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unqualified practitioners. Registrars were to be appointedby the General Council and by the Branch Councils to

keep registers of qualified persons. Registrars were

bound by Section XIV. of the Act to keep their registerscorrectly, a duty which, mainly owing to the apathy ofmembers of the medical profession, has not been adequatelyperformed.

It will thus be seen that the General Medical Council is

primarily a body of gentlemen charged with looking after theeducation and registration of medical practitioners. Thesole penalty it can inflict is to strike a man’s name off theMedical Register. It is as well here to put down the advan-tages, such as they are, of being duly registered. A dulyregistered practitioner may sue in the courts of law for therecovery of charges for medical attendance or advice, orsurgical attendance or advice, or for the supply of medicine,or for the performance of any operation-provided that heis not debarred from suing by being a Fellow or a Memberof any corporation which objects to its Fellows or

Members so suing. He may be exempted, if he so desire,from serving on juries, from serving sundry corporate andparochial offices, and from serving in the Militia. Onlya registered practitioner can hold appointments in the navy,army, and sundry Poor-law and other institutions. Onlya registered person can sign a valid medical certificate.Removal of the name from the Register debars a man fromall the above-mentioned privileges.

Let us now consider what the General Medical Councilis not. Unfavourable comparisons are often drawn betweenthe General Medical Council and the Incorporated LawSociety. The two bodies are not in the very least uponthe same footing. The Incorporated Law Society is a

society composed of such practitioners as apply for mem-bership and are elected by the Council. It is by statutethe keeper of the roll of solicitors who have to pay a feeeach year to obtain renewal of certificate to practise, whichcertificate has then to be stamped by the Inland Revenueauthorities on payment of the annual duty. The societyis also intrusted with the duty of inquiring into pro-fessional misconduct and reports thereon to the HighCourt which mayor may not agree with the report. Theoffender is struck off the rolls by the court, not by thesociety. Only a minority of solicitors are members of thesociety. The society has a charter and is governed by acouncil. The somewhat analogous body in the medicalprofession is the Biitish Medical Association, which,however, has none of the legal powers possessed by theIncorporated Law Society.The General Medical Council is in no way a medical pro-

tection society or a medical defence union. It is not a

professional union or a guild charged with looking after theinterests of the medical profession after the manner of theold trades guilds, except in so far as it is concerned withthe education of medical students. It has no powers overany member of the medical profession except to removethe name of any offending member from the roll of theprofession or Medical Register. It cannot take away anydegree, or diploma, or licence, and even if a practitioneris struck off the Medical Register there is nothing in theexisting state of the law to prevent such practitionercontinuing to practice, provided that he does not use anyname or title implying that he is registered. Practitionersmay be removed from the Medical Register (1) if convictedof felony or misdemeanour in England, or in Ireland, or inScotland of any crime or offence. and (2) on being adjudgedby the General Medical Council to have been guilty of" infamous conduct in a professional respect."The General Medical Council is, we repeat, primarily

a body charged with looking after medical education ;it is but little concerned with medical politics and, as amatter of fact, the time of the Council is almost entirelytaken up with considering educational and registrationmatters, the latter including the penal cases of removalfrom the Register. The Council at present consists of 33members, of whom, as will be seen by the annexed list,all but 10 are official representatives of some corporate body.Five members are chosen by the Crown on the adviceof the Privy Council, and five others are elected bythe members of the medical profession as Direct Repre-sentatives.

