UNIT-5: SATELLITE APPLICATIONS ADC-15EC53T
MALLIKARJUN S H, LECTURER, GPT KAMPLI 1
INTRODUCTION TO SATELLITE APPLICATIONS
The conventional applications of satellites are radio telephony and long-distance
audio/video communications. The benefits of satellite technology have extended to newer
communication services such as fax, data communications, cellular phones, timely and
accurate weather forecasts navigational aids, remote sensing to unearth the hidden mineral
resources etc. The application areas are increasing.
SATELLITE APPLICATIONS IN DIFFERENT AREAS Satellites find applications in the following areas:
1. Communications
2. Military and surveillance
3. Meteorological, remote sensing and earth observation
4. Navigation
5. Scientific and technological
Communications
Satellites act as relay stations in the sky and permit reliable long-distance
communications worldwide. In the field of satellite communication applications, satellite
television, telephone and data communication are the major application areas. TV signals
can be transmitted easily from one place to another. All the major TV Networks and cable
TV companies rely on communications satellites for TV signal distribution.
Military and Surveillance
Military applications include providing strategic communication links between
border forc6 and headquarters, spying, providing navigational aids to ships, aircrafts etc.
Military satellites used to perform reconnaissance. Television cameras can take pictures
and send them back to earth infrared sensors detect heat sources. Intelligence satellites
collect information about enemies
Meteorological, Remote Sensing and Earth Observation
The meteorological applications include weather forecasting and flood forecast,
melting glaciers etc. Meteorological or weather satellites photograph cloud cover for the
purpose of predicting the weather. Geodetic satellites photograph the earth for the
purpose of creating more accurate and more detailed maps. In the category of remote
sensing and earth observation applications, the typical ones are the discovery of hidden
mineral resources, terrain mapping etc. satellites can observe crops, forests, lakes and
UNIT-5: SATELLITE APPLICATIONS ADC-15EC53T
MALLIKARJUN S H, LECTURER, GPT KAMPLI 2
rivers. Satellites can spot diseased crop areas, sources of pollution and other
characteristics that are difficult to detect in other ways.
Navigation
One of the newest and most useful satellite systems is the Global Positioning
System (GPS). Its primary application is navigation. Navigation is the art of guiding a
vehicle in the proper path.
Scientific and Technological
In the category of satellites for science and technology, the applications include
use of satellites for astronomical research, monitoring of different layers of atmosphere
etc.
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
Fig. 5.1 : GPS configuration
User Segment
UNIT-5: SATELLITE APPLICATIONS ADC-15EC53T
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GPS is an acronym for Global Positioning Systems. It is a navigation tool which
allows users to determine their location anywhere in the world at any time of the day.
GPS systems use a network of 24 low-earth-orbit satellites to establish the position of
individual users. Originally developed by the military, GPS is now widely utilized by
commercial users and private citizens. The military system error is less than 40 m whereas
the civilian system accuracy is less than 100 m from the actual location. All GPS positions
are based on measuring the distance from the satellites to the GPS receiver on the earth.
This distance to each satellite can be determined by the GPS receiver. The GPS
configuration shown in fig 5.1, is comprised of the following three segments:
1. Space segment
2. Control segment
3. User segment
Space Segment
It consists of the satellites themselves, transmitting time codes and orbital position
information to the users.
Control Segment
It ensures the overall system performance and accuracy. The control segment
consists of stations positioned on the earth's equator to control the satellites. The control
segment tracks the GPS satellites, updates their orbiting position and calibrates and
synchronizes their clocks. It determines the orbit of each satellite and predicts its path for
the following 24 hours. This information is uploaded to each satellite and subsequently
broadcast from it.
User Segment
The user segment consists of the actual GPS receivers which receive signals from
the four satellites, compute the time differences and determine position. There is no limit
to the number of receivers that can use the system simultaneously.
Limitations
GPS is unusable where it is impossible to receive the signal such as inside most
buildings, caves and subterranean locations as well as underwater.
