Untπma C≥ Fen-sa‚dn FPyp-t°-j≥

DIPLOMA IN ELEMENTARY EDUCATION D.El.Ed.

t]∏¿ ˛ 210 kmaqlyimkvXw ˛ ]T-\hpwt_m[-\hpw - I

kwÿm\ hnZym-`ymk Kth-jW]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT)

bqWn‰v 1 kmaq-ly-imkvXw A¿Yw, ]-k‡n, hym]vXn

bqWn‰v 2 kmaq-ly-im-kvXw - t_m[\X¥-ßfpw

hn\n-ab kao-]-\-hpw

bqWn‰v 3 kmaq-ly-imkvX ]mTy-]-≤Xn hni-I-e\w

bqWn‰v 4 kmaq-ly-im-kvX-]-T-\hpw kmt¶-XnIhnZy-bpw

ska-ÿ ˛ 2

1

kmaq-ly-imkvXw ˛ ]T-\hpw t_m[\-hpw

BsI kabw : 75 aWn°q-¿

BsI kvtIm¿ : 10

BapJw

kmaq-ly-imkvXw ˛ ]T-\hpw t_m[-\hpw F∂ t]∏¿ Un.F¬.-

FUv ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bnse c≠pw \mepw ska-Ã-dpIfn-em-bmWv

Dƒt®¿Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ss]adn kvIqƒ hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ `mK-

amb kmap-ly-imkvX ]mTy-]-≤Xn hn\n-abw sNøp-∂-Xn-\p≈ ASn-

ÿm\ [mc-W-Ifpw tijn-Ifpw B¿Pn-°p-∂-tXmsSm-∏w A[ym-

]\ ss\]p-Wn-Ifpw A[ym]I hnZym¿Yn-I-fn¬ cq]-s∏-´p-h-tc-≠-

Xp-≠v F∂ e£y-Øn-emWv Cu hnjbw ]Tn-t°-≠-Xv. c≠mw

ska-Ãdn-¬ BsI \mep bqWn-‰p-I-fn-embn kmaq-ly-im-kvX-]-T-

\-Øns‚ A¿Yw, ]k-‡n, hym]vXn, t_m[\ X¥-߃, hn\n-

ab kao-]-\-߃, ]mTy-]≤-Xn hni-Ie-\w, kmt¶-XnI hnZy-bpsS

D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-ج F∂o Bib--ta-J-e-Iƒ N¿® sNøp-∂p-≠v.

ska-ÿ \menepw \mep bqWn-‰p-I-fp-≠v. CXn-eqsS kmaq-ly-

imkvX ]mTy-]-≤Xn hn\n-a-b-hp-ambn _‘s∏-´ ]mT-\-]-h¿Ø-

\-ß-fpsS Bkq-X-Ww, hne-bn-cp-ج, Kth-jW ]h¿Ø-\-߃,

kvIqƒ A\p-`h]cn-]mSn F∂o taJ-e-Iƒ N¿® sNøp-∂p.

c≠mw skaÃ-¿ ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-∂-tXmsS a\pjyPohn-X-hp-ambn

_‘-s∏´v ÿew, Imew, kw`-h-߃, A[n-ImcLS-\, ÿm]-\-

߃, ]IrXn]Xn-`m-k-߃, kmaq-lnI kmº-ØnI _‘-߃

F∂n-hsb hna¿i-\m-fl-Iam-bn hne-bn-cp-Øm\pw kmap-ly-bm-

Ym¿Yy߃ Xncn-®-dn™v icn-bmb \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-∂Xn-

\pap≈ Ignhv B¿Pn-°-Ww. AtXm-sSm∏w A©v, Bdv, Ggv, F´v

¢m p-I-fnse kmaq-ly-imkvX]mT mK-߃ hn\n-abw sNøm-\p≈

ASnÿm-\ [mc-W-Ifpw t\tS≠-Xp-≠v. AXn-\p-X-Ip∂ D≈-S-°-

amWv c≠mw ska-Ã-dn\pw DƒsIm-≈n-®n-´p-≈-Xv. H∂mw ska-Ã-

dn¬ ]Tn® ]cn-kc]-T-\-Øns‚ XpS¿®bpw hf¿®bpw ChnsS

ImWm-\mhpw-.

