1. GRAMMAR NOTES Pages 54 -56

2. 1. Explanation Example(s) Modals are auxiliary verbs (= helping verbs). The modals are can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, ought to and had better. (Other books describe ought to and had better as modal-like expressions. Have to and supposed to are also modal-like expressions.) We study the modals and modal-like expressions together because their meanings are related. I could take some flowers. You could take some flowers. She/He could take some flowers. We could take some flowers. They could take some flowers.

3. 1. Explanation Example(s) Use simple modals (modal + base form) to show degrees of necessity in the present or the future. We should invite Jim to the party tonight.

4. 1. Explanation Example(s) Use perfect modals (modal + have + base form) to show degrees of necessity in the past. We should have invited Jim to last weeks party too.

5. 1. Explanation Example(s) Modals show speakers attitudes toward the actions they are describing. Modals are used to talk about obligations, advice, expectations and suggestions. You could invite them over. You should leave early. You must not smoke in this room. We are supposed to finish the book by the end of the semester.

6. 2. Explanation Example(s) Some modal-like expressions have meanings equivalent or similar to meanings of modals: must = have to, have got to should = ought to may = be allowed to You must finish everything on your plate = You have to/have got to finish everything on your plate. You should take a gift = You ought to take a gift. Visitors may not help in the kitchen = Visitors are not allowed to help in the kitchen.

7. 3. Explanation Example(s) Use must, have to, and have got to to show strong necessity. They are similar in meaning. You must arrive on time = You have to arrive on time = You have got to arrive on time.

8. 3. USAGE NOTE Explanation Example(s) Use must in more formal English to show a very strong obligation that cant be escaped. Do you mean that you must eat everything on your plate?

9. 3. TEACHERS NOTE! WHAT THE BOOK HAS HERE IS VERY CONFUSING! Explanation Example(s) The reason for changing the verb in the answer is different from what the book mentions. Must not means forbidden. That is not what is meant in this sentence. A. Do you mean that you must eat everything on your plate? B. No, you dont have to.

10. 3. TEACHERS NOTE! WHAT THE BOOK HAS HERE IS VERY CONFUSING! Explanation Example(s) Must and have to mean the same thing. The book mentions that must is more formal than have to, but that is not really very important. You must get to work on time = You have to get to work on time.

11. 3. TEACHERS NOTE! WHAT THE BOOK HAS HERE IS VERY CONFUSING! Explanation Example(s) The really important problem is that must not and dont have to do NOT mean the same thing! You must not give money as a gift = It is forbidden to give money as a gift. You dont have to give money as a gift = It is not necessary. It is OK to do it if you want to.

12. 3. USAGE NOTE Explanation Example(s) Use have got to in conversation and informal writing, not in formal writing. Have got to is not usually used in the negative. Weve got to get going. **You havent got to go. Instead, say: You dont have to go.

13. 3. USAGE NOTE Explanation Example(s) Use will have to to show future necessity.. Well have to invite them over. (However, it is also correct to say We have to invite them over or We must invite them over.)

14. 3. BE CAREFUL! Explanation Example(s) Use had to + base form to show past necessity. Dont use must have + past participle. Had to and must have do not mean the same thing. We had to leave. NOT ** We must have left. (This has a different meaning that we will study later. It makes no sense in this context.)

15. 4. Explanation Example(s) Use must not to say that it is necessary not to do something (that it is prohibited or forbidden). You must not smoke here.

16. 4. Explanation Example(s) Use dont/doesnt have to + base form to say that something is not necessary. You dont have to take everything offered to you. (But you may take everything offered to you if you wish.)

17. 4. Explanation Example(s) Use didnt have to + base form to say that something was not necessary in the past. You didnt have to bring a gift (It wasnt necessary to bring a gift, but you did.) ** We dont have to miss the flight.

18. 5. Explanation Example(s) Use should or ought to to offer advice. They mean it would be a good idea if or its the right thing to do, and are basically the same in most situations. We normally use should, not ought to in questions and negatives. You should decline gently = You ought to decline gently. A. Should I invite a guest? B. No, you

19. 5. TEACHERS NOTE Explanation Example(s) Actually, using ought to in questions and negative statements is common in British English. Speakers of British English might say: A: Ought I to invite a guest? B: No, you oughtnt to.

20. 5. Explanation Example(s) Use should have or ought to have + past participle to to offer advice about past events. Should have and ought to have suggest that the action did not happen. Shouldnt have and ought not to have suggest that it did. You should have done that the first time = You ought to have done that the first time (= You didnt do it, and that was a mistake). You shouldnt have mentioned the gift = You ought not to have mentioned the gift (=You mentioned it, and that was a mistake).

21. 5. NOTE: Explanation Example(s) We sometimes use shall in questions to ask for advice or direction. In this meaning, shall is used only with I or we. When it is used with we, it is often followed by a sentence with lets. In this meaning, shall is similar to should. A. Shall we get them some flowers? B.Yes, lets do that.

22. 5. TEACHERS NOTE: Explanation Example(s) We use Shall I to make a polite offer to do something in the future. A. Shall I pick you up at your house? B.Yes, that would be great, thank you.

23. 5. TEACHERS NOTE: Explanation Example(s) We use Shall I to make a polite offer to do something in the future. A. Shall I pick you up at your house? B.Yes, that would be great, thank you.

24. 6. Explanation Example(s) Had better is like should or ought to but stronger. We had better get going, or well be late.

25. 6. Explanation Example(s) Use had better to give a warning that something bad or negative will happen if advice isnt followed. Hadnt you better avoid talking about politics during dinner?

26. 6. TEACHERS NOTE Explanation Example(s) You had better and you had better not should be avoided in most conversations because they feel like threats. You had better and you had better not are used most often by parents to children: You had better go finish your homework.

27. 7. Explanation Example(s) Use be supposed to to show an expectation. In the past, the affirmative suggests that they action didnt happen. The negative suggest that the action did happen. You are supposed to take off your shoes when you enter a Japanese home. We werent supposed to mention the gift wed brought (but we did).

28. 7. Explanation Example(s) You can use be to + base form in more formal English to express a strong expectation. All employees are to attend the company office party. Youre not to ask any personal questions.

29. 7. TEACHERS NOTE Explanation Example(s) Your teacher disagrees with the books placement of this form with supposed to. It really is more of an order, similar in meaning to All employees are to attend the company office party = All employees must attend. Youre not to ask any personal questions = You must not ask any personal questions.

30. 8. Explanation Example(s) Use could or might + base form to make polite, not-to- strong suggestions about the present or future. You could take them some chocolates = You might take them some chocolates.

31. 8. Explanation Example(s) Use could have or might have + past participle to make polite suggestions about a past opportunity. In this meaning, might have and could have mean that the action didnt happen. You could have taken some flowers = You might have taken some flowers = You had the opportunity to take some flowers, but you didnt do it.