Unit 5Becoming an Industrial

Society- Answers

Complete the Guided Reading as you view the Power Point.

Goal 5: Objective 5.01: Evaluate the influence of

immigration and rapid industrialization on urban life.

Essential Questions: • How did immigration and industrialization shape

urban life? • How did the rapid industrialization of the Gilded

Age create economic, social, and political change in the U.S.?

• Did immigration and rapid industrialization have a positive or negative impact on the economic and social structure of the United States?

Industrialization

Immigration and

Urban Life

Important Inventions: After the Civil War the U.S. continued to become

an industrialized society Inventions that helped industrialization:

◦ Telegraph- Samuel Morse- increased communication for people and businesses

◦ Telephone- Alexander Graham Bell- increased communication for people and businesses

◦ Light Bulb- Thomas Edison-people could see after sunset, work longer hours, and produce more products

◦ Elevators- allowed people and businesses to operate in tall buildings

◦ Typewriter- increased the rate that letters and documents could be written and exchanged

Typewriter

Many people left their farms and moved to the city where they could earn higher wages◦ Rising farm costs and declining prices for

agricultural products Many people from other countries moved to

the United States in the late 1800’s◦ Irish- potato famine◦ Displaced workers from Europe due to

industrialization Most came from Europe and settled in the

Northeast

Migration to the Cities and Immigration to the United States:

Why is it important?◦ To handle the large number of immigrants the

federal government opened Ellis Island in 1892◦ Located near Statue of Liberty in New York harbor◦ Reception center for immigrants arriving by ship◦ Immigrants were examined by doctors to avoid

the spread of disease◦ Mentally and physically disabled were often not

allowed entrance into the United States

Migration to the Cities and Immigration to the United States:

Statue of Liberty:

Ellis Island:

Ellis Island and the Statue of Liberty:

Ellis Island:

Visit Ellis Island Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island

Discovery Education Videos:

Immigrants experienced culture shock as they moved to the United States and were surrounded by many different people an cultures they were not accustomed to

The increased number of immigrants and people moving to cities made urban areas population grow during the late 1800’s

Before 1870 most immigrants were from Western Europe and found it easy to adapt to United States culture

Migration to the Cities and Immigration to the United States:

After 1870 many immigrants came from Eastern and Southern Europe

Why is it important?◦ Most spoke different languages◦ Many practiced different religions such as Judaism

and Catholicism ◦ This caused most Eastern and Southern European

immigrants to have a difficult transition into American culture

Migration to the Cities and Immigration to the United States:

The American culture developed into a melting pot

Melting Pot: a place where people of all backgrounds could come and blend into American society

Most immigrants did not want to assimilate into American culture they wanted to maintain the traditions of their own cultures

As more people from different countries moved to America, cities began to experience cultural pluralism

Migration to the Cities and Immigration to the United States:

Positive effects of immigration: greater diversity, larger labor force for industries

Problems from immigration: ◦ Americans thought immigrants took their jobs◦ Americans mistrusted foreigners◦ Americans were suspicious of ethnic ghettos

Ethnic Ghettos: Areas in the inner cities where immigrants from certain regions or countries lived together due to common culture, language, and heritage

Problems and Concerns:

Many Americans saw immigrants’ desire to continue their culture as disloyal to the United States

Religious differenced were a big problem concerning immigration

Most Americans were Protestant while most immigrants were Catholic or Jewish- this created a problem for many Americans

Problems also arose within the immigrant communities as people from different nations and ethnic groups developed rivalries with one another

Problems and Concerns:

As ideas of nativism grew (people opposed to immigration) hate groups like the Know-Nothings increased

Immigrants often faced violence and discrimination

The government reacted to nativism concerns by passing laws to restrict immigration to the U.S.

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882: prohibited Chinese immigrants from legally coming to the U.S.- was not repealed until 1943

Nativism and Restrictions on Immigration:

Many immigrants experienced difficult living and working conditions

Many lived in tenements- small, overcrowded apartments Large families often lived in one room apartments that

were unsanitary and unsafe Immigrants worked long hours under hazardous

conditions for low wages in factories Some worked in sweatshops- makeshift factories in small

apartments or unused buildings Why is it important?