2

bqWn‰v 1

kmaq-ly-imkvXw A¿Yw, ]k-

‡n,

hym]vXn.

bqWn‰v 2

kmaq-ly-imkvXw

t_m[\ X¥-ßfpw hn\n-ab

kao-]-\hpw

bqWn‰v 3

kmaqlyimkvX ]mTy-]-≤Xn

hni-I-e\w

bqWn‰v 4

kmaqlyimkvX ]T-\hpw

kmt¶-XnI hnZybpw

$ kmaqlyimkvXØn-s‚ \n¿h-N-\w, A¿Yw, hym]vXn,

kz`m-hw, ]k-‡n, e£yw F∂nh Xncn-®-dn™v DZm-

l-cW klnXw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

$ hnhn[ kmaq-lyimkvX imJ-I-fnse Adnhv ]tbm-

P-\-s∏Sp-Øn kmap-lnI hni-I-e\w \S-Øp-∂p.

$ kmaq-lyimkvX-]-T-\-Øns‚ ]k-‡n, coXn-

imkvXw F∂nh hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

$ ]Tn-Xmhv, ]T-\-]-In-b, A[ym-]nI F∂nh¿°v kmaq-

lyimkvX-]-T-\-Øn-ep≈ ]¶v hymJym-\n°p-∂p.

$ kmaq-ly-imkvX ]mTy-]≤-≤n hn\n-abkao-]\w Xncn-

®-dn™v khn-ti-jX--Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.

$ ]mThni-I-e-\-Øn-eqsS ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bnse (5, 6, 7, 8,

¢mkp -Iƒ) hnhn[ LS-I-߃ Xncn -® -dn™v

]´nIs∏Sp-Øp-∂p. D≈-S° hym]vXn [mc-W-t\-Sp-∂p.

$ ]mTy ]≤Xn hn\n-abw e-]m-Z-am-°p-∂-Xn¬ kmt¶-

XnI hnZy-bpsS ]m[m\yw Is≠Øn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-

∂p.

$ ]mTy]≤Xn hn\n-a-b-Øn¬ kmt¶-XnI hnZy-bpsS

km[y-X-Iƒ, D]m-[nI-ƒ Is≠Øn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-

Øp-hm-\p≈ [mcW t\Sp-∂p.

][m-\m-i-b-߃

bqWn‰v 1: kmaq-ln-I-imkvXw ˛ A¿Yw, ]k-‡n, hym]vXn.

$ \n¿h-N-\w, ]T-\-e-£yw, hnjb kz`m-hw

$ hnhn[ kmaq-lyimkvX imJ-Ifpw Ah-bpsS ]c-kv]c _‘hpw ˛ NcnXw-, `qanim--

kvXw, kmº-ØnI imkvXw, cmjvS-X-¥w, kaq-ly-im-kvXw.

$ ss]adn ]mTy-]-≤Xn--bn¬ Ch-bpsS ]k-‡n, Dƒt®¿°¬.

bqWn‰v 2: kmaqly-im-kvXw, ˛ t_m[\ X¥ß-fpw hn\n-a-b-k-ao-]-\-hpw.

$ kmaq-ly-im-kvX-]-T\w F¥n\v? Fßs\?

]T\ t\´ßƒ

3

$ ]Tn-Xm-hv.

$ ]T\ ]Inb

$ t_m[\ coXn-Iƒ ˛ X¥ß-ƒ ˛ ]T\ ]h¿Ø\w

$ A[ym-]n-I-bpsS ]¶v

$ kmap-ly-imkvXw hn\n-ab kao-]\w

˛ ]Tn-Xmhv tIμo-IrXw

˛ ]h¿Ø-\m-[n-jvTnXw

˛ ]cn-k-c-_-‘nXw

˛ ]ivt\m\znXw DƒsIm-≈p-∂Xv

˛ At\zj-WmflIw

˛ ⁄m\ \n¿Ωn-X-nbneq-∂n-bXv

˛ hna¿i-\m-flI Nn¥ hf¿Øp-∂-Xv.

bqWn‰v 3 : kmaq-lyimkvX ]mTy-]-≤Xn hni-I-e\w

$ 5, 6, 7, 8 ¢mkp-I-fnse kmaqly-imkvX ]mTy-]-≤-Xn.

