Unit

72

144

A/an and the Study this example:

1 had a sandwich and an apple for lunch.

"""'~>------1[ Joe sars ' a sandwich ', 'an apple' because this is rhe first time he ralks abour rhem.

The sandwich wasn't very good, but the apple was nice.

KAR Ei'\

Compare a and the in these examples:

j oe now says ·rhe sandwich' , 'the apple· because Karen knows which sandwich and ,,·hich apple he means - th e sandwich and the apple thar he had for lunch.

O A man and a woman were sitting opposire me. The man was American, but l thjnk tbe woman was British.

O When we were on holiday, we stayed at a hotel. Sometimes we ate at the hotel and sometimes we went to a restaurant.

We use the when we are thinking of a specific thing. Compare aJan and the: O Tim sat clown on a chair. (perhaps one of many chairs in rhe room )

Tim sat clown on the chair oearest tbe door. (a specific chair) o Paula is looking for a job. (nota specific job)

Did Paula ger the job she applied for? (a specific job) O Have you gor a car? (nor a specific car)

1 cleaned the car yesrerday. (= my car)

We use the when ir is clear in the situarion which thing or person we mean. For example, in a room we ralk about the lighr 1 the floor 1 the ceiling 1 the door 1 the carpet etc. :

o Can you turn off the Jighr, please?· (= the light in rhis room) o 1 rook a taxi ro the station. (= rhe srarion in rhar rown) o (in a shop} l'd like ro speak ro the manager, please. (= the manager of this shop)

In the same way, we say (go ro) the bank, the post office: o 1 have to go ro the bank and then l'm going ro the post office. (The speaker is usuallr

rhinking of a specific bank or post office.)

We also say (go ro) the doctor 1 the dentist: o Caroline isn't very well. She's gone ro the doctor. (= her usual doctor) O 1 don't like going ro tbe dentist.

Compare the and a: O 1 have to go ro the bank today.

Js there a bank near here? o 1 don't like going to the dentist.

My sisrer is a deorist.

We say 'once a week 1 three times a day 1 ! 1.50 a kilo' etc. : o 'How often do you go ro the cinema?' 'About once a month.' o 'How much are rhose potatoes?' 'f1.50 a kilo.' o Helen works eight hours a day, six days a week.

A/an -+ Unit 71 The -+ Units 73-78

Exercises Unit 72 72.1 Put in a/an or the.

1 This morning 1 bought ..... ~ ..... newspaper and ........................ magazine . ........................ newspaper is in my bag, but 1 can't remember where l put ........................ magazine.

2 1 saw ........................ accidenr rhis morning. .. ...................... car crashed inro ........................ rree. . ..................... .. driver of ........................ car wasn 't hurt, but ........................ car was badly damaged.

3 There are rwo cars parked outside: ........................ blue one and ........................ grey one. . ....................... blue one belongs ro my neighbours: 1 don't know who ........................ owner of ........................ grey one is.

4 ~ly friends live in ..................... old house in ........................ small village. There is ........................ beautiful garden behind .................... house. 1 would Jike ro have ........................ garden like rhat.

72 .2 Put in a/an or the. 1 a This house is very nice. Has ir got ............................ garden?

b lr's a beautiful day. Let's sir in ............................ ga rden.

e 1 like living in rhis house, but ir 's a pity rhat ........... ................. garden is so small. 2 a Can you recommend ............................ good restaurant?

b We had dinner in ............................ very nice restaurant. e We had dinner in ............................ bese restaurant in town.

3 a She has ............................ French name. but in fact she's English, not French. b Whar's ............................ name of rhat man we met yesrerday? e We srayed at a very ni ce hotel - 1 can ·e remember ............................ na me now.

4 a There isn·r ............................ ai rport near where 1 li,·e . ............................ nearesr airporr is 70 miles away.

b Our flight was delayed. \X1e had ro wair at ................. .......... airporr for three hours. e Excuse me. please. Can you rell me how ro get ro ............................ ai rport?

5 a ·Are you going away nexr week?' ·~o, ............................ week after next.' b rm going away for _ ................... week in Seprember. e Gary has a parr-rime job. He works three mornings ............................ week.