President of the General Council.-Dr. Donald MacAlister.Members of the General Council.-Dr. Norman Moore,chosen by the Royal College of Physicians of London ;

Mr. Henry Morris, Royal College of Surgeons of England:Sir Hugh Reeve Beevor, Bart., Apothecaries’ Society ofLondon; Mr. Arthur Thomson, M.B., University of Oxford;Dr. Donald MacAlister, University of Cambridge; SirGeorge Hare Philipson, University of Durham ; Dr. PhilipHenry Pye-Smith, University of London ; Mr. AlfredHarry Young, M.B.. Victoria University of Manchester; Dr.Robert Saundby. University of Birmingham ; Dr. RichardCaton, University of Liverpool, and Dr. Alfred GeorgeBarrs, University of Leeds. Sir John Batty Tuke,M.P., chosen by the Royal College of Physicians of

Edinburgh ; Sir Patrick Heron Watson, Royal College ofSurgeons of Edinburgh ; Dr. John Lindsay Steven, Facultyof Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow; Sir WilliamTurner, University of Edinburgh ; Sir Thomas McCallAnderson, University of Glasgow ; Dr. David White Finlay,University of Aberdeen ; and Dr. John Yule Mackay,University of St. Andrews. Sir John William Moore chosenby the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland ; Sir ThomasMyles, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland ; Dr.Arthur Atock, Apothecaries’ Hall of Ireland ; Dr. EdwardHallaran Bennett, University of Dublin ; and Sir

Christopher John Nixon, Royal University of Ireland.Nominated by His Majesty. with the advice of his PrivyCouncil: Mr. Charles Sissmore Tomes. Mr. William HenryPower, C.B., Sir John Williams, Bart., K.C.V.O., Dr. DavidCaldwell McVail, and Dr. James Little. Elected as

Direct Representatives: Mr. George Brown, Sir VictorAlexander Haden Horsley, Mr. George Jackson, Dr. WilliamBruce, and Sir William Thomson, C.B. Treasurers of the-General Council: Dr. Philip Henry Pye-Smith and Mr.Charles Sissmore Tomes.

REGULATIONS

OF THE

MEDICAL EXAMINING BODIES IN THEUNITED KINGDOM.

UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD.THERE are two degrees in Medicine, .B.Jtf. and D.M., and

two degrees in Surgery, B. Ch. and M. Ch.Graduates in Arts (B.A. or M.A.) are alone eligible for

these degrees. The most convenient course for the B.A.degree for intending graduates in Medicine is to take

Responsions, the Preliminary Science Examinations men-tioned below, and the Final Honour School of Physio-logy. In order to obtain the degrees of B.lYl. andB.Ch. the following examinations must be passed:-1. Preliminary subjects: Mechanics and Physics, Chemistry,Animal Morphology, and Botany. 2. Professional. (a)First Examination : Subjects-Organic Chemistry, unless.the candidate has obtained a first or second class in

Chemistry in the Natural Science School ; Human Physio-logy, unless he has obtained a first or second class inAnimal Physiology in the Natural Science School ; HumanAnatomy and Materia Medica with Pharmacy. (b) SecondExamination : Subjects -Medicine, Surgery, Midwifery,Pathology, Forensic Medicine with Hygiene. The approxi-mate dates of the examinations are as follows :-Prelimi-naries—Mechanics, Physics, and Chemistry, December andJune ; Animal Morphology, December and March; Botany,March and June ; Professional (First and Second B.M.),June and December.

The First Examination for the degrees of B.M. and B.Ch.may be passed as soon as the Preliminary Scientific Exami-nations have been completed. The subjects of this examina-tion may be presented separately or in any combination orin any order, provided Anatomy and Physiology be passedtogether.

The Second Examination may be passed after the com-pletion of the first but Pathology and Hygiene may be takenbefore or with the remaining subjects. Before admission tothe Second Examination candidates must present Certificatesof attendance or a course of laboratory instruction in Prac-tical Pathology and Bacteriology and of having acted aspost-mortem clerk for three months, surgical dresser for sixmonths, and clinical clerk for six months. Also he must

produce certificates of instruction in Infectious and Menta); Diseases, and of attendance on Labours, and of proficiency

653

in the practice of Vaccination. Also in respect of the FirstExamination candidates must present certificates showingthat they have dissected the whole body once and haveattended courses of laboratory instruction in Practical Histo- a

logy and Practical Physiology. 1

The degree of D.M. is granted to Bachelors of Medicine of I

the University provided they have entered their thirty-ninth s

term and have composed on some medical subject a (dissertation ’which is approved by the professors in the a