$ ]T\ t\´-ß-fpsS XpS¿®bpw hf¿®-bpw.

$ ][m-\m-i-b-߃, [mc-W-Iƒ, hmkvXp-X-Iƒ

$ aqey-߃, tijn-Iƒ, at\m-`m-h-߃

$ ]T\ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ ˛ X¥-߃

$ ]Tt\m]I-c-W-߃

$ D¬∏-∂-߃

bqWn‰v 4 : kmaq-ly-im-kvXhpw kmt¶Xn-I hnZybpw

$ kmap-ln-I-imkvXØn¬ kmt¶-XnI hnZy-bpsS ]m[m\yw

$ hn\n-a-bØn-¬ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp∂ kmt¶-XnI hnZy-Iƒ, D]-I-c-W-߃.

$ tkm^v‰v-sh-b-dp-Iƒ

$ sh_v t]m¿´-ep-Iƒ, sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ

$ tªmKp-Iƒ

$ ]k-t‚-j-\p-Iƒ Xbm-dm°-¬ km[y-X-Iƒ

$ C ˛ So®nwKv am\z¬

$ ......................

4

bqWn‰v 1

kmaq-ly-imkvXw ˛ A¿Yw, ]k‡n hym]vXn

BapJw

a\p-jys‚ kmaq-ly-Po-hnXw ssIImcyw sNøpIbpw AXns‚ ]T-\-Øn\v imkvXo-b-coXn

]tbmKn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ ]T-\-im-J-bmWv kmaq-ly-im-kvXw. kmaq-lnI ]ptcm-K-Xnsb

kzm[o-\n-°p∂ kw -h-߃ Bi-b-߃, ]Xn- m-k-߃, ÿm]-\-߃ apX-em-b-hsb°pdn-

®p≈ ]c-kv]-c-_-‘n-Xhpw a\p-jy-tI-μo-Ir-X-hp-amb ]T-\hp-amWv kmaq-ly-im-kvXw. a\p-

jy-_-‘-߃, kmaqly at\m-`m-h-߃, aqey-߃ F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Dƒ°m-gvN-Iƒ

]Tn-Xm-°-fn¬ hf¿tØ-≠Xp≠v. hy‡n-Iƒ XΩnepw hy‡nbpw kaq-lhpw XΩnepw,

kaq-lhpw ]Ir-Xnbpw XΩn-ep-ap≈ _‘-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ At\z-j-Whpw hni-I-e-\hpw

ChnsS \S-°-Ww.

kaq-l-Øns‚ hnImk ]cn-Wm-a-߃ Xncn-®-dn™v kmaq-ly-am-‰-Øn\v th≠n ]h¿Øn-

°m≥ Bh-iy-amb tijn-Iƒ Ip´n-I-fn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-ØpI, kmaqlyt_m[-tØm-sSbpw am\-

hnI P\m-[n-]Xy Z¿i-\-ß-fn-eq-∂nbpw ]h¿Øn-°m-\m-h-iy-amb Hcp PohnX kwkv°mcw

hf¿ØpI F∂nh kmaq-ly-im-kvX-]-T\w sIm≠v km[y-am-I-Ww. Hcp ][m\ kvIqƒ

hnjbw F∂ \ne-bn¬ kmaq-ly-im-kvX ]T\Øns‚ ]m[m\yhpw AXpXs∂bmWv.

kmaq-ly-im-kvX-Øns‚ \n¿h-N\w, A¿Yw, kz`m-hw, hym]vXn, e£yw, CtXm-sSm∏w kmaq-

ly-im-kvX hnj-b-߃ XΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]c_‘w XpS-ßn-bhbpw Cu bqWn-‰n¬ N¿®

sNø-s∏-Sp-∂p.