72.3 Put in a/an or the where necessary. 1 Would ~·ou like apple? 2 How ofren do yOtlgOro denrisr? 3 Could you close door, please?

4 rm sorr~·. 1 didn 't mean ro do that. Ir was mistake. 5 Excuse me, where is bus srarion, please? 6 I have problem. Can you help me?

7 rm just going ro posr office. r won't be long. 8 There were no chai rs, so we sar on floor. 9 Ha ,·e you finished wirh book I lenr you?

10 ~ly sister has jusr gor job in bank in Marichester. 11 We ¡¡,.e in sma ll flar in ciry cenrre.

12 There's supermarker ar end of srreer 1 live in.

.. .. W.º~-!4. ... !:!~ .... ~.~-.. m ... ~.P.~L ............................... ..

72.4 Answer these questions about yourself. Where possible, use the structure in Section D (once a week / three times a day etc.). 1 How often do you go ro che cinema? ..... Ihr~ .... Q!. .... @ .r. .... ~~~ .... ~ .. ~~., ................................................................. .. 1 How much does ir cose ro hire a car in your counrry? ..... A~~.t.Ü-.9 .... ~ ... ~.: ................................................. .. 3 Ho''' ofren do }·ou go ro rhe cinema? ............................... -.... -................................................................................................................... _ ... _ 4 Ho'" ofrendo you go a"•ay on holiday? ................................................................................................................................................ .. 5 \X' har's rhe usual speed limit in towns in your counrry? ........................................................................................................ .

6 Ho\v much sleep do you need? ......................................................................................................................................................................... .. 7 How often do you go out in rhe eveniog? ............................................................................................................................................ .. 8 How much television do you warch (on average): .................................................................................................................... ..

--.. Additional exercise 29 (page 319) 145

146

The 1 We use the when therc is only one of something:

O What is the longest river in the world? (there is only one longest river} O The earrh goes round the sun and the moon goes round the earth. O Have you ever crossed tbe equaror? O I'm going away at rhe end of this month.

Don't forget the: o París is the capital of France. (not París is capital of ... }

But we use aJan ro say what kind of thing somerhing is (see Unir 71 B). Compare the and a: O The sun is a star. (= one of many stars} o The hotel we srayed at was a very nice hotel.

We say: the sky, the sea, the ground, tbe 'country, tbe envirooment. O We looked up at all rhe srars in the sky. (not in sky) o Would you like ro líve in rhe country? (= not in a town} O We musr do more ro prorect the envirooment. (= rhe natural world around us)

But we say space (without the) when we mean 'space in the universe'. Compare: O There are millions of stars in space. (not in rhe space) o 1 tried ro park my car, but the space was roo small.

We use the before same (tbe same): o Your pullover is the same colour as mine. (not is same colour) o 'Are rhese keys the same?' 'No, they're different.'

We say: (go to} the cinema, the theatre. o 1 go to the cinema a lot, but I haven't been ro tbe tbeatre for ages.

When we say the cinema 1 rhe theatre, we do not necessarily mean a specific cinema or tbearre.

We usually say the radio, but televisioo (wirhour the). Compare: o I listen ro the radio a lot. but 1 warch television a lot. o We heard the news on the radjo. but We watched the news on television.

The television = the television ser: o Can you turn off the television, please?

Breakfast lunch diooer

We do not norma lly use the with the names of meals (breakfast, lunch etc.): o What did you have for breakfast? O We had lunch in a very nice restaurant. O Whar time is dinner?

But we use a if rhere is an adjecrive before.breakfast, lunch ere. : O We hada very nice lunch. (not We had very nice lunch)

Platform 5 Room 126 ere.

We do no/ use the before noun + number. For example, we say: O Our rrain leaves from Platform 5. (not rhe Plarform 5) o (in a shop) Have you got these sboes in size 43? (not the size 43)

In rhe same way, we say: Room 126 (in a hotel), page 29 (of a book}, questioo 3 (in an exam ), Gate 10 (ara n airporr} etc.