UNIT-5: SATELLITE APPLICATIONS ADC-15EC53T
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TRILATERATION
Fig.5.2: Trilateration
GPS satellites circle the earth twice a day in a very precise orbit and transmit
information signal to earth. GPS receivers take this information and use trilateration
(triangulation) to calculate the user's exact location as shown in Fig. 5.2. The GPS
receiver is located at point X, where three spheres with radii R1, R2 and R3 intersect. The
centers of the spheres are the three GPS satellites s1,s2, and s3. If the distances RI, R2
and R3 are measured, the location of the point X can be uniquely &fined. The GPS
receiver compares the time a signal was transmitted by a satellite with the time it was
received. The range to the satellite is the product of the time difference and the speed of
light. Three satellites are needed since there are three position coordinates x, y and z. The
fourth satellite is used for cancelling out the error in the user clock. The user position is
determined by extensive numeric calculations based on signals received from the four
satellites. The GPS receiver requires between I and 3 minutes to acquire the initial time
stamp, perform all calculations and display the location information on the unit's
electronic map; subsequent updates are quicker.
s:
UNIT-5: SATELLITE APPLICATIONS ADC-15EC53T
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APPLICATIONS OF GPS
The most common applications of GPS are as listed below:
✓ Timing
✓ Roads and highways
✓ Space
✓ Aviation
✓ Agriculture
✓ Marine
✓ Rail
✓ Environment
✓ Public safety and disaster relief
✓ Surveying and mapping
✓ Recreation
✓ Tracking and locating
Timing
In addition to longitude, latitude and altitude, the GPS provides precise time data.
Each GPS satellite contains multiple atomic clocks. GPS receivers decode these signals,
effectively synchronizing each receiver to the atomic clocks. This enables users to
determine the time to within 100 billionths of a second, without the cost of owning and
operating atomic clocks.
Roads and Highways
The GPS offers increased efficiencies and safety for vehicles using highways, streets
and mass transit systems. Many problems associated with the routing and dispatch of
commercial vehicles, management of mass transit systems, road maintenance crews and
emergency vehicles are Significantly reduced with the help of GPS. GPS enables
automatic vehicles location and in vehicle navigation systems.
A geographic information system (GIS) stores, analyzes and displays geographically
referenced Information provided by GPS. GIS is used to monitor vehicle location, keep
transit vehicles on schedule and inform passengers of precise arrival times. Mass transit
systems use this capability to track rail, bus and other services to improve their
performance. GPS technology can be used to track and forecast the movement of
freight. Many nations use GPS to help survey their road and highway networks.
UNIT-5: SATELLITE APPLICATIONS ADC-15EC53T
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Space
The GPS is used in guidance systems for crewed vehicles, management, tracking and
control Communication satellite constellations and monitoring the Earth from space.
Aviation
GPS is used in aviation to increase the safety and efficiency of flight. GPS offers
satellite navigation services for aviation users. GPS allows aircraft to fly user-preferred
routes irrespective of the availability of ground-based navigation aids or surveillance
equipment.
Agriculture
GPS rate is used applications for farm planning, and yield field mapping. mapping,
GPS soil allows sampling, farmers tractor to work guidance, during crop low scouting
visibility field conditions such as rain, dust, fog and darkness.
Marine
GPS provides the fastest and most accurate method for mariners to navigate, measure
speed and determine location. This enables increased levels of safety and efficiency for
mariners worldwide.
Rail
Rail systems in many parts of the world use the Global Positioning System (GPS) in
combination with various sensors, computers and communication systems to improve
safety, security and operational effectiveness.
Environment
GPS helps in gathering accurate and timely information to sustain the Earth's
environment while balancing human needs.
Public Safety and Disaster Relief
GPS serves as a facilitating technology in knowing the precise location of landmarks,
streets buildings, emergency service resources and disaster relief sites so that timely
rescue operation is carried out.
Surveying and Mapping:Using GPS, highly accurate surveying and mapping results
can be quickly obtained, thereby greatly reducing the amount of equipment and efforts
required as compared to other conventional surveying and mapping techniques.
UNIT-5: SATELLITE APPLICATIONS ADC-15EC53T
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Recreation
GPS is popular among recreational users such as hikers, hunters, mountain bikers and
cross-country skiers.