]Tt\´-߃

1. kmaq-ly-im-kvX-Øns‚ \n¿h-N-\w, A¿Yw, hym]vXn, kz`m-hw, e£yw F∂nh Xncn-

®-dn™v DZm-l-cW klnXw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

2. hnhn[ kmaq-ly-imkvX imJ-I-fnse Adnhv ]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn kmaqly hni-I-e\w

\S-Øp-∂p.

][m-\m-ib߃

$ kmaqly imkvXw ˛ \n¿h-N\w

˛ A¿Yw

˛ hym]vXn

˛ kz`mhw

˛ e£yw

$ ss]adn ¢mkpIfn¬ kmaq-lnI hni-I-e-\-Øn\v D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ hnhn[ kmaqly

imkvX imJ-Iƒ.

˛ NcnXw

˛ `qan-imkvXw

˛ kmº-ØnI imkvXw

5

˛ cmjvS-X¥w

˛ kaql-imkvXw

1.1 kmaq-ly-imkvXw ˛ \n¿h-N\w

kmaq-ly-im-kvX-Øns‚ Nne \n¿h-N-\-߃ ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.

""a\p-jy-s\bpw Xs‚ kmaq-lyhpw uXn-I-hp-amb ]cn-ÿn-Xn-I-fn¬ Ah≥ \S-Øp∂ CS-

s]SepI-sfbpw Ipdn®v ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ kmaq-ly-imkvXw a\p-jy-_‘߃, ]ucXz ]cn-

io-e-\w F∂n-hsb tIμ ]ta-b-am-°p-∂p.''

˛ ssat°-enkv

""a\p-jy-hy-h-lm-c-ß-fpsS ]T-\-amWv kmaq-ly-imkvXw'' ˛ Nmƒkv t_¿Uv

""a\p-jys\ kw_-‘n® Imcy-߃ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ hn⁄m\ Nn¥\ kº-ØmWv kmaq-

ly-im-kvX-߃''

˛ Pbnwkv ssl (James High)

""]m]-©n-Ihpw ssPhn-Ihpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb i‡n-I-fpsS e-am-bn, Hcp ]cn-Wma ]In-

bbv°v hnt[-b-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ a\pjy kaq-l-Øns‚ D¬∏-Øn, hf¿®, LS-\ F∂n-

hsb kw_-‘n® ]T-\-amWv kmaq-ly-im-kvXw''

˛ s]m^. ^m-¶n-en≥ ]nUnw-Kvkv.

""am\h kap-Zm-b-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ bp‡n-]-chpw Nn -tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-Xp-amb ]T-\-amWv kmaqly

imkvXw. am\h kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ D¤-hw, hnIm-kw, ÿm]-\-߃, _‘-߃ F∂n-h-

sb-∏-‰nbpw kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-Øn-epƒs∏´ Bi-b-ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw ]Tn-°p∂ A°m-Z-anI imJ-

bmWv kmaqly imkvXw''

˛ F≥Im¿´, F≥ssk-t¢m-]o-Unb ˛ 2005

kmaqlyimkvXsØ kw_‘n®v apIfn¬ \¬Inbn´p≈ \n¿hN\߃ hniZambn

]cntim[n°q. Hmtcm \n¿hN\Øns‚bpw ][m\mib߃ ]cnKWn®v kmaqlyim-

kvXØn\v \nßfp-tS-Xmb Hcp \n¿h-N\w Xbm-dm-°p-I.

1.2 kmaq-ly-imkvXw ˛ A¿Yhpw kz`m-hhpw

1.2.1 kmaq-ly-im-kvX-Øns‚ A¿Y-X-e-߃

kaq-l-Øns‚ hnImk ]cn-Wm-a-coXn-Ifpw kz`m-hhpw Xncn-®-dn™v kaq-l-sØ apt∂m´p

\bn-°m-\p≈ Iq´mb ]cn-i-a-Øn¬ Xs‚ ]¶v Xncn-®-dn™v ]h¿Øn-°m≥ kma-qly-im-

kvX-]-T\w klm-bn-°p-∂p. hy‡nbpw kaq-l-hp-am-bp≈ _‘-߃ ZrV-s∏´v kmaq-ly-

_-‘-ß-fn-eq-∂nb hy‡nhnImkw km[y-am-I-W-sa-¶n¬ kmaq-lnI _‘-ß-sf-∏‰n

hy‡n°v icn-bmb ImgvN-∏m-Sp-≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. hy‡n-bpsS CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ°v Bh-iy-amb

