Unit 9Construction MaterialsUnit 9Construction Materials

Identify the basic components of concrete

Explain different types of masonry brick, block, and mortar

Classify wood as hardwood or softwood

Identify the basic components of concrete

Explain different types of masonry brick, block, and mortar

Classify wood as hardwood or softwood

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

page 93page 93

Unit 9Construction MaterialsUnit 9Construction Materials

Describe various types of glass, plastic, and insulation

Identify symbols representing materials on a drawing

Describe various types of glass, plastic, and insulation

Identify symbols representing materials on a drawing

Learning Objectives continuedLearning Objectives continued

page 93page 93

Recognize different structural steel shapes

Recognize different structural steel shapes

ConcreteConcrete

one of the oldest building materials used by the Romans - 100 B.C. cement, aggregates, & water

one of the oldest building materials used by the Romans - 100 B.C. cement, aggregates, & water

Unit 9page 93Unit 9

page 93

ConcreteConcrete

when first mixed it is plastic hardening caused by chemical reaction

between the cementwhen water is added

set in 2 - 12 hours held in place by forms

when first mixed it is plastic hardening caused by chemical reaction

between the cementwhen water is added

set in 2 - 12 hours held in place by forms

Unit 9page 93Unit 9

page 93

Types of CementTypes of Cement

Portland cementwhite colored

Low heat of hydration High early strength

Portland cementwhite colored

Low heat of hydration High early strength

Unit 9page 93Unit 9

page 93

CEMENT TYPES ASTM C 150CEMENT TYPES ASTM C 150

TYPE I

TYPE II

TYPE III

TYPE IV

TYPE V

TYPE I

TYPE II

TYPE III

TYPE IV

TYPE V

normal cement

moderate sulfate resistance

high early strength

low heat of hydration

high sulfate resistance

normal cement

moderate sulfate resistance

high early strength

low heat of hydration

high sulfate resistance

CONCRETECONCRETE

45%45%

25%25%

5%5%10%10%

15%15%

ProportionsProportions

COARSE AGGREGATE

COARSE AGGREGATE

CEMENTCEMENT

FINE AGGREGATE

(SAND)

FINE AGGREGATE

(SAND)

WATERWATER

MixtureMixture

ENTRAINED +

ENTRAINED

ENTRAINED +

ENTRAINED

Concrete MixesConcrete Mixes produced to meet a desired result mixed by volume with enough

water to make the concrete flow into the forms

too much water will reduce the strength of the concretewater / cement - w/c ratio

produced to meet a desired result mixed by volume with enough

water to make the concrete flow into the forms

too much water will reduce the strength of the concretewater / cement - w/c ratio

Reinforced ConcreteReinforced Concrete concrete is great in compressive

strength but very poor in tensile strength

reinforcing steel overcomes the weak tensile strengthbars with deformation

bars are placed prior to the concrete being placed

concrete is great in compressive strength but very poor in tensile strength

reinforcing steel overcomes the weak tensile strengthbars with deformation

bars are placed prior to the concrete being placed

Unit 9page 94Unit 9

page 94

Reinforced ConcreteReinforced Concrete

Concrete ConstructionConcrete Construction Precast - cast at factory Cast-in-Place - cast at job site Prestressed

Pretensioned - prior to placing concrete

Posttensioned - after placing concrete

Precast - cast at factory Cast-in-Place - cast at job site Prestressed

Pretensioned - prior to placing concrete

Posttensioned - after placing concrete

Unit 9pages 94-95

Unit 9pages 94-95

PosttensioningPosttensioning

MasonryMasonry building modular units

bricktileglassgypsumstone - not always modular

building modular unitsbricktileglassgypsumstone - not always modular

Unit 9page 95Unit 9

page 95

Stone MasonryStone Masonry granite limestone marble sandstone fieldstone slate cut stone - removed from quarry

granite limestone marble sandstone fieldstone slate cut stone - removed from quarry

Unit 9page 96Unit 9

page 96

Brick MasonryBrick Masonry adobe kiln-burned sand-lime concrete building brick face brick glazed brick fire brick paving brick

adobe kiln-burned sand-lime concrete building brick face brick glazed brick fire brick paving brick