A/an and the -+ Unit 72 The 2-4-+ Units 74-76 Names with and without the -+ Units 77-78

Exercises 73.1 Put in the or a/an where necessary. lf no word is necessary, leave the space empty.

1 .-\: Where did you have ...... : ._ ... lunch? B: We wenr ro ... 0:-:. restaurant.

2 .-\: Did ~·o u ha,·e ... ····-·· ........... nice ho liday?

B: Yes. ir was ·-········-···-·········· besr holiday l' ve ever had. 3 .-\: Where·s ·····-··········-···· nearesr shop?

8: There ·s one ar ·-·········-·····-·--· end of rhis srreer. 4 .-\: Do you often listen ro ........................... radio?

B: ~o. In facr 1 ha ven ·r gor ............................ radio . . 5 .-\: \X'o uld you like ro rra,·el in ............................ space?

B: Ye . r d love ro go ro .......................... moon. 6 .-\: Do ~·ou go ro ........................... cinema very often?

B: ~o. nor ,·ery often. Bur 1 warch a lor of fi lms on ............................ te levision. 7 .-\: le was ............................ nice day yesrerday, wasn·r ir?

8: Yes, ir was beauriful. We wenr for a walk by ............................ sea. 8 .-\: Whar did ~·ou ha,·e for ............................ brea kfasr rhis morning?

B: 1'\orhing. 1 never ear ............................ breakfasr.

9 A: Excuse me. where is ............................ Room 25, please? B: lr 's on ........................... second Aoor.

Unit 73

10 .-\: We spenr a ll our money because we srayed a r ............................ mosr expensive hotel in rown. B: Why didn'r you sray ar ............................ cheaper norel?

73.2 Put in t he where necessary. lf you don't need the. leave the space empty.

l 1 h · b ene. · t. a,·en r een ro ................... cmema o r ages.

2 1 lay clown on ............................ ground and looked up ar ............................ sky.

3 Sarah spends mosr of her free time ''"arching ·~·····-···················· tele,·ision. 4 ·-·-···-········-···· reJe,·ision was on. bur nobody was warching ir. 5 Lisa and 1 a rrived ar ............................ same rime. 6 Have you had ............................ dinner yer? - Yo u ·u find ........................... informarion yo u need ar ............................ rop of ............................ page 15. 8 Whar's ............................ capital ciry of Canada?

73.3 Put in the or a/an where necessary. (See Unit 72 for a/an and the if necessary.)

l Sun is srar . ..... Th~ .... ~.~.~ .... ~~ ..... ~ .... ~.~.: .................................................................................................................................................................. .. .............. ~ 1 Paul (i,·es in small vi llage in counrry. . .............................................................................................. ......................................................... . 3 ~l oon goes round ea rth every 27 days . ................................................................................ .................................................................... . 4 l' m fed up wirh doing same thing every day. . .................................................................................................................................... .

5 1r was ,·er~· hor da y. Ir was horresr da y of year. · ............................................................................................................................... . 6 I don'r usua ll y ha,·e lunch, bur 1 a lways ear good breakfasr . ............................................................................................ . - If you live in foreign counrry. you should rry and learn language . ............................................................................. . 8 \\le missed our rrain because we were waiting on wrong platform." .......................................................................... . 9 ~exr rrain ro London leaves from Plarform 3 . . ............................................................................................................................... ..

73.4 Complete the sentences using the following. Use the where necessary.

breakfast cinema einner gate Gate 21 quesrion 8 sea

1 ·Are you going our rhis e,·ening?' 'Yes, afrer ..... ~n~ ..... .' 2 There was no wind, so ............................................................... was very calm. 3 The tesr \vasn't roo difficulr, but 1 couldn't ans,ver ............................................................... . 4 ·rm going ro ............................................................... ronighr. · ·Are ~·ou? Whar are you going rosee?'

5 1 didn'r have time for ............................................................ rhis morning because 1 was in a hurry. 6 Oh, ............................................................... is open. 1 musr ha,·e forgorren ro shut ir. - (airport announcenw1t) Flighr AB123 ro Rome is now boarding at ............................................................... .