am¿K-\n¿tZiw kaq-l-Øn¬ \n∂v kzoI-cn®v kmaq-lnI ]iv\-ßfn¬ KpWm-fl-I-ambn

CS-s]-Sm≥ F√m-h¿°pw Ign-b-Ww. Npcp-°-Øn¬ kmaqly imkvXw,

$ a\p-jys‚ kmaq-ly-Po-hnXw ssIImcyw sNøp-Ibpw AXns‚ ]T-\-Øn\v imkvXob

coXn ]tbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

6

$ hnhn[ kmaq-ly-im-kvX-hn-j-b-ß-fnse Bi-b-߃ CW-°n-t®¿Øv Bhn-jv°-cn-

°p∂ Hcp ]tXyI ]T-\-im-JbmWv.

$ am\-hnI aqey-߃, `c-W-L-S-\m-aq-ey-߃ ]ptcm-K-a-\-]-c-amb kmaq-ln-I-t_m[w

F∂n-h-bn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb ImgvN-∏mSv Ip´n-I-fn¬ hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°m≥ klm-bn-°p∂

]T-\-hn-j-bw.

$ kpÿn-c-hn-I-k-\-Im-gvN-∏m-Sv, ]IrXn hn`h kwc-£-Ww, P\m-[n-]Xy t_m[w, kln-

jvWp-X, hyXykvX kwkv°m-c-ß-tfmSpw PohnX coXnI-tfm-Sp-ap≈ BZ-chv XpS-

ßnb taJ-eI-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ aqey-ß-fpw, at\m-`m-h-ß-fp-ap≈ ]uc-∑msc cq]-

s∏-Sp-Øm≥ klm-bn-°p∂ ]T-\-im-J.

$ a\p-jy\pw a\p-jy-\pw, a\p-jy\pw ]Ir-Xnbpw a\p-jy\pw kaq-lhpw XΩn-ep≈

]mc-kv]cyw Is≠-Øp∂p.

$ kmaq-lo-I-cW ]In-bsb klm-bn-°p∂p.

$ a\p-jy-k-aq-l-Øns‚ C∂sØ ÿnXn hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p

$

$

kmaq-ly-imkvX So®¿sSIvÃnse Bap-J-`m-K-߃, hnZym-`ymk IΩo-j≥ dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ,

a‰v d^-d≥kv KŸ-߃ F∂nh ]cn-tim-[n®v A[n-I-hn-h-c-߃ Is≠-Øp-a-t√m.

1.2 kmaq-ly-im-kvX-Øn‚ kz`mhw

kmaq-ly-im-kvX-]-T-\-Øns‚ kz`mh khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ 5,6,7 kmaqlyimkvX ]mT-]p-kvX-

I-߃, So®¿ sSIvÃv, F≥.-kn.-F- v 2005, sI.kn.-F v 2011 Ch hni-I-e\w sNbvXv Is≠-

Øn ChnsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ ]´n-I -hn-]p-e-s∏-Sp-Øq. kmaq-ly-im-kvX-]-T-\w,

$ imkvX-Øns‚ coXn Ah-ew-_n-°p∂ am\-hnI _‘-ß-fpsS ]T\w

$ ]In-bm-ti-jn-Iƒ°v Du∂¬ \¬Ip-∂p.

$ bYm¿Y-amb PohnX kμ¿`-߃ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.

$ kmaqly ]ptcm-KXn e£y-an-Sp∂p

$ a\p-jy-_-‘-ß-sf-°p-dn®v ]Tn-°p∂p

$ am\h hnIm-k-Øns‚ ]T\w km[y-am-°p∂p

$ kmaqly Pohn-X-Øn\v k÷-am-°p∂p

$ hyXykvX kmaq-ly-imkvX hnj-b-ß-fpsS IqSn-t®-c¬

$ Pohn-X-kv]¿in-bmb ]T-\-imJ

kmaqlyimkvX ]T\w

F¥p]Tn°Ww F∂Xpt]mse ][m\amWv Fßs\ ]Tn°Ww F∂Xv. AXpsIm≠v

kmaqlyimkvX]T\Øn¬ D≈S°Øn\pw ]Inbbv°pw Xpey]m[m\yap≠m-

bncn°Ww. kmaqlyimkvX]T\Øns‚ `mKambn B¿Pnt°≠ Nne ][m\

7

]InbmtijnIƒ Xmsg]dbp∂hbmWv.