◦ Sweatshops were poorly lit, poorly ventilated and unsafe◦ Sweatshops would hire poor workers to work long hours for little

pay

Living and Working Conditions Among Immigrants:

Tenements

Tenement Neighborhood

Child Labor

Chinese Factory 2011

The troubles faced by immigrants inspired many reformers to offer their help

Jacob Riis wrote “How the Other Half Lives” and was able to get New York to pass laws aimed at improving tenements living conditions

Jane Addams- part of the Social Gospel- people who believed their Christian faith required them to take an active role in social issues of the day

Reformers and the Social Gospel:

Jane Addams is referred to as the Mother of Social Work

She opened and ran Hull House- a settlement house in Chicago

Settlement House- established in poor neighborhoods where social activists would live and from which they would offer assistance to immigrants and underprivileged citizens

Reformers and the Social Gospel:

Urban life changed as populations in cities grew

Electric Trolley- transportation that allowed people to live outside the city but still be able to work and play inside the city (later people used trains and subways)

Why is it important?◦ Suburbs developed- ◦ Divisions in economic classes developed

Middle and upper classes moved to the suburbs and left the poorer classes and immigrants in the cities

Urban Life in the Age of Industrialization:

Trolley Car

On farms people worked until all the work was completed◦ Leisure activities were limited to certain

celebrations and seasons With industrialization factory workers

worked by the clock and looked for new activities to entertain them after hours

Urban Life in the Age of Industrialization:

Why is it important? They began to look for leisure activities to

entertain themselves after work◦ Saloons became popular as places to drink, meet people,

and talk◦ Dance halls and cabarets developed (musical shows)◦ Amusement parks and Vaudeville shows developed

(variety shows like America’s Got Talent, X Factor)◦ Movies and spectator sports developed ◦ City parks developed

New York’s Central Park is the most famous Designed by Frederick Olmstead- a famous landscape architect

Desigen Olmstead Park in Raleigh

Urban Life in the Age of Industrialization:

Objective 5.02: Explain how business and industrial leaders accumulated wealth and wielded political and economic power.

Essential Questions: • What characteristics were vital to the success

of industrial leaders of the Gilded Age? • How did captains of industry accumulate

wealth and power? • Should an individual be allowed to accumulate

as much wealth as possible?

Goal 5:

Industrialization brought new opportunities and chances to make money

Some Americans became very, very wealthy

This wealth changed the role of American business and the role of the government in the nation’s economy (economy deals with money and business)

The Rise of Big Business:

STEEL!!!!!! 1850’s Henry Bessemer developed a

method for making steel known as the Bessemer process

Manufacturers could make steel much quicker and more efficiently

Why is it important?◦ Increased production of steel meant faster

expansion of railroads and more construction of buildings

◦ Steel became very important to the nation’s economy

Giants of Early U.S. Industrialization:

Andrew Carnegie- dominated the steel industry

Carnegie’s company controlled the steel industry through a process known as vertical integration- the company owns the company that produces the finished product but also the companies that provide the materials necessary for production- they own it all from start to finish

Giants of Early U.S. Industrialization:

Carnegie owned steel mills, iron ore and coal mines, railroads and ships that transported resources and products

Carnegie formed a monopoly- control over the supply of a product with no competition

Carnegie believed in the Gospel of Wealth- responsibility of wealthy to spend money on helping others, not waste it

Giants of Early U.S. Industrialization:

OIL!!!!!! Edwin Drake successfully drilled for oil in Pennsylvania John D. Rockefeller- became one of the nation's richest

and most powerful businessmen Rockefeller owned Standard Oil- the nation’s first trust Trust- business arrangement under which several

companies unite into one system- GOAL is to destroy competition and create monopolies

Through the trust Rockefeller was able to dictate prices, eliminate competition and control the U.S. industry

Like Carnegie, Rockefeller used vertical integration and owned all the steps in producing his oil

Giants of Early U.S. Industrialization:

Cornelius Vanderbilt- extended his New York Central railroad to Chicago, Illinois

Why is it important?◦ Travelers could go from New York to Chicago

without having to change trains◦ Helped railroad industry by making travel faster

and easier for passengers

Giants of Early U.S. Industrialization:

Biltmore House Asheville, North Carolina

The change in business brought a new business leader- finance capitalist- bankers who applied economic influence through companies’ stocks and bonds

J.P. Morgan was the most powerful finance capitalist Morgan eventually influenced control over banks,

insurance companies, and stock market operations Morgan and his company had assets of over $22

billion Morgan bought Carnegie’s steel company and formed

US Steel- the price he paid made Carnegie the richest man in the WORLD!

