Unit 3, Notes 1 Vocabulary

Commerce: extensive trade; the buy and sell of goods on a large scale

Commercial Revolution: a shift in human trade tendencies that occurred during the Age of Exploration when nations began to import and export goods from/to other nations on a larger scale than ever before

Globalization: condition in which nations around the world are connected by trade and political alliances; causes the whole world to be affected by changes that occur in a single nation with high levels of commercial exportation

Unit 3, Notes 1 Vocabulary

Dutch East India Company: Dutch company created in 1602 to exploit the riches of the Far East; traded European goods/materials with China and Japan for eastern spices, jewels, furnishings, silk, etc. and then sold those eastern goods for a large profit

British East India Company: British joint-stock company that monopolized all trade in the East Indies and grew to become the world’s most powerful company possessing both political and military powers along with its economic powers; established Hong Kong and Singapore; cultivated production of tea and coffee in India

Unit 3, Notes 1 VocabularyMercantilism

mercantilism: economic system of the 17th and 18th centuries in which national governments regulated trade to increase the flow of bullion (gold and silver) into their nations

Principles of mercantilism National prosperity (wealth) depends upon its supply of

gold and silver Export more, import less: exports generate bullion while

imports diminish a nation’s supply of bullion Raise tariffs (taxes on imported goods) and grant trade

monopolies to protect local business and limit the exportation of bullion

Colonize more territory to increase the flow of raw materials out of those colonies and into the mother country

Export goods to the regulated colonial markets (colonies must buy products from their mother country)

UNIT 3, NOTES 1

Commercial Conflict

Indian-Colonial Conflict

King Philip’s War (1675-1678) Wampanoag warriors attacked

New England towns for encroaching on tribal lands and in retaliation for the execution of three tribesmen convicted of murder

Metacomet (called King Philip by colonists) led the Wampanoag into battle until his death and their defeat at the hand of colonials

Few Native Americans remained in New England after this conflict

Colonial-Colonial Conflict

Bacon’s Rebellion (1675-1676) Governor William Berkeley of the Virginia colony

Limited voting rights to property owners Favored the wealthy Tidewater (fertile Virginia land near the coast)

planters over the small farmers of the backcountry that wanted to live in the Piedmont (rolling hills between coast and Appalachian Mountains)

Fighting broke out between backcountry settlers and Susquehannock Indians over land rights but Berkeley refused to provide military support for the settlers

Nathaniel Bacon (local planter) supported backcountry farmers against Indians that had attacked his plantation Organized his own militia and attacked Indians Led his militia against Jamestown and seized political power Governor Berkeley fled and raised his own army

Berkeley vs. Bacon until Nathaniel Bacon died of disease and his army fell apart

Significance of Bacon’s Rebellion: Paramilitary rebellion against authoritative government Slavery expanded because wealthy planters no longer wanted to deal

with rowdy indentured servants that would one day lead to further Indian conflicts over land

The Imperial System

Imperialism: actions used by one nation to exercise political or economic control over a smaller or weaker nation/region

British Imperial Acts In accordance with mercantilist policies, Britain

encouraged exports and restricted imports Navigation Acts: set of Parliamentary laws created to

regulate colonial trade All goods imported and exported to colonies must be carried on

British ships Raw materials such as sugar, tobacco, lumber, cotton, wool, and

indigo could only be sold to Britain and no other country Staple Act: all colonial imports had to first go through England

and get taxed before proceeding to the colonies; increased price of goods for colonists

Parliament authorized custom inspectors to prevent merchants from breaking the navigation laws

Pirates of the Caribbean

Privateer: privately owned armed vessel whose owners are commissioned by a belligerent nation to carry on naval warfare Sir Francis Drake

Buccaneer: group of wandering pirates that harassed Spanish vessels and colonies in the New World for the purpose of stealing bullion Sir Henry Morgan

Piracy: the crime of robbery, or other act of violence for private ends, on the high seas or in the air above the seas, committed by the captain or crew of a ship or aircraft outside the normal jurisdiction of any nation, and without authority from any government Blackbeard (Edward Teach) Black Bart Roberts

Imperial Conflicts

King William’s War (1689-1697) French and Huron vs. British, colonials, and Indian allies over territory in

Canada Ended in stalemate without any change of territorial control

Queen Anne’s War (1701-1713) French, Indians, and Spanish vs. British, colonials, and Indians (Creek and