$ \nco£Ww

$ hnhctiJcWw

$ h¿KoIcWw

$ XmcXayw

$ hniIe\w

$ kmam\yh¬°Ww

$ \nKa\߃ cq]s∏Spج

$ ]hNn°epw A\pam\n°epw

$ D]IcW߃ ssIImcyw sNø¬

$

$

CXn\p≈ ]T\m\p`h߃ Ip´nIƒ°v e`nt°≠Xp≠v. kaqlhpambn _‘s∏´

]iv\߃, ]Xn`mk߃ F∂nhsb kw_‘n® N¿®Ifpw AhbpsS ImcW߃

At\zjn°epw hniIe\hpw ]mT`mKßfpambn _‘s∏´v \St°≠Xp≠v. CXneqsS

tijnIfpw, at\m`mhßfpw aqeyßfpw hf¿∂p hcp∂p. kmaqlyimkvX]T\w

]Inbm[njvTnXamIWw. ]iv\]cnlcWØn\v A\ptbmPyamb hnhc߃ tiJcn°pI,

e`n® hnhcßsf hniIe\w sNøpI, \nKa\Øn¬ FØnt®cpI, FØnt®¿∂

\nKa\߃ ]cntim[n°pI, ]pXnb kmlNcyØn¬ ]tbmKn°pI XpSßnb tijnIƒ

hnIkn°p∂Xn\mhiyamb ]h¿Ø\߃ ¢m v apdnbn¬ \S°Ww. Hcp ]T\ ]Inb

]q¿Ønbmhptºmƒ Xm≥ Fs¥-√m-amWv t\SnbsX∂v Ip´n°v Xncn®dnbm≥ IgnbWw.

XpS¿ ]T\Øn\v CXv Ahs\ ]m]vX\m°pw. hnhn[ ]T\X¥ßƒ CXn\mbn

D]tbmKs∏Sp-tØ≠Xp≠v. skan\m¿, Kq∏v N¿®, kwhmZw, A`napJw, ^o¬Uv Sn∏v,

t]mPIvS v etc... kmaqlyimkvX]T\Øn\v D]tbmKs∏SpØmhp∂XmsW∂v

\n߃°dnbmat√m. imkvXØns‚ coXn D]tbmKs∏SpØnbmWv kmaqlyimkvX-]T\w

\S°p∂Xv. kmaqlyimkvX]T\Øns‚ Cu kz`mhw t_m[ys∏Sm\p≈ GsX-¶nepw

Hcp ]h¿Ø\w ss]adn ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Is≠Øn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°q. ]h¿Ø-

\-L-´-߃ ]cn-tim-[n°q. DZm-l-c-W-ambn Hcp t]mP-IvSnemWv \n߃ G¿s∏-Sp-∂-sX-

¶n¬ AXn¬ Ah-ew-_n-°p∂ kq£va ]In-b-Isf Cßs\ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm-tem.

* ]mcw-`-N¿®

* ]iv\-Øn-te-s°-Øn-t®-c¬

* ]iv\-]-cn-l-c-W-Øn-\p≈ Iq´mb Bkq-XWw

* ]cn-I¬∏\/Dulw cq]o-I-cn-°¬

* X¥-߃? Sqfp-Iƒ? hy‡n-KXw/Kq∏v? XpS-ßn-bh

* hnh-c-ti-J-cWw

* hnh-c-߃ tImUo-I-cn-°¬

* tImUo-I-cn® hnh-c-߃ A]-K-Yn-°¬

* Xncn-®-dn-hp-Iƒ ]¶p-h-bv°¬

* \nK-a\w cq]o-I-cn-°¬

* Ah-X-cn-∏n-°¬

* t]mPIvSv dnt∏m¿´v Xbm-dm-°¬

8

$ ChnsS ]iv\-]-cn-l-c-W-Øn\v/]T-\-Øn\v kzoI-cn® coXn GXmWv?