Faculty of Medicine and examiners for the degree of (

B.M. whose subject is dealt with. A book published within 1two years of the candidate’s application for the degree may be substituted for a dissertation. The Regius Professor may t

direct the dissertation to be read in public. The degree ofM.Ch. is granted to Bachelors of Surgery of the University who have entered their twenty-seventh term, who are

members of the surgical staff of a recognised hospital, or i

have acted as Dresser or House Surgeon in such a hospitalfor six months, and who have passed the M.Ch. examina- Ition in Surgery, Surgical Anatomy, and Surgical Opera- tions. This examination is held annually, in June, at theend of the Second B.M. Examination. (

Scholarships, &c.-Scholarships in some branch of Natural Science (Chemistry, Physics, Biology) of the average valueof R80 per annum, tenable for four years and renewable under certain conditions for a fifth year, as well as Exhibi- ]tions of a less annual value, are awarded after competitiveexamination every year by most of the Colleges. Notices of 1vacancy, &c., are published in the University Gazette, andall particulars may be obtained by application to the Science ]Tutors of the several Colleges. One Radcliffe Travelling Fellowship is awarded annually after an examination heldin February. It is tenable for three years and is of the annual value of £200. The examination is partly scientific,partly medical. Candidates must be graduates in Medicineof the University. The holder must travel abroad for the

purpose of medical study. A Rolleston Memorial Prize isawarded once in two years to members o-f the Universitiesof Oxford and Cambridge of not more than ten years’standing for an original research in some Biological subject,including Physiology or Pathology.The Philip Walker Studentship in Pathology of £200 a

year, tenable for two years, is awarded biennially for theencouragement of Pathological Research.

More detailed information may be obtained from the

University Calendar ; from the Examination Statutes, 1902,which contain the official schedules of the several subjectsof examination in both Arts and Medicine: from theStudent’s Handbook to the University (all of which are

published by the Clarendon Press) ; from the Regius Pro-fessor of Medicine ; and from the Professors in the severaldepartments of medical science.The Lecturers for the various subjects are as follows :-

Professor of Human Anatomy : A. Thomson, M.A. WaynfieteProfessor of Physiology: F. Gotch, M.A., D.Sc. UniversityLecturer on Physiology: J. S. Haldane, M.A. Histology :G. Mann, D.M. Edin. Physiological Chemistry: WalterRamsden, M.D. Practical Physiology : H. M. Vernon, D.M.Pathological Histology and Practical Bacteriology : TheReader in Pathology, J. Ritchie, D.M. Edin. LichfieldLecturer in Clinical Medicine : W. T. Brooks, M.A. LichfieldLecturer in Clinical Surgery: H. Anglin Whitelocke,F.R.C.S. Organic Chemistry in Relation to Medicine, &c.,followed by Practical Work: W. W. Fisher, M.A. (Ald-richian Demonstrator), and J. E. Marsh, M.A. Lecturerin Materia Medica and Pharmacology : W. J. Smith Jerome,B.M. Lond. Linacre Professor of Comparative Anatomy :W. F. R. Weldon, M.A., D.Sc. Lees Reader in Anatomy:J. B. Thompson, M.A. Elementary Animal Morphology(Practical) : the Aldrichi’.n Demonstrator, E. Goodrich, M.A.,and assistants. Sherardian Professor of Botany : S. H. Vines,ILA, Wavnflete Professor of Chemistry : W. Odling, M.A.Lees Reader in Chemistry : G. Brereton Baker, M.A.Laboratory Instruction: W. W. Fisher, M.A., J. Watts,M.A., and J. E. Marsh, M.A. Wykeham Professor of

Physics: J. S. E. Town-end, M.A. Professor of Experi-mental Philosophy: R. B. Clifton, M.A. Instruction in1’ractical Physics : R. B. Clifton, M.A., J. Walker, M.A.Elementary Heat and Light: Lees Reader in Physics,R. E. Baynes, M.A. Elementary Mechanics : F. J. Jervis-Smith, M.A.

In addition to the University Lectures and classes theseveral Colleges provide their undergraduates with tuitionfor all examinations up to the B.A. degree.

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE

The student must enter at one of the Colleges,. or as non-collegiate student, and keep nine terms (three years) .

)y residence in the University. He must pass the PreviousBxamination in Classics, Mathematics, &c., Rhich may, andshould if possible, be done before coming into residence in)ctober, or he may obtain exemption through the Oxfordmd Cambridge Schools Examination Board, the Oxford)r Cambridge Senior Local Examinations, or the LondonMatriculation Examination. He may then devote himself tonedical study in the University, attending the hospital and;he medical lectures, dissecting, &c. Or he may, as nearlyill students now do, proceed to take a degree in Arts,either continuing mathematical and classical study andpassing the ordinary examinations for B.A. or going outn one of the Honour Triposes. The Natural Sciencesrripos is the most appropriate, as some of the subjects arepractically the same as those for the first and second M.B.examinations.

For the degree of Bachelor of Medicine (M.B.) five- years)f medical study are required. This time may be spent inCambridge or at one of the recognised Schools of Medicine.Fhe first three or four years are usually spent in Cam-bridge, the student remaining in the University till hehas passed, say, the examination for the Natural Sciencesrripos and the first and second, and the first part of thethird, examinations for M.B. Cambridge being now a com-plete School of Medicine, all the requisite lectures and

hospital practice may be attended here, and manystudents remain to attend lectures and hospital practiceuntil they have passed the first part of the thirdexamination for M.B. The supply of subjects for Dis-section is abundant, and the laboratories for Pathology,Bacteriology, and Pharmacology are well equipped.Addenbrooke’s Hospital provides lor the necessary clinicaltraining.There are three examinations for M.B. The first includes

Chemistry and other branches of Physics and ElementaryBiology. These parts may be taken together or separately.The second includes Human Anatomy and Physiology.- Thethird is divided into two parts-viz., (1) Pharmacology andGeneral Pathology ; (2) Principles and Practice of Surgery,Midwifery and Diseases Peculiar to Women, Principlesand Practice of Physic. The examinations are partly inwriting, partly oral, and partly practical, in the hospital,in the dissecting room, and in the laboratories. AnAct has then to be kept in the Public Schools, by thecandidate reading an original dissertation composed byhimself on some subject approved by the Regius Professorof Physic.As Operative and Clinical Surgery now form parts of the

third M.B. examination candidates who have passed bothparts of that examination are admitted to the registrabledegree of Bachelor of Surgery (B.C.) without separateexamination and without keeping an Act.The degree of Doctor of Medicine (M. D.) may be taken

three years after that of M.B. or four years after that ofM.A. An Act has to be kept, consisting of an original Thesissustained in the Public Schools with 2vza voce examination ;and an extempore essay has to be written on some subjectrelating to Physiology, Pathology, the Practice of Medicine,or State Medicine.

For the degree of Master of Surgery (M. C.) the candidatemust have passed all the examinations for B.C., or

if he is an M.A. have obtained some other registrablequalification in surgery. He is required either (1) to

pass an examination in Surgical Anatomy and SurgicalOperations, Pathology, and the Principles and Practice ofSurgery, and to write an extempore essay on a SurgicalSubject ; or (2) to submit to the Medical Board originalcontributions to the advancement of the Science or Art of

Surgery. Before he can be admitted to the examinationtwo years at least must have elapsed from the time whenhe completed all required for the degree of B.C. Before

submitting original contributions he must have been qualifiedat least three years.An abstract of the Regulations and Schedules of the range

of the examinations in Chemistry, Physics, Biology, Pharma-cology, and General Pathology may be obtained uponsending a stamped directed envelope to the Registrary,Cambridge.