Tracking and Locating
GPS is used for tracking a vehicle’s movement by investigators. It is also used for
locating and recovering stolen items, defining locations of crimes, evidence and traffic
accidents.
SATELLLTE FOR TELEVISION APPLICATIONS
Fig. 5.3: Satellite television
Satellite
SATELLITE
TV receivers
UNIT-5: SATELLITE APPLICATIONS ADC-15EC53T
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Satellite television refers to the use of satellites for relaying TV programmes to a large
geographical area. It is based on single point to multipoint connectivity feature of the
satellite Communication. It is a broadcasting service which allows subscribers to
receive television signals directly through a dish-shaped receiving antenna. It is one of
the most popular application areas of communication satellites as it involves masses at
large. Satellite has become a household name largely due to its television broadcast
capability. It can bring live events to our drawing rooms from Places thousands of
kilometers away. As shown in Fig. 5.3, the satellite receives TV Programmes from a
source point using uplink and then reflects the same towards earth using downlink.
These TV programs can be received by all those who lie within its coverage area. The
following configurations are used to implement satellite television:
1. Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) system
2. Direct-To Home (DTH)
3. Cable TV
Benefits of Satellite TV
✓ Satellite TV provides a strong digital signal to subscribers' television sets and it is
wireless
✓ Digital signals provide better quality audio and video as compared to analog
signals.
✓ A single communication satellite remains in a steady orbit above the Earth,
allowing all subscribers to receive the signals using a small dish receiver.
✓ Modern satellite television providers allow the use of popular cable or broadcast
channels including pay-channels. The tuner descrambles selected programs sent out
on a specific frequency.
✓ Satellite TV services are popular in rural areas.
✓ Services can be provided at extremely low prices. Digital satellite systems offer
additional data about channels currently playing and a schedule of the future.
Viewers can scroll through a digital guide.
✓ DTH, in sharp contrast to Cable TV, lends itself to easy monitoring and control.
✓ DTH transmission offers immense opportunities to both broadcasters and viewers.
✓ Broadcasters can provide a number of channels over a single delivery platform
using DTH.
✓ The number of channels that can be broadcast using digital technology is
significantly higher than with analog technology.
✓ Because of the rapid development of digital technology, DTH broadcasters have
been able to introduce new interactive applications in the television market.
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✓ DTH transmission eliminates local cable operator completely, since an individual
user is directly connected to the service providers.
✓ As the signals in DTH are digital - they provide higher resolution picture quality
and better audio than traditional analog signals.
Limitations of Satellite TV
✓ Grove of trees or mountainous terrain can be problematic.
✓ There can be reception problems during heavy rains or snowfall.
✓ Signals between an earth-bound receiver and a space-based satellite can be affected
by atmospheric conditions.
DIRECT-TO-HOME (DTH)
Direct-To-Home (DTH) service is the one in which a large number of channels are digitally
compressed, encrypted and beamed from very high-power satellites. The programs can be
received at homes. This mode of reception facilitates the use of small receive dish antennas
of 45 to 60 cm diameter installed at convenient location in individual buildings without
needing elaborate foundation / space etc. Also, DTH transmission eliminates local cable
operator completely' sine an individual user is directly connected to the service providers.
A digital receiver is needed receive the multiplexed signals and view them on a TV.
Transmission in Ku band is most appropriate and widely used for the purpose. Most of the
DTH systems provide paid-service. The encrypted TV signals are received from the
satellite on the dish antenna and transmitted to the digital decoder.
The customer is provided with a viewing card, which is inserted into a slot in the digital
decoder. The viewing card decrypts the TV signals chosen and paid for by the customer.
A viewing card is a credit card sized smart card, which contains information about the
channels that the customer has subscribed to. When inserted in the decoder it enables
viewing of the channels chosen by the Subscriber. The subscription charges for viewing
these channels are collected by the DTH operator.