imkvX-Øns‚ coXn- -e- y-amb sXfn-hp-I-fp-sSbpw hnh-c-ß-fp-sSbpw

ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kq£va hni-I-e\w \SØn \nK-a-\-ß-fn¬ FØn-

t®-cp∂ coXn.

kmaq-ly-imkvX ]T-\-Øns‚ a‰v kz`mh khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-߃, So®¿ sSIvÃv

F∂nh hni-I-e\w sNbvXv Is≠-Øq.

1.3 kmaqly imkvXw˛hym]vXn

kmaq-ly-im-kvX-Ønse D≈-S-°hpw kmaq-ly-im-kvX-Ønse hnhn[ D]-hn-j-b-߃, Ah

XΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]-c-_-‘w F∂nh hniIe\w sNømw.

1.3.1 kmaq-ly-im-kvX-Ønse D≈-S°w

ss]adn kmaq-ly-imkvX ]mT-]p-kvX-I-߃ \n߃ hnhn[ Kq∏p-I-fn-embn hni-I-e\w

sNøq. CXn¬ Dƒt®¿∂n-´p≈ hnhn[ kmaq-ly-imkvX hnj-b-߃ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øq.

hnjbw ¢m v bqWn‰v N¿® sNø-s∏-Sp∂

Bi-b-߃

NcnXw

`qanimkvXw

kmºØnIimkvXw

kaqlimkvXw

cmjvSX¥w

Hmtcm ¢m n-sebpw hnhn[ kmaq-ly-imkvX hnj-b-ß-fn¬ N¿® sNø-s∏-Sp∂ Bi-b-

߃ Is≠-Øn-b-t√m. Hmtcm ¢m n-sebpw kmaqly imkvX-hn-j-b-ß-fpsS hym]vXn a\-

kn-em-bnt√? AtXm-sSm∏w ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ß-fn-eqsS hnj-b-ß-fpsS hym]vXn \n¿W-bn-®n-cn-

°p-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂pw Xncn-®-dn-™-t√m.

kmaq-ly-im-kvX-Ønse hnhn[ D]hnj-b-߃ XΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]c _‘w

ss]adn ¢m p-I-fnse kmaq-ly-imkvXØn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈ hnhn[ hnj-b-߃

Gh-sb∂v \n߃ I≠p-I-gn-™p. Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ Imcy-߃IqSn ]cn-tim-[n-°q.

$ Hmtcm D]hnj-bhpw Fß-s\-bmWv _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂Xv?

$ hnhn[ hnj-b-ßsf DZvK-Yn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xns‚ bp‡n F¥m-bn-cn-°pw?

$ N¿® sNø-s∏-Sp∂ Bi-b-߃ ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ \ne-hm-c-Øn\v tbmPn-®-XmtWm?

$ kmaq-ly-im-kvX-Ønse F√m-hn-j-b-ßfpw F√m-bvt∏mgpw Xpey-]-cn-K-W-\-bn¬ hc-

W-sa-∂pt≠m?

kmaq-ly-im-kvX-Ønse GsX-¶nepw Hcp Bi-b-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´

DZvK-Y\ km[yX ]cn-tim-[n-°q.

9

Hcp kvIqƒ hnj-b-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ Ncn-Xw, qan-im-kvXw, kmº-Øn-I-im-kvXw,

cmjvS-X-¥w, kaq-l-imkvXw F∂nh Dƒt®¿∂XmWv kmaq-ly-im-kvXw.

ss]adn ]mT-`m-K-ß-fn¬ Hmtcm D]-hn-j-bhpw H‰-s∏´p \n¬°p-∂n-√. ]Tn-Xm-

hns‚ \ne-hmcw ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠pw kaq-lsØ tIμ-am-°nbpw F√m D]-

hn-j-b-ßfpw DZvK-Yn-®mWv Bi-b-߃ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-´p-≈-Xv.

