Unraveling the Paradox: The Economics of Using Otherwise Wasted … NYC2014... · Unraveling the...

Advanced Power and Energy Program, 2014 1 www.EmpoweredEnergy.com

Unraveling the Paradox:Unraveling the Paradox:

The Economics of Using Otherwise The Economics of Using Otherwise

Wasted Heat for ChillingWasted Heat for Chilling

Lori Smith Schell, Ph.D., ERP, Empowered EnergyLori Smith Schell, Ph.D., ERP, Empowered Energy

Kyle Hosford, M.S., UCKyle Hosford, M.S., UC--IrvineIrvine

3737thth IAEE International ConferenceIAEE International Conference

New York, New YorkNew York, New York

June 2014June 2014

TM


MotivationMotivation

•• Air conditioning in commercial buildings accounts Air conditioning in commercial buildings accounts

for 16% of Californiafor 16% of California’’s electricity consumptions electricity consumption• Estimated to grow at 1.30% p.a. through 2024

•• Dominant technology: Electric Chillers, which Dominant technology: Electric Chillers, which

contribute to peak electricity consumptioncontribute to peak electricity consumption

•• A highA high--temperature fuel cell (temperature fuel cell (““HTFCHTFC””) generates ) generates

significant amounts of high quality exhaust heatsignificant amounts of high quality exhaust heat

•• Exhaust heat is wasted in electricityExhaust heat is wasted in electricity--only fuel cell only fuel cell

operationsoperations

•• If captured, otherwiseIf captured, otherwise--wasted exhaust heat can be wasted exhaust heat can be

fed to an absorption chiller for air conditioning.fed to an absorption chiller for air conditioning.


Piping & Instrumentation DiagramPiping & Instrumentation Diagram


Absorption Chiller: How It WorksAbsorption Chiller: How It Works


HTFC/Chiller Model: Major ComponentsHTFC/Chiller Model: Major Components

(1) User Interface to specify building type and select equipment

(2) Equipment dispatchto meet building load

(3) Levelized Cost of Energy (“LCOE”)

calculations based on equipment dispatch


HTFC/Chiller Model: UserHTFC/Chiller Model: User--Friendly InterfaceFriendly Interface


HTFC/Chiller Model: Cost ModuleHTFC/Chiller Model: Cost Module


LCOE Changes with Size & Building LoadLCOE Changes with Size & Building Load

•• Optimal fuel cell size depends on availability of Optimal fuel cell size depends on availability of

complementary technologiescomplementary technologies• Higher capacity, lower capacity factor

• Lower capacity factor, higher LCOE

•• Thermal energy storage (Thermal energy storage (““TESTES””) and/or natural ) and/or natural

gasgas--fired boiler allow for smaller HTFC capacity fired boiler allow for smaller HTFC capacity

and greater efficienciesand greater efficiencies• Must balance efficiencies vs. equipment costs

•• Model an existing building on UCI campusModel an existing building on UCI campus• Multipurpose Science & Technology Building (“MSTB”)

•• All physical flows converted to MW or MWh All physical flows converted to MW or MWh

electric or thermal, as appropriateelectric or thermal, as appropriate


MSTB: Traditional Cooling/HeatingMSTB: Traditional Cooling/Heating


MSTB: 300 kW FC + Abs Chiller + BoilerMSTB: 300 kW FC + Abs Chiller + Boiler


MSTB: Add Electric Chiller for BackupMSTB: Add Electric Chiller for Backup


MSTB: TES Instead of Electric ChillerMSTB: TES Instead of Electric Chiller


ConclusionsConclusions

•• A highA high--temperature fuel cell/absorption chiller unit temperature fuel cell/absorption chiller unit

effectively displaces traditional electric chillerseffectively displaces traditional electric chillers

•• Peak and total electricity consumption is reducedPeak and total electricity consumption is reduced• Value of peak reduction is not monetized

•• LCOE is reduced vs. the traditional technologyLCOE is reduced vs. the traditional technology• $119.80/MWh vs. $120.54/MWh

•• Backup equipment increases LCOE & reliabilityBackup equipment increases LCOE & reliability• Value of increased reliability is not monetized

•• Adding complementary technologies increases Adding complementary technologies increases

fuel cell sizing flexibility and operating efficienciesfuel cell sizing flexibility and operating efficiencies

•• Ongoing researchOngoing research• What is the potential market size in California?

• What are the market entry barriers?


Author Contact DetailsAuthor Contact Details

Lori Smith Schell, Ph.D., ERPLori Smith Schell, Ph.D., ERP

Empowered EnergyEmpowered Energy

+1 (970) 247+1 (970) 247--81818181

[email protected]@EmpoweredEnergy.com

Kyle Hosford, M.S.Kyle Hosford, M.S.

University of CaliforniaUniversity of California--IrvineIrvine

+1 (619) 672+1 (619) 672--06870687

[email protected]@gmail.com

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