The complete DTH process is depicted in Fig. 5.4. It involves the following four major
components:
1. Programming sources
2. Broadcast center
3. Satellite and satellite dish
4. Satellite receiver
UNIT-5: SATELLITE APPLICATIONS ADC-15EC53T
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Programming Broadcast Center
Sources
Fig. 5.4: DTH process
Programming Sources
Programming sources are the channels that provide programmes for broadcast. The DTH
service Provider pays other companies for the right to broadcast their content via satellite.
In this Way' the DTH service provider is kind of mediator between the viewer and the
actual programming Sources.
Broadcast Centre
The broadcast center first converts all programs into a high-quality, uncompressed digital
stream at about 270 Mbps per channel. These programs are compressed and scrambled
so that an unauthorized person cannot view the transmission. The service providers use
the MPEG-2 (Motion Picture Experts Group-2) compressed video format. With MPEG-
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2 compression, the provider can reduce the 270 Mbps stream to about 3 or 10 Mbps
depending on the type of programming. Encryption of the digital data is performed in
such a way that it can only be decrypted (converted back into usable data) if the receiver
has the correct decoding satellite receiver with decryption algorithm and security keys.
Satellite and Satellite Dish
The compressed and scrambled signal is beamed to the satellite using a satellite dish. The
satellite receives the signals from the broadcast station and rebroadcasts them to the
ground. With digital compression, a typical satellite can transmit about 200 channels.
Without digital compression it can transmit only about 30 channels.
The viewer's dish picks up the signal from the satellite. A satellite dish is a special kind
of antenna designed to focus on a specific broadcast source. The standard dish consists
of a parabolic surface and a central feed horn. The central element in the feed horn is the
low noise block (LNB). The LNB amplifies the signal bouncing off the dish and filters
out the noise. The LNB passes the amplified and filtered signal to the satellite receiver in
the viewer's house.
Satellite Receiver
The satellite receiver processes the signal received form satellite and passes it on to a
standard television set, where the viewer can watch and listen to the program.
CABLE TV (CATV)
The abbreviation CATV originally stood for Community Antenna Television
which meant single outdoor unit and common receiving antenna for the community. The
signal received by this common antenna is distributed to large number of houses through
a network of coaxial cables Such a system eliminates the need for each house to have its
own antenna dish on rooftop. Fig. 5.5 shows a typical set up.
Cable operator receives from a number of satellite telecasts by either having more than
one receiving dish antennas or even a single dish antenna with multiple feeds. All the
carriers are demodulated in a common receiver-filter system. The channels are then
combined into a standard multiplexed signal and transmitted over a distribution network
of coaxial cables. This is done on single point to multipoint connectivity basis to a large
number of subscribers who pay monthly fee for this service. With the CATV system,
local programming material also may be distributed to subscribers.
UNIT-5: SATELLITE APPLICATIONS ADC-15EC53T
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Cable distribution
Fig. 5. 5: Community Antenna TV (CATV) System
UNIT-5: SATELLITE APPLICATIONS ADC-15EC53T
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VOICE COMMUNICATION (TELEPHONE SERVICES) VIA
SATELLITE
Satellites play an important role in providing long distance trunk or point-to-point
telephone services. The satellite serves the purpose of a repeater station. The satellite link
is advantageous when the distance involved exceeds 1000 km or when the region to be
covered has less population density or has difficult geographical terrain.
Fig. 5.6: International telephone service via satellite
Fig. 5.6 shows a typical set up of international telephone service via satellite. The user is
connected to the earth station through terrestrial network. This terrestrial network may
various configurations including central office (telephone exchange), toll office and
leased links to the earth station. Signal generated by the user is processed and transmitted
from the earth station to the satellite. The satellite receives the modulated RF carriers at
the predetermined uplink (earth-to-satellite) frequencies from all the earth stations in the
network, amplifies these carriers and then retransmits them back to earth at down link
(satellite to earth) frequencies. The downlink frequencies are kept different from the
uplink frequencies in order to avoid interference. The modulated carrier received at
receiving earth station is processed and converted back to the original baseband signal.
This signal is then sent to the user through a terrestrial network.