1.3.2hnhn[ kmaq-ly-imkvX hnj-b-ßfpw Ah-bpsS ]mc-kv]-cyhpw

Ncn-Xw-: h¿Ø-am-\-Ime kml-N-cyßsf C∂-se-I-fpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ A]-

K-Yn®v \msf-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v klm-bn-°p∂

]T-\-im-J-bmWv Ncn-Xw. kmaqly Pohn-bmb a\p-jy-≥ Ahs‚ hyh-lm-c-ta-

J-e-I-fn¬ \S-Øp∂ CS-s]-S-ep-I-fneqsS kaq-l-Øn¬ hcp-Øp∂ am‰-ßsf

hni-I-e\w sNbvXv sX‰pw icnbpw t_m[y-s∏-Sm≥ Ncn-X-]-T\w hgn-sbm-cp-°p-

∂p. Imew, ÿew, kaqlw F∂n-h-sb-∏‰n ka-K-amb ho£Wap-≠m-°p-∂-

tXmsSm∏w kaq-l-Øns‚ _lp-ap-J-amb hf¿®-bpsS kºq¿Wamb NnXw

\¬Ip-∂Xn\pw kmaq-ly-imkvX ]T\w klm-b-I-am-Ip-∂p.

`qan-im-kvXw-: -a-\pjy\pw ]Ir-Xnbpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-amWv qan-im-kvX-Øns‚

tIμm-i-bw. ]IrXn ]Xn- m-k-ßfpsS a\p-jy-\pta-ep≈ kzm[o-\hpw a\p-jys‚

CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ `ua ]cn-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ hcp-Øp∂ am‰-ßfpw Xncn-®-dn™v hni-I-

e\w sNøp-∂-Xn-\v qan-im-kvX-]-T\w klm-bn-°p-∂p. CØcw ]Xn-`m-k-ßsf

\nco-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw, A]-K-Yn-°p-∂-Xn\pw ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£-Ww, kpÿn-c-

hn-I-k\w F∂o Bi-b-߃ kzmwio-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw qan-im-kvX-]-T\w sIm≠p

Ign-bp∂p.

kmº-Øn-I-im-kvXw-: -D¬∏m-Z\w, hnX-cWw, D]-t`m-Kw, kº-Øns‚ hnX-cWw

F∂nhbv°v a\p-jy\ptaep≈ kzm[o\sØ kw_-‘n® ]T-\-amWv kmº-Øn-

I-im-kvXw. `qan-bnse hn`hßfpsS \oXn]q¿hIhpw imkvXobhpamb hnX-c-

Whpw D]-t`m-Khpw Dd-∏m-°p∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ kmº-ØnI ho£Ww hnZym¿Yn-

I-fn¬ hf¿Øm-\p-X-Ip-∂-XmWv kmº-Øn-I-im-kvX-]-T-\w. \ne-hn-ep≈ hn`-h-

߃ ^e-]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-Knt°≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-IX Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw ]tbm-

K-Øn¬ hcp-Øm\pw kmºØnIimkvX]T\w sIm≠v km[y-am-Ip-∂p.

cmjvS-X-¥w : P\-X, cmjvSw, `c-W-Iaw XpS-ßn-b-h-sb-°p-dn-®p-≈-]-T-\-amWv

cmjvS-X-¥w. cmjvSw, cmjvS-cq-]o-I-c-WsØ kzm[o-\n-°p∂ LS-I-߃, `c-

W-Iq-Sw, `c-W-co-Xn, `c-Wm-[n-]-∑m¿, kwhn-[m-\-߃, Xnc-s™-Sp∏v coXn, Npa-

X-e-Iƒ F∂nhtbmsSm∏w ]ucs‚ Ah-Im-i-ßfpw IS-a-Ifpw IqSn cmjvS-X-

¥w N¿® sNøp-∂p. hnhn[ `cWcq]-ß-sfbpw ÿm\-ß-sfbpw hni-I-e-\w

sNøm\pw Ahsb a\pjy ]ptcm-K-Xn-°mbn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xn\v Bh-

iy-amb CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ \S-Øm\pw cmjvS-X-¥-]-T\w klm-bn-°p-∂p.

10

kaq-l-imkvXw: am\h kