPA and Visayas Region. Identify the core culture or characteristics that are very prominent that relate these islands together.
I _______________ identify characteristics of arts and crafts in specific areas in MIMAROPA and the Visayas.
I ___________________ . analyze elements and principles of art in the production one’s arts and crafts inspired by the arts of MIMAROPA and the Visayas.
I ________________ appreciate the artifacts and art objects in terms of its utilization and its distinct use of art elements and principles.
I _________________ incorporate the design, form and spirit of artifacts and art objects from MIMAROPA and the Visayas.
I ____________________ derive elements from traditions/history of a community for my artwork.
I ________________ create crafts that can be locally assembled with local materials, guided by local traditional techniques.
I _________________ trace the external (foreign) and internal (indigenous) influences that are reflected in the
design of an artwork or in the making of a craft or artifact. I _______________ show the relationship of MIMAROPA and Visayas arts and crafts to Philippine culture, traditions, and history.
I __________________ correlate the development of crafts in specific areas of the country, according to functionality, traditional specialized expertise, and availability of resources.
I ___________________ mount an exhibit using completed MIMAROPA Visayan-inspired arts and crafts in an organized manner.
I am good at ________________________
because ______________________________
I am planning to ______________________________
1.
2.
3.
I need to improve on ______________________________
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Glossary
Aesthetic refers to beauty or the appreciation of beauty. Archaic refers to the style that is no longer in everyday use but sometimes used to impart in an old-fashioned way. Artist refers to a person who art or skilled in a particular task or occupation. Artisan refers to a worker skilled in a particular trade that involves making things by hand. Belfry refers to the bell tower that is a common part of a church building. Bolo refers to a single-edged knife in the Philippines. Casa refers to the house. Embroidery refers to the art of decorating cloth using threads. Facade refers to the front view of a building that bears its entrance. Gallery refers to a room or building that displays or sells artworks. Heritage refers to valuable objects and qualities that reflect traditions and of historical significance, Indigenous refers to the original natives of that particular place. Inscribe refers to the manner of writing or carving. Islet refers to small islands. Museum refers to a building in which objects of significance are stored and displayed. Penitence refers to the action of showing sorrow or regret. Polceras refers to a bracelet. Proximity refers to the nearness of time, space, or relationship. Region refers to an area of a country. Rosary refers to a string of beads in a form of necklace important to the Catholic faith. Tradition refers to the transmission of cultures and beliefs from one generation to generation. Warp refers to a technique in weaving textiles.