-. Additiona l exercise 29 (page 319) 147

Unit 74

148

The 2 (school 1 the school etc.) Compare school and the scbool:

ALISOS

Alisan is ten years old. Every day she goes ro school. She's ar school now. School begins ar 9 and finishes ar 3. ·

We saya child goes ro school or is ar school (as a pupil). We are nor necessarily rhinking of a specific school. We are rhinking of school as a general idea.

Today Alison's morher wanrs ro speak ro her daughrer 's reacher. So shc has gone ro rhe school ro sec he r. Shc's ar the school nO\\'.

Alison's morher is nor a pupil. She is nor ·ar

school', she doesn'r 'go ro school'. If she wanrs ro see Alison 's teache r, she goes ro rhe school (= Alison's school, a specific building).

We use prison, hospital, university, college and cburch in a similar way. We do nor use tbe when we a re thinking of the general idea of rhese places and what rhey are used for. Compare:

o Ken's brother is in prison for robbery. (He is a prisoner. We are nor rhinking

of a specific prison.) o joe had an accidenr last week. He \\·as

taken ro hospital. He's still in hospita l now. (as a patienr)

o When 1 leave school, 1 wanr ro go ro university/college.

O Sally's farher goes ro church e,·ery Sunday. (ro a religious service)

= Ken wenr ro thc prison ro \'isir bis brorher. (He wenc as a \'isiror, nor as a prisoner. J

= j ane has gone ro thc hospital ro ,·isir j oe. S he ·s ar the hospital now. (as a ,·isirorl

:J Excuse me. where is the universiry. please? 1= rhe uni\'ersiry buildingsl

o Sorne workmen wenr ro the church ro

repair rhe roof. (nor for a religious sen• ice)

With most other places, you need the. For example, tbe cinema, thc bank (sce Unirs 72C and 730 ).

Bed work homc

We say go to bed 1 be in bcd ere. (not rhe bed): o lt's time ro go ro bed now. o Do you ever have breakfasr in bed?

but o 1 sat down on the bed. (a specific piece of fu rniture)

go to work 1 be at work 1 start work 1 finisb work etc. (uot rhe work): o Chr is didn'r go ro work yesterdar. O What time do you usually fin ish work?

go home 1 come borne 1 arrive borne 1 get borne 1 be a t home ere. : o lt's late. Let's go home. O Will you be at home tomorrow afternoon?

We say go to sea 1 be at sea (without the) when rhe meaning is ·go/be on a ,·oyage·:

o Keith works on ships. He is at sea most of rhe time.

but O l'd like to live near the sea. o lt can be dangerous to swim in tbe sea.

The-+ Units 72-73,75-78 Preposi t ions (at school / in hospital etc.) .... Unils 123- 125 Home ..... Unit 126[ American English --. Appcndix 7

Exercises Unit 74 74.1 Complete each sentence using a preposition (to/at/in etc.)+ one of these words:

bed home hospiEal hospital prison school university work

Two people were injured in the accident and were taken ..... !:Q .... b9.~P.!W ................................................................ . 2 In Britain, children from che age of five have to go ................................................................................................................... . 3 Mark didn't go out lasr nighr. He srayed .................................................................................................................... .. ................. . 4 There is a lot of traffic in che morning when everybody is going .............................................................................. . 5 Carhy's mother has just had an operation. She is still ............................................................................................................ . 6 When Julia leaves school, she wants ro study economics .................................................................................................... . 7 Bill never gets up befare 9 o 'clock. Ir's 8.30 now, so he is srill .................................................................................... .

8 Lf you commit a serious crime, you could be sent ........................................................................................................................ .

74.2 Complete the sentences with the word given (school etc.). Use the where necessary.

1 (school)

E · · d the scl1oot h h a very rerm parents are mv1re ro ....................................... to meet t e reac ers. b Why aren't your children at ..... ~9:199.L ... roday? Are they ill? e When he was ~~ounger, Ted hared ................................ .................................... . d What time does ...................................................................... .. usually starr in rhe mornings in your country? e A: How do your children get home from ........................................................................ ? By bus?

B: No, they walk. .. ............ .......................................................... isn't very far.

f Whac son of job does Jenny wam ro do when she lea ves ......................... ............................................... ? g There were sorne people waiting ourside .. : ..................................................................... ro meer rheir chi ldren.