Iroquois) British gain control of Hudson Bay, Newfoundland, and Acadia (Nova Scotia)

King George’s War (1744-1748) French and Indians vs. British, colonials, and Indians Ended in stalemate

Imperial Conflicts

French and Indian War (1755-1763) Also known as the Seven Years’ War French and Huron vs. British, Iroquois, and

colonials French and British both staked claims in Ohio

River Valley French took over British fort and constructed

Fort Duquesne on its site Young officer in Virginia militia named George

Washington was ordered to expel French but was defeated

Washington forced to surrender at Fort Necessity

Albany Plan of Union: attempt made by colonial leaders to create a federal government for the purpose of raising an army to provide for the common defense; plan drafted by Benjamin Franklin but was rejected by colonies

Imperial Conflicts

French and Indian War, Continued… French and Huron ambushed British General Braddock en route to

attack Fort Duquesne Braddock killed and Lt. Colonel George Washington saved the British

forces from annihilation British navy cut off the flow of French troops and supplies to colonies British General John Forbes finally burns Ft. Duquesne to the ground

and Fort Pitt (later Pittsburgh) constructed in its place

Imperial Conflicts

French and Indian War, Continued… British General James Wolfe defeats French General Louis Montcalm at the

Battle of Quebec; both generals are killed but battle becomes the decisive British victory of the war

British seized Cuba and Philippines from the Spanish Treaty of Paris (1763): treaty ending the French and Indian War

French kicked out of New France (Canada) which became British territory All of Louisiana territory east of the Mississippi River became British territory Spain traded Florida to the British in order to regain control of Cuba and the

Philippines French give New Orleans and all their territory west of the Mississippi to Spain

IQ’s

1) What chores are you required to complete around the house?

2) Do your parents/guardians expect you to make good grades?

3) How do they react when your work/grades do not meet their expectations for you?

4) How do you react when they get on to you?

IQ’S

1. What are taxes?2. List several different types of taxes.3. What is the purpose of a tax? How is that

tax money used?4. Should Americans have to pay taxes? Why

or why not?5. Should Americans share the tax burden or

should some pay more than others? Explain.

UNIT 3, NOTES 2

“No Taxation Without Representation”

Results of the French and Indian War

Britain became the leading European power in North America

English language and traditions became the status quo in most of North America

British government in deep economic debt after borrowing so much money to fund the war effort

New territory required the presence of additional forts and military outfits (10,000 new troops) along the frontier

British government decided that American colonists would pay for the war and their protection through extra taxes

Proclamation of 1763

Chief Pontiac of the Ottawa Indians united several tribes and attacked forts/towns along the frontier west of the Appalachians

Colonists wanted to fight for their right to settle west of the Appalachians

British officials did not want to pay for another war or disrupt the fur trade

Royal Proclamation of 1763: decree issued by King George that prevented colonists from settling west of the Appalachians without special permission from the British government

Western farmers outraged

Customs Reform

Colonial merchants smuggled goods in and out of North America without paying customs duties (taxes on imports and exports)

George Grenville, British Prime Minister and lord of the Treasury, came down harder on smugglers by denying them a fair trial by jury and sending them before military tribunal

Young colonial lawyer named John Adams defended an alleged smuggling merchant named John Hancock on the basis that Hancock’s rights as a British citizen were being denied

Taxes!

Sugar Act (1764) Increased tax rates on raw sugar, molasses, silk, wine, and other

goods imported from foreign countries Allowed British officials to seize goods without due process (proper

court procedures)Currency Act (1764)

Banned the use of paper money in the colonies to slow inflation (excess money = loss in value of every dollar/pound)

Angered farmers and artisans that needed paper money to pay back loans

Stamp Act (1765) Required stamps to be purchased and placed on most printed

materials including newspapers, pamphlets, wills, mortgages, deeds, etc.

First direct tax Britain had imposed on colonistsQuartering Act (1765)

Required colonists to provide barracks for British troops or pay for their rent

Stamp Act Crisis

Propaganda Pamphlets and editorials circulated through the colonies and public

speeches were made condemning the taxes James Otis wrote a pamphlet arguing that colonists could not be

justly taxed without representation in Parliament… “No Taxation Without Representation!”