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DATA COMMUNICATION SERVICES
Data communication services are the result of developments made in the field of
computers and telecommunications. The purpose of data communication is to link
remotely located computers and data processing facilities by a communication channel.
The telecommunication channel could be terrestrial or satellite based. Terrestrial links
have lower data transfer speed, high cost, lesser reliability and throughput capability.
Satellite links are attractive for data communication because of higher data transfer rate
capability, higher reliability and much higher performance to cost ratio particularly
achievable with VSAT networks (Very Small Aperture Terminal).
DATA BROADCASTING USING SATELLITE
Fig. 5.7 shows data broadcasting using a satellite. Data from a central database is routed
to the earth station via data packet assembler. The data packet assembler places headers
containing destination address at the beginning ofeach packet for routing purpose.
Fig. 5.7: Data broadcasting using satellite
Each data packet is encoded so that only authorized users can access it. The data beamed
up at the satellite is retransmitted towards Receive Only (RO) terminals on earth. The RO
terminals identify data packets addressed to them. The respective RO terminal receives
and delivers the data to the user terminal. In the example shown, data is delivered to user
terminal A. The user terminals are linked to the central facility via dial-up lines and
modems to request for broadcast of additional data.
INTERACTIVE DATA COMMUNICATION
Fig. 5.8 shows the typical arrangement in an interactive data communication network
Here, remotely located user terminals can exchange information with central computer.
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Such a network is implemented using Very Small Aperture Terminals (VSATs). Each
VSAT supports large number of user terminals. The remote stations can transmit
information to the central facility that does the data broadcast.
Fig.5.8 Interactive data communication network
There is no need for terrestrial link. data concentrator multiplexes the data different user
terminals and sends a single stream of bits to the VSAT indoor electronic unit. also,
demultiplexes the data broadcast received from the satellite for delivery to user terminals.
Remote
Interactive
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SATELLITES FOR EARTH OBSERVATION (REMOTE SENSING)
Satellites are used for a variety of earth observation applications listed below:
➢ Cartography
➢ Monitoring agriculture and forestry
➢ Oceanography
➢ Ice reconnaissance
➢ Monitoring oil pollution and air pollution
➢ Snow melt
➢ Mineral and oil exploration
Cartography
Cartography deals with map-making. Satellites equipped with high resolution cameras
have been used to correct and update maps in various countries. Satellite imagery has
been used to produce maps for construction of roads, railways and irrigation channels. It
has been used to map underwater features such as coral reefs which are dangerous for
shipping.
Monitoring Agriculture and Forestry
Satellite imagery has been used for better crop and forestry management. Remote sensing
data from the earth observation satellite is used for crop identification, crop yield, land
fertility, agricultural crop acreage and field estimation, drought monitoring and
assessment, flood mapping land use and land cover mapping, wasteland management,
forest resources survey and management monitoring optimum plantation and harvest
times and so on.
Oceanography
Satellite data can be used to determine sea conditions such as sea surface temperature,
wind speed, wind direction, local air temperature and moisture content etc. Satellites have
also been used to make pictures of ocean waves, ice fields, ice bergs, ice leads and sea
conditions along the coastal lines, coastal sedimentation and pollution, conservation and
use of fish stocks, ship routing. wave forces for use in the design of off-shore structures
and wave power generating systems mapping of polar ice caps, ocean temperatures and
winds for improved climate and weather forecasting. Fishermen can make use of satellite
information for fishing.
UNIT-5: SATELLITE APPLICATIONS ADC-15EC53T
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Ice Reconnaissance
Remote sensing satellite data can be used to gather information on the properties,
distributi0 variability and behavior of ice bergs for navigation of ships in cold waters.
Forecasts require knowledge of air and sea temperatures, precipitation, wind and currents.
Data on ice thickness be obtained by infrared sensors abroad satellites under cloud free
conditions.
Monitoring Oil Pollution and Air Pollution
Satellites can be used for monitoring oil slicks in the sea. To do so, the space borne
measure the amount of sunlight reflected from the sea surface.
Snow Melt
Satellites can monitor snow cover area, thickness, density etc. to make predictions of
snow melt. Accurate predictions of snowmelt are important for water management,
irrigation, controlling flood water etc.
Mineral and Oil Exploration
satellite data can be used for oil and mineral exploration. The data can be used by
geologists to get clues to mineral deposits and select sites for nuclear power stations and
routes for pipelines.
MILITARY APPLICATIONS OF SATELLITE
Following are some of the common military applications of satellite:
❖ Reconnaissance and intelligence gathering functions
❖ Command and communications
❖ Navigation
❖ Early warning
❖ Meteorological functions
❖ Nuclear detection
Reconnaissance and Intelligence Gathering Functions
Military satellites are used to verify the extent and composition of military forces and the
monitoring of new military developments. This is achieved by a variety of electronic and
photographic means.
Command and Communications
Military satellites can provide instant communication between the operational forces and
their national command authorities irrespective of the distance or time of the day.
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Navigation
The navigational satellites are capable of providing data to enable position fixing with an
accuracy of a few meters. Receivers fix position through a combination of Doppler Effect
and accurate orbital details transmitted by satellites.
Early Warning
Early warning satellites provide an advance warning to the owners of a missile attack.
Meteorological Functions
Satellite data is useful for accurate weather forecasts. The weather satellites provide long
range forecast for military planners and play a key role in reconnaissance satellites. They
provide advance information on whether the target area will be clear of cloud cover or
not.
Nuclear Detection
Satellites are used for detecting nuclear explosion at the distance and reporting its yield
and other characteristics.
VERY SMALL APERTURE TERMINAL (VSAT)
VSAT CONCEPT
A new development in the communication satellite world is the development of low-cost
micro stations, called VSATs. VSAT is an acronym for Very Small Aperture Terminal.
The earth station antennas used in commercial satellite communications systems were
very large and expensive, with typical aperture diameters of 30 m. These large antennas
operated in C band (614 GHz). With the rapid expansion of satellite telecommunications
worldwide, there was a need to make access to the satellite more affordable. This came
about in two ways: a significant increase in the transmit power capabilities of satellites
and the move to frequency bands above C band Both led to a rapid decrease in the size
and cost of the earth station antenna.
Most VSAT systems operate in Ku band, with earth station antenna diameters of 1 to 2
m and transmitter powers of 1 or 2 W. The earth stations are usually organized in a star
network, in which the earth stations connect to a central hub station via a Geostationary
(GEO) satellite. Data rates on the links are up to 256 kbps. VSAT systems are used to
link businesses and stores to a central computer system so that sales transactions can be
completed more rapidly than by using a telephone line and modem.
In many VSAT systems, the micro stations do not have enough power to communicate
directly with one another via the satellite. Instead, the hub is used to relay traffic between
VSATs. Hub is a special ground station with a large and high-gain antenna.
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VSAT/WLL COMMUNICATIONS NETWORK
Conventionally, traffic from individual users is multiplexed and carried over trunk
lines via terrestrial microwave systems, satellite systems or optical fiber cables.
Redistribution of user traffic is done by the demultiplexing process at the
destination. This is still the most economical transmission architecture for point-to-
point communications. VSAT networks take advantage of the wide area broadcast
capabilities of geostationary (GEO) satellites to achieve the same goal One such
distribution architecture is Wireless Local Loop (WLL) coupled with VSAT. WLL
is a system that connects subscribers and the switch using radio signals instead of
copper cables Fig. 5.9 illustrates the concept schematically. The geostationary
satellite links a large number Of VSATs with the main switching center in a large
city. Each VSAT acts as the link to the local switching center in the village or rural
community over a WLL.
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REVIEW QUESTIONS
5 Marks Questions
l . List satellite applications in different areas.
2. List the remote sensing applications of satellite.
3. List the components and applications of GPS.
4. Define VSAT concept.
5. Explain GPS.
6. Explain VSAT.
7. Explain earth observation application of satellite.
8. Describe cable TV application of satellite
10 Marks Questions
l. Explain DTH system with neat figure.
2. Explain GPS system with neat sketch.
3. Illustrate voice and data communication through satellite.
4. Explain satellite TV applications.