2 (university)

a In your counrry do many people go ro ................... .................................................... ? b 1f you want to ger a degree, you normaUy ha ve ro srudy ar .............................. ........................................ .

e This is only a small rown, but ........ ....................... .... ............................... is one of che biggest in che country.

3 (hospital) a \tiy brorher has always been very healthy. He's never been in ...................... ......................... ...... ................... . b When Ann was ill, 1 \Vent to ........................................................... ............ to visir her. When 1 was there,

1 met Lisa who is a nurse at ........................................................................ . e Peter was injured in an accidenr and was kept in ........................................................................ for a few days.

4 (cburcb )

a John's mother is a regular churchgoer. She goes ro ........................................................................ every Sunday. b j ohn himself doesn't go ro ......................................................................... . e j ohn wem ro .................................................................... to cake sorne phorographs of the building.

5 (prison) a In some places people are in .................. ................ : ............................... beca use of their political beliefs. b A few days ago che fire brigade were called ro ........................................................................ ro put out a fire . e The judge decided ro fine che man f500 insread of sending him ro ................................................................. .

6 (home/workfbed)

a 1 like to read in ..... ......... ..................... ................................ before 1 go ro sleep. b lt's nice ro travel around, but there's no place like ........................................................................ ! e Shall we meer after ........................................................................ tomorrow evening? d lf l'm feeling tired, 1 go ro ...................................................................... early. e What time do you usually start ........................................................................ in che morning? f The economic situation was very bad. Many people were out of ...................................................................... .

7 (sea)

a There's a nice view from the window. You can see ........................................................................ . b lt was a long voyage. We were at ........................................................................ for fou r weeks. e I love swimming in .................... ......................................... ........... .

--+ Additional exercise 29 (page 319) 149

Unit

75

150

The 3 (children 1 the children) When we are talking about things or people in general, we do not use the:

o l'm afraid of dogs. (not rhe dogs) (dogs = dogs in general, not a specífic group of dogs)

o Docrors are paid more rhan reacbers. o Do you collect stamps? o Crime is a problem in most big citíes. (not The críme) o Life has changed a lot in the last thírty years. (not The life) o Do you like classical music 1 Chinese food 1 fast cars? o My favou rire spor t is football/skiing/arbletics.

o My favou rite subject at school was history/physics/English .

We say 'mosr people 1 most books 1 most caes' etc. (no/ the mosr .. . ): o M ost hotels accepr credit cards. (not The mosr hotels)

We use the when we mean specific things or people.

Compare:

In general (wirhout the)

o Children learn from pla )'ing. (= children in general)

O 1 couldn'r live wirhour music.

O All cars have wheels.

o Sugar isn'r very good for you.

o English people drink a lot of tea. (= English people in general )

1 Speci{ic people or thíngs (wirh rhe )

o We rook rhe children ro rhe zoo. (= a specific group, perhaps rhe speaker's children )

:J The film wasn ·r \·err good, bur 1 liked the music. (= rhe music in rhe film )

= All the cars in rhis car park belong ro people who work here.

= Can you pass the sugar, please? (= rhe sugar on the rabie)

:: The English people 1 know drink a lor

of tea. (= only rhe English people 1 know, nor English people in general )

The difference between 'somerhing in general' and 'somerhing specific' is nor alwa)'s very clear.

Compare:

In general (wirhout the)

o l like working wirh people.

(= people in general)

O J like working with people wbo are lively. (nor all people, bur 'people who are lively' is still a general idea) ·

o Do you like coffee? (= coffee in general)

o Do you like strong black coffee? (nor al! coffee, bur 'strong black coffee' is srill a general idea)

Specí{ic people or thíngs (with the)

:J 1 like the people 1 work with.