Stamp Act Congress Representative body with members from 9 colonies Drafted the Declaration of Rights and Grievances stating that only

colonial representatives had the power to tax the colonistsSons of Liberty

Group of organized activists and protestors that led anti-tax demonstrations and defied British law

Organized by Isaac Sears Propaganda: meetings, demonstrations, hung an effigy of the stamp

distributor from a treeBoycott

Colonists boycotted all British goods when the Stamp Act took effect on November 1, 1765

Nonimportation agreement: document signed by merchants agreeing not to buy British goods until the Stamp Act was repealed

More Taxes!

Declaratory Act (1766) Passed after Parliament repealed the Stamp Act Asserted that Parliament had the power to make laws

for the coloniesTownshend Acts (1767)

Included the Revenue Act of 1767 that put new duties on glass, lead, paper, paint, and tea

Legalized writs of assistance: search warrants that enabled customs officers to enter any location to look for evidence of smuggling

Response and Retaliation

John Dickinson wrote Letters From a Pennsylvania Farmer Only assemblies elected by colonists had the right to tax them

Sam Adams Helped organize the Boston chapter of the Sons of Liberty United Bostonians of different social classes to stand against

British tax policies Responsible for circulating a letter disclosing information

about a British scheme to pay government officials with Townshend Act tax money and thereby use those officials to replace colonial assemblies

Virginia Resolves: document created by the House of Burgesses claiming that it alone had the power to tax Virginians

Daughters of Liberty: female version of the Sons of Liberty; refused to buy British wool so they “homespun” their own clothes

In view of the colonial protests, Parliament dissolved several colonial assemblies

Colonists signed new nonimportation agreements to further boycott British goods

Response and Retaliation

Boston Massacre Mobs continued to threaten customs officers in Boston Britain dispatched 1,000 troops (“lobster backs”) to Boston to maintain

order On March 5, 1770…a crowd of angry Bostonians began taunting and

throwing snowballs at British soldiers British soldiers fired into the crowd and killed 5 colonists, including the

famous African-American Crispus Attucks (1st casualty of the Revolution) Colonials newspapers and propaganda portrayed the soldiers as killers

and the British government as tyrannous Parliament repealed the Townshend Acts

CW – Unit 3, Notes 2 – Page 43

Complete questions #1 – 6.

Write the question and the answer

CW/HW – Unit 3, Notes 3 – Page 116

1) Define: customs duty, inflation, nonimportation agreement, writ of assistance

2) Identify: Albany Plan of Union, Treaty of Paris, James Otis, Royal Proclamation of 1763

3) What argument did the Stamp Act Congress make in protest against the British taxes?

- Only the colonists’ political representatives, not Parliament, had the right to tax colonists

4) Why do you think the British were so willing to pass new taxes in the face of colonial opposition?- The British passed new taxes despite opposition because they needed the money

CW/HW – Unit 3, Notes 3 – Page 116

5) Use a graphic organizer similar to the one below to list the acts passed by the British Parliament and the colonists’ reactions to the acts

ACT Colonists’ Reaction

UNIT 3, NOTES 3

A Revolution of Mind:Democratic Foundations

The Path to Liberty

Chain of Human Events Responsible for the Liberation of Mankind:

Magna Carta Invention of the

Printing Press The Renaissance The Age of

Discovery The Reformation Scientific

Revolution English Civil War Glorious

Revolution (England)

English Bill of Rights

The Enlightenment Colonial

Assemblies/Constitutions

The Great Awakening

King vs. Parliament

Magna Carta (1215) Written document protecting the rights of English nobles Set precedent that a king’s power wasn’t absolute

English Civil War (1642-1660) Conflict between the armies of King Charles I and the armies of British

Parliament led by Oliver Cromwell Resulted in a Parliament victory and the execution of King Charles I

Glorious Revolution (1688) Bloodless revolution that occurred when an angry Parliament invited William of

Orange and his wife Mary to seize the English throne from the unpopular James II

English Bill of Rights (1689) Written list of freedoms that Parliament required King William and Queen Mary

to guarantee Included:

King cannot abolish laws, impose taxes, or raise an army without Parliamentary consent

Freedom of speech within Parliament Right to fair and impartial jury

The Age of Reason

Scientific Revolution: transformation of human understanding regarding the natural world that put away traditional constraints and superstitions while embracing the human ability to reason and discover natural laws

The Enlightenment: ideological movement of the 1700’s during which traditional political (royalty/nobility) and religious (Catholic Church) authorities were challenged by the power of human reason and philosophy when applied to politics and society Rationalism: emphasis on logic and reasoning Produced new ways to view the relationship between

government and the governed

Philosophes of the Enlightenment

John Locke (1632-1704) English philosopher that believed the purpose of government was to serve

the wishes/interests of the governed Believed that all people were born with natural rights including life, liberty,

and property Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)

French philosopher who wrote The Social Contract Believed that government should be formed by the consent of the people,

not a king, with laws representing the will of the peopleBaron de Montesquieu (1689-1755)

French philosopher that believed government should possess three authorities: making laws (legislative), enforcing laws (executive), and interpreting laws (judicial)

Powers should be divided and separated by the three different government authorities so no one branch acquired too much power

Voltaire (1694-1778) French philosopher that criticized religious fanaticism and persecution Supported religious toleration Promoted deism: God created the universe but has no direct involvement in

the actions of the universe; God as a clockmaker

The Great Awakening

Great Awakening (1700’s): general revival of evangelical Christianity in the American colonies Stressed piety (devoutness) and emotional union with God over religious

ceremonies and traditions Spread through revivals: large public meetings for preaching and prayer

Reasons for Awakening Response to declining religious fervor Reaction to the ideas of the Enlightenment

Preachers Jonathan Edwards (Massachusetts): believed colonists were “sinners in

the hands of an angry God” and all must repent or have an internal emotional experience to be saved

George Whitefield (Pennsylvania): very powerful speaker that warned colonists of false teachers and led to a division between “new lights” (emotion and excitement) and “old lights” (tradition and reverence)

Significance “New lights” led to creation of Baptist, Methodist, Presbyterian, and

Congregationalist denominations Intercolonial movement and church membership promoted a sense of

American nationality and community before the Revolution Like the Enlightenment, it emphasized individualism that came to reject

traditional authorities like king, Parliament, and state churches

UNIT 3, NOTES 4

The Mind to Act:The Cause of Freedom is

Born

Peace Before the Storm

The repeal of the Townshend Acts following the Boston Massacre calmed colonial and British tensions for a brief period

Gaspee Affair Gaspee was a British customs ship that patrolled North American waters to

intercept smuggling merchants and search their ships without a warrant In June of 1772, the Gaspee ran aground and was burned by colonists Suspects shipped to England for trial

Committees of Correspondence: colonial committees created to circulate information about British activities and promote communication among the colonies Unified the colonies Shaped public opinion Allowed colonial leaders to coordinate their plans of resistance against the British

Boston Tea Party

Because of the tea tax, colonial smugglers were shipping in cheaper Dutch tea

British East India Company was severely in debt by 1773 and had stored 17 million pounds of surplus tea not being purchased

Parliament passed the Tea Act Refunded the East India Company of

most taxes it had to pay to ship the tea to the colonies

Allowed British tea to be sold at cheaper prices than Dutch tea

Allowed East India Company to sell tea directly to shopkeepers and thereby bypass colonial merchants

Enraged merchants learned of new tea shipments in Boston Harbor from the committees of correspondence

Boston Tea Party (December 1773) 150 men boarded the British tea ships

dressed like Indians The men dumped 342 chests of tea

into the waters of Boston Harbor

Final British Acts

In response to the Boston Tea Party, Parliament passed the Coercive Acts: Boston’s port shut down until the destroyed tea could be paid for All Massachusetts council members, sheriffs, and judges would no longer be

elected by the people but appointed by the governor Trials of British soldiers and officials were transferred to England and away

from colonial juries Local officials forced to provide lodging for British soldiers, in private homes if

necessaryBritish sent 2,000 troops to New England and appointed General

Thomas Gage as reigning governorQuebec Act

Stated that Quebec’s governor and council would be appointed by the king and no free elections would take place

Additional territory given to Quebec…thus colonials moving westward would have to live in territories with no elected assemblies

Colonists referred to the Coercive Acts and the Quebec Act together as the Intolerable Acts

The First Congress

The committees of correspondence set up a large meeting for colonial delegates to discuss their options

First Continental Congress (September 5, 1774): 55 delegates attended the congress in Philadelphia, representing 12

colonies Some delegates wanted to reach a compromise but other more

radical delegates wanted to fight for independence Passed the Declaration of Rights and Grievances

Remained loyal to king but condemned the Coercive Acts Announced that colonies were forming a nonimportation

association Agreed to hold a second Continental Congress the following year

Virginia House of Burgesses urged colonists to suspend trade with Britain

One of the burgesses went even farther in his call to action… “I know not what course others may take, but as for me, give me

liberty or give me death!”• Patrick Henry, Virginia House of Burgesses