Unit 9page 96Unit 9

page 96

MortarMortar Type M

high compressive good durability Type S

high strength, strong bond Type N

medium strength, general use Type O

low strength, interior use Type K

very low strength, interior use

Type M high compressive good durability

Type S high strength, strong bond

Type Nmedium strength, general use

Type Olow strength, interior use

Type Kvery low strength, interior use

Unit 9page 96Unit 9

page 96

Structural Clay TileStructural Clay Tile open cell various sizes & shapes load-bearing backup for curtain walls fireproofing around structural steel

open cell various sizes & shapes load-bearing backup for curtain walls fireproofing around structural steel

Unit 9page 97Unit 9

page 97

CMUConcrete Masonry UnitsCMUConcrete Masonry Units widely used in building construction made of cement, sand, gravel

expanded shale, & pumice various size & shapes

7 5/8”x7 5/8”x15 5/8” actual sizeadd 3/8” mortar joint 8”x8”x16”

widely used in building construction made of cement, sand, gravel

expanded shale, & pumice various size & shapes

7 5/8”x7 5/8”x15 5/8” actual sizeadd 3/8” mortar joint 8”x8”x16”

Unit 9page 97Unit 9

page 97

Gypsum BlocksGypsum Blocks

made of gypsum & a binder of vegetable fiber or wood chips

interior nonbearing walls fire-resistant partitions

face size of 12” x 30” & come in thickness of 2”, 3”, 4”, & 6”

made of gypsum & a binder of vegetable fiber or wood chips

interior nonbearing walls fire-resistant partitions

face size of 12” x 30” & come in thickness of 2”, 3”, 4”, & 6”

Unit 9page 97Unit 9

page 97

Gypsum Wall Board & PlasterGypsum Wall Board & Plaster

made of air-entrained gypsum between two layers of treated paper

typical size 4’ x 8’ sheets

made of air-entrained gypsum between two layers of treated paper

typical size 4’ x 8’ sheets

Unit 9pages 97-98

Unit 9pages 97-98

Wood ProductsWood Products

chief building material used today wood classifications

hardwoodssoftwoods

chief building material used today wood classifications

hardwoodssoftwoods

Unit 9page 98Unit 9

page 98

HardwoodsHardwoods

ash ash-white beech birch cherry elm gum

ash ash-white beech birch cherry elm gum

hickory mahogany maple oak walnut

hickory mahogany maple oak walnut

Unit 9page 98Unit 9

page 98

SoftwoodsSoftwoods cypress fir, douglas fir, white hemlock pine,

ponderosa pine, southern

cypress fir, douglas fir, white hemlock pine,

ponderosa pine, southern

pine, white poplar, yellow red cedar, eastern red cedar, western redwood spruce

pine, white poplar, yellow red cedar, eastern red cedar, western redwood spruce

Unit 9page 98Unit 9

page 98

LumberLumber lumber is classified rough-sawn or

surfaced to be sized lumber is classified rough-sawn or

surfaced to be sized

Unit 9page 98Unit 9

page 98

rough-sawn has been cut to rough size but not dressed or surfaced

rough-sawn has been cut to rough size but not dressed or surfaced

Lumber continuedLumber continued

lumber is classified rough-sawn or surfaced to be sized

lumber is classified rough-sawn or surfaced to be sized

Unit 9page 98Unit 9

page 98

surfaced lumber has been dressed or finished to size by running through a planerS2S, S4S refers to number of sides

finished

surfaced lumber has been dressed or finished to size by running through a planerS2S, S4S refers to number of sides

finished

PlywoodPlywood made of several layers with grain

@ right angles on each layer odd number are glued to make

faces run in same direction panels are finished to 1/8” to over

1” in thickness typically 4’ x 8’ panels

made of several layers with grain @ right angles on each layer

odd number are glued to make faces run in same direction

panels are finished to 1/8” to over 1” in thickness

typically 4’ x 8’ panels

Unit 9page 98Unit 9

page 98

PlywoodPlywood interior plywood

water-resistant glue

cabinets, interior flooring

exterior plywoodwaterproof glue

exterior wall sheathing

roof sheathing

concrete forms

interior plywoodwater-resistant glue

cabinets, interior flooring

exterior plywoodwaterproof glue

exterior wall sheathing

roof sheathing

concrete forms

Unit 9page 98Unit 9

page 98

Glue-Laminated TimberGlue-Laminated Timber bonding layers of lumber with

adhesiveswood beamsarchesmany sizesprefabricated at factory

bonding layers of lumber with adhesiveswood beamsarchesmany sizesprefabricated at factory