Giants of Early U.S. Industrialization:

George Westinghouse founded Westinghouse Electric Company and made electricity more accessible to all people and developed new ways electrical power could be used

Giants of Early U.S. Industrialization:

Industrial leaders established power through monopolies, trusts, and interlocking directorates

Interlocking Directorates allowed directors of one company to serve as directors for other companies

Why is it important?◦ These leaders controlled entire industries,

increased their wealth, and eliminated competition◦ These leaders became super wealthy during the

age of industrialization

Giants of Early U.S. Industrialization:

Mid 1800’s Herbert Spencer introduced a concept known as Social Darwinism

Social Darwinism- used the theories of Charles Darwin to argue life is a battle for the “survival of the fittest” (the strongest survive)

Many business leaders supported this idea and used it as a foundation for their business beliefs

They used it to support their belief in laissez-faire capitalism- keep government out of business or try to regulate it

They believed it was best for the country and the economy if only those industries who were the strongest survived

Social Darwinism and the Gilded Age:

They believed that supply and demand could dictate business actions without the “unnatural” interference of government

Many people agreed with the ideas of the business leaders

One reason was the belief that anyone could become rich if they tried hard enough

In the children’s book “Horatio Alger” Horatio was able to go from poverty to wealth through hard work and determination

Social Darwinism and the Gilded Age:

Not everyone agreed with Social Darwinism Many believed that the wealth of a few

came to them at the expense of the poor They referred to the leaders of industry not

as captains of industry, but as robber barons- greedy, rich, unethical businessmen

They did not believe business leaders should become rich while workers remained poor with unsafe, unsanitary working conditions

Social Darwinism and the Gilded Age:

The period from 1877 to the early 1900’s became known as the Gilded Age

The Gilded Age is a term from writer Mark Twain- it refers to a time when a thin layer of prosperity was covering the poverty and corruption that existed in most of American society

Social Darwinism and the Gilded Age:

Objective 5.03: Assess the impact of labor unions on industry and the lives of workers.

Essential Questions: • Why social, economic, and political factors

led to the need for the formation of labor unions?

• To what extent were labor unions effective in meeting the political, economic, and social needs of laborers?

• How effective were labor unions in improving the lives of American workers?

Goal 5:

Workers and the

Labor Unions

Conditions of the Worker: Work in factories was monotonous, with long

hours, low pay and very dangerous Workers did not have Social Security or

unemployment benefits at this time Child Labor was common To help pay the bills children as young as 5

years old would work in factories and not go to school

With no education they had little hope of every working another job or improving life’s situation

Unions- organizations of workers formed to protect the interest of its members

2 kinds of unions Craft Union- unions for skilled workers

with a specific craft Trade Union- unions for less skilled

workers Famous Unions from the late 1800’s

◦ Knights of Labor◦ American federation of Labor

The Unions:

1869- hoped to organize all working men and women into a single union

Included factory workers, farmers, shopkeepers, office workers

It included African Americans Supported equal pay for equal work, 8

hour workdays, the end of child labor Union ended by the 1890’s

The Knights of Labor:

1886- Craft Union led by Samuel Gompers Supported issues of wages, working

hours and working conditions Used strikes and boycotts as economic

pressure to support workers Strike- when employees refuse to work

until business owners meet certain demands

Boycott- refusal to buy or pay for certain products to force owners to change policies or actions

The AmericanFederation of Labor (AFL):

The AFL used collective bargaining and mediation

Collective Bargaining- employees negotiate as a united group to increase their bargaining power

Mediation- using a neutral their party to help negotiate an agreement acceptable to both sides you and your friend get angry and Mrs. Zappia helps you resolve it)

Arbitration- form of mediation where the third party has the power to make a decision for all involved (you and your friend get angry and Mr. Colvin tells you how it will be resolved)

The AmericanFederation of Labor (AFL):

AFL supported Closed Shop workplaces where employers could only hire union members

They hoped to increase their power of negotiation by having a united workforce

Closed Shops forced employers to deal with the union because they could not hire non-union employees

The AmericanFederation of Labor (AFL):

Employers hated unions Many forced employees to sign yellow dog

contracts which forbade workers from joining unions

Some placed union workers on blacklists- lists of workers employers refused to hire

Some used lockouts- locking out employees from returning to work

Some would hire scabs as replacement workers during strikes

Employer Response to Unions:

The government supported employers during strikes

Employers asked the government for injunctions- court orders that forbade strikes because they violated the law or threatened public interest

Some employers used violence and intimidation to stop labor unions

Employer Response to Unions:

1877 Railroad workers went on strike in the Midwest and East over wages

Workers responded to the threat of wage cuts with violence President Rutherford B. Hayes sent in federal troops

twice to stop the protests The railroads carried the mail The mail is under the jurisdiction of the federal government

so federal law gave the president the power to use force to stop any strike that might interfere with the mail

Why is it important? The Great Railway Strike of 1877 showed employers they

could appeal to the federal government for help in dealing with strikes

Strikes and Confrontations:

May 1886 workers across the nation fought for an 8 hour workday

May 4, 1886 demonstrators held a rally at Chicago’s Haymarket Square

A group of radicals (extremists) set off a bomb and killed 7 police officers

A riot broke out- police and protesters were killed

The Haymarket Riot turned people against unions- they identified then with anarchy and violence

Strikes and Confrontations:

1892 Homestead Strike- steel workers at the Carnegie Steel plant in Homestead, Pennsylvania went on strike

The Pinkertons, a private police force, was hired to stop the strike

Strikers and Pinkertons shot at each other- several people were killed or wounded

The public saw the strikers as violent The union was forced to end the strike

Strikes and Confrontations:

1894 employees went to railroad car industrialist George Pullman to protest the laying off of workers

Pullman fired three of the labor representatives The union called for a strike Pullman closed the plant to avoid having to negotiate American Railway Union called for a national boycott of Pullman

cars 120,000 workers went on strike The federal government took out an injunction against the

union President Cleveland sent in federal troops to enforce the

injunction Why is it important?

◦ Pullman Strike set a precedent for factory owners to appeal to the courts to end strikes

Strikes and Confrontations:

Objective 5.04: Describe the changing role of government in economic and political affairs.

Essential Questions: • How did the government’s role in economic and

political affairs change during this era? • To what extent did industrialization affect the

relationships between government, business, and the worker?

• How did technological advancement affect industrialization and the role of the government?

• To what extent was the government’s changing role necessary and positive in this era?

Goal 5:

The Role of Government in

Economic and Political Affairs

Corruption in

Government

The Spoils System and the Pendleton Act:

As you know from Unit 3- after the death of Abraham Lincoln corruption became more common in the federal government under President Grant

Andrew Jackson began the spoils system of giving government jobs to friends and family

1881- a man who was angry he was not given a job he was promised, assassinated President James Garfield

Why is it important? Garfield’s death lead to the Pendleton Act It established the Civil Service Commission- requires

applicants to pass a civil service exam before being hired for any government position

Now jobs were given out based on merit rather than friendship or politics

Corruption was common in local and state government in the 1800’s

The fast growth of population in cities meant government had to increase police, fire departments, and transportation systems, public services, sewage, etc.

This meant more public money and a greater power for government

People fought for government positions to establish control and power

Political Machines- unofficial group with the goal of keeping a certain party or person in power

Political Machines:

Political Machines were led by a boss Graft- the use of your political position or job to

gain wealth Politicians gave contracts and political favors in

exchange for money and as a way to keep their power

Most famous boss was New York City’s Boss Tweed

Boss Tweed ran Tammany Hall- a political club that controlled the city’s Democratic Party

Tweed stole $100,000 million from the city

Political Machines:

Political cartoonist Thomas Nast helped to expose Boss Tweed and bring him down

Tammany Hall continued to dominate New York City politics after Boss Tweed lost his power

Political Machines:

1884- several scandals hit the presidential campaigns of the Republicans and Democrats

Democrat Grover Cleveland had a baby outside of marriage- he admitted to it and was seen as more trustworthy as the Republican candidate

Mugwumps- a group of reform Republicans who switched sides and voted for Cleveland and helped him win the election of 1884

President Cleveland began to regulate business Signed the Interstate Commerce Act which began the

Interstate Commerce Commission He regulated railroad rates for trains traveling

between states

Government Regulation:

1890- Under the presidency of Benjamin Harrison Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act which made monopolies illegal- ensured competition

1895- United States v. EC Knight Co- the Supreme Court ruled under the Sherman Antitrust Act the government had the authority to break up monopolies in the distribution of products, but NOT in the manufacturing of products

Why is it important?◦ Major victory for business and a setback in the fight

against monopolies

Government Regulation:

Populists- political group who fought for the rights of farmers, and other workers

Populists called for Political Reforms:◦ Secret Ballots: votes to be secret (also known as the

Australian Ballot)◦ Referendum: when citizens vote directly on certain issues

rather than have representatives do it (school bond) Wanted president and US Senators to be elected directly by the

people◦ Recall: the power of the people to remove a corrupt official

from office before their term expired ◦ Initiative: people can force a vote on an issue if they could

petition enough support from registered voters- people would have a voice in the political agenda of the government

The Populists Response to Corruption:

Why is it important?◦ Even though the Populists movement faded by

the early 1900’s… Populists helped make changes in government Populists helped make changes in the regulation of

business Many populists goals became reality during the

progressive Movement of the early 1900’s

The Populists Response to Corruption:

American West and Labor Unions The Development of New Cities Urban Transformation Miners Strike

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