(= a specific group of people l

= Did ~·ou like the coffee we had after dinner last night? (= specific coffeel

The 1-2-+ Units 73- 74 The + adjective (the young 1 the English etc.) -+ Unit 76

Exercises Unit 75 75.1 Choose four of these thtngs and write whether you like them or not:

boxing caes fast food restaurants football -het-wetttfte.f-maths opera small children rack music zoos

Begm each sentence wtth one of these:

1 likc ... 1 1 don't Ji k e .. . 1 don't mind ... 1 lave ... 1 1 ha te ... r m interested in ... / l'm not interested in ...

don t W:e hot ~ ... e~er 'eru rr. •• c.n . ooooooooHOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO +OOOO .. OOOOOOuoOoOOOOOOOO•oOoooooooo ooo,_Oo OOoooo•• oooooo - ·-••••••-·•-Ooooooooooo.oO•Ooooo ooooo oooooooooOooooooooooooOooooooooooooooOOoooo,.oooooooooooOo00oOOooOooOo>OOo000ooooooooooooOoooooooooooooooooo•>oooooooooo • o • ••-

2 ·····················································-······················- ·······-··-······-··--······························································· .. ················· .. ·········· .. ····················································-3 ·················································································-·····················-································-············-···························································································-·········· 4 .............................................................. -······························································································································································································-

75.2 Complete thc sentences ustng the foflowing . Use the where necessary.

t rhe-) bas-ketball (the) grass (the) patience (the) people (the) quesrions (thcJ mear -ft-he-}-~nfet'fllat-ion (rhe) shops (rhe) history (rhe) water (rhe) spiders (rhe) líes

.\ ly fa\'Ourire sport is ...... P..q,.§.~.~.~.@. ...... . 2 ..... Th.~ ... ~~ . .fur..o.?.~.~L .. we were gi,·en wasn 'r correcr. 3 Sorne people are afraid of ....................................................................... . 4 :\ \'egeraria n i somebody who doesn ·r ear .: ...................................................................... . 5 The resr wa n ·r \'ery difficulr. r answered ........................................................................ wirhout difficulry. 6 Do you know ......... . ....................................................... who li\'e nexr door?

...... .. ........... is rhe srudy of rhe pasr. 8 George always rells rhe rruth . He ne,·er rells ........................................................................ . 9 Ir wa lare when we arri,·ed in the rown. and ........................................................................ were shut.

10 ................. in the pool didn·r look ,·ery clean, so wc didn't go for a swim. 11 Don ·r sir on . .. .......... ~ ......... ~ ........................................ . lt's wer after rhe rain. 12 You need ...................................................................... ro reach young children.

75.3 Choose the correct form, with or without the.

1 rm afraid of dogs 1 rhe-degr. (~ is corree!) 2 Can ~·ou pass-sa lr 1 rhe salr, please? (the salr is corree!) 3 :\pples 1 The apples are good for you. 4 Look ar apples 1 che apples on rhar rree! They're very big. 5 Women 1 Tbe women live longer rhan men 1 rhe men. 6 1 don ·r drink rea 1 rbe rea. 1 don 'r like ir. 7 \Y!e had a very good mea l. Vegerables 1 The vegerables were especiall y good. 8 Li fe 1 The Jjfe is srrange somerimes. Sorne very srrange rhings happen. 9 1 like skjjog 1 rhe skiing, bur l'm nor very good at ir.

10 \XIho are people 1 rhe people in rhis phorograph? 11 \X'hat makes people 1 rhe people violenr? Whar causes aggression 1 rbe aggression? 12 All books 1 All rhe books on the rop shelf belong ro me. l3 Don ·r sray in that hotel. lr 's ,·ery noisy and beds 1 the beds are very uncomfo rrable. 14 :\ pacifisr is somebody who is againsr war 1 rhe war. 15 First World War 1 The Firsr World War lasred from 19 14 unril 19 18. 16 r d like to go ro Egypr and see Pvramids 1 rhe Pvramids. 1- Somcone gave me a book abour hisrory 1 rhe hisrorv of modero arr 1 rhc modero arr. l8 Ron and Brenda gor married, bur marriage 1 rhe marriage didn'r last very long. 19 Most peoplc 1 Tbc mosr people believe rhar marriage 1 rhe marriage and

family life 1 rhe family li fe are rhe basis of sacien· 1 rhe society.

-+ AddtttOnal exercisc 29 (page 319) 15 1