Unit 9page 98Unit 9

page 98

Glue-Laminated TimberGlue-Laminated Timber Unit 9page 98

Figure 9 - 6

Unit 9page 98

Figure 9 - 6

Metal ProductsMetal Products used extensively in construction structural steel metal windows doors metal studs look around

used extensively in construction structural steel metal windows doors metal studs look around

Unit 9page 99Unit 9

page 99

Structural SteelStructural Steel is a term applied to hot-rolled steel

sections, shapes, & plates formed by hot steel strips (billets,

blooms, &/or slabs)run through succession of rollers,

gradually forming the shapesee Figure 9-7

available in many sizes & shapes

is a term applied to hot-rolled steel sections, shapes, & plates

formed by hot steel strips (billets, blooms, &/or slabs)run through succession of rollers,

gradually forming the shapesee Figure 9-7

available in many sizes & shapes

Unit 9page 99Unit 9

page 99

Structural Steeltypical designationsStructural Steeltypical designations

for wide flangeW12x16 - indicates a beam 12” deep

that weighs 16#/LF for angles

L3x3x1/2 - indicates both legs 3” by 1/2” thick

for wide flangeW12x16 - indicates a beam 12” deep

that weighs 16#/LF for angles

L3x3x1/2 - indicates both legs 3” by 1/2” thick

Structural SteelStructural Steel

W8x24W8x24

indicated by heavy lineindicated by heavy line

Structural SteelStructural SteelUnit 9

page 100Figure 9 - 8

Unit 9page 100

Figure 9 - 8

Structural SteelStructural SteelUnit 9

page 100Figure 9 - 8

Unit 9page 100

Figure 9 - 8

Welded Wire FabricWelded Wire Fabric

indicated by WWF prefabricated material used mostly

in concrete slabs, floors, & pipe consists of a mesh steel wires

welded togethersmooth ‘W’ or deformed ‘D’

indicated by WWF prefabricated material used mostly

in concrete slabs, floors, & pipe consists of a mesh steel wires

welded togethersmooth ‘W’ or deformed ‘D’

Unit 9pages 99-101

Unit 9pages 99-101

Welded Wire FabricWelded Wire Fabric

designation numbers 6x6-W1.4xW1.4

designation numbers 6x6-W1.4xW1.4

6x6 = wire spacing6x6 = wire spacing

W = smooth wireW = smooth wire

1.4 = gage of wire1.4 = gage of wire

Unit 9pages 99-101

Unit 9pages 99-101

Welded Wire FabricWelded Wire FabricUnit 9

page 102Unit 9

page 102

Figure 9 - 12

Welded Wire FabricWelded Wire FabricUnit 9

page 102Figure 9 - 11

Unit 9page 102

Figure 9 - 11

Welded Wire FabricWelded Wire Fabric

slab sectionslab section

slab chairsslab chairs

GlassGlass

ceramic material formed at temperatures above 2300ºF

made from sand (silica) soda (sodium oxide) and lime (calcium oxide)

ceramic material formed at temperatures above 2300ºF

made from sand (silica) soda (sodium oxide) and lime (calcium oxide)

Unit 9pages 101-103

Unit 9pages 101-103

GlassGlass

float glass continuous ribbon of molten glass

flows out of furnace and floats on a bath of molten tin fire polished & annealed 90% of the glass is float

float glass continuous ribbon of molten glass

flows out of furnace and floats on a bath of molten tin fire polished & annealed 90% of the glass is float

Unit 9pages 101-103

Unit 9pages 101-103

GlassGlass

sheet glass - window glassSS - single strength 3/32” or 1/8”DS - double strength 3/16” - 7/16”

plate glass - heat treated & polished bent glass - heated and pressed over

a form

sheet glass - window glassSS - single strength 3/32” or 1/8”DS - double strength 3/16” - 7/16”

plate glass - heat treated & polished bent glass - heated and pressed over

a form

Unit 9pages 101-103

Unit 9pages 101-103

GlassGlass

safety glass tempered glass - heat annealed

glass to near melting point & then chill rapidly … creating high compression on the

exterior surface & high tension internally

shatters into small piecescan not be cut, drilled, or ground

safety glass tempered glass - heat annealed

glass to near melting point & then chill rapidly … creating high compression on the

exterior surface & high tension internally

shatters into small piecescan not be cut, drilled, or ground

Unit 9page 102

Unit 9page 102

GlassGlasssafety glass laminated glass - consist of layers

of vinyl between sheets of glass. . .bonded by heat & pressure the glass when struck & broken is

held together by the plastic

safety glass laminated glass - consist of layers

of vinyl between sheets of glass. . .bonded by heat & pressure the glass when struck & broken is

held together by the plastic

Unit 9pages 102-103

Unit 9pages 102-103

GlassGlass

safety glass wire glass - wire mesh molded into

the centerwhen broken the wire holds the glass

togethercan be obtained with etched finish,

sandblasted, or patterned

safety glass wire glass - wire mesh molded into

the centerwhen broken the wire holds the glass

togethercan be obtained with etched finish,

sandblasted, or patterned

Unit 9page 103

Unit 9page 103

GlassGlass

insulated glass - glass separated by an air space that is dehydrated & sealed.good insulators against heat or cold

insulated glass - glass separated by an air space that is dehydrated & sealed.good insulators against heat or cold

Unit 9page 103

Unit 9page 103

GlassGlass

patterned glass - sheet glass with pattern rolled into one or both sidesused to diffuse light or provide

privacy

patterned glass - sheet glass with pattern rolled into one or both sidesused to diffuse light or provide

privacy

Unit 9page 103

Unit 9page 103

GlassGlass

stained glass - sometimes called art or cathedral glass

produced by adding metallic oxides to the glass while in its molten statecut to design & leaded together to

create stained glass windows

stained glass - sometimes called art or cathedral glass

produced by adding metallic oxides to the glass while in its molten statecut to design & leaded together to

create stained glass windows

Unit 9page 103

Unit 9page 103

Ceramic TileCeramic Tile ceramic tile - used on floors &

walls glazed or unglazed

mosaic tile - used to make design & patterns

quarry tile - wear resistant fired-clay tile - used for floor

coverings

ceramic tile - used on floors & walls glazed or unglazed

mosaic tile - used to make design & patterns

quarry tile - wear resistant fired-clay tile - used for floor

coverings

Unit 9page 103

Unit 9page 103

Ceramic TileCeramic Tiletiles are set in portland cement latex adhesives epoxy mortar

tiles are set in portland cement latex adhesives epoxy mortar

joints between tiles grouted with mortar may vary in color

joints between tiles grouted with mortar may vary in color

Unit 9page 103

Unit 9page 103

PlasticsPlastics

have many usescounter topsdoor veneertexture on surfacesgutterspipes

have many usescounter topsdoor veneertexture on surfacesgutterspipes

Unit 9page 103

Unit 9page 103

InsulationInsulation used to reduce heat transmission R-value

resistance to heat transfer flexible loose-fill reflective rigid

structuralnonstructural

used to reduce heat transmission R-value

resistance to heat transfer flexible loose-fill reflective rigid

structuralnonstructural

Unit 9pages 103 - 104

Unit 9pages 103 - 104

InsulationInsulationUnit 9

pages 103 - 104Unit 9

pages 103 - 104

Mate

rial S

ym

bols

Mate

rial S

ym

bols

Unit 9page 105

Figure 9 - 15

Unit 9page 105

Figure 9 - 15

Mate

rial S

ym

bols

Mate

rial S

ym

bols

Unit 9page 105

Figure 9 - 15

Unit 9page 105

Figure 9 - 15

Test Your KnowledgeTest Your Knowledge

take 10 minutes to complete the test on page 106

take 10 minutes to complete the test on page 106

END OF UNIT 9END OF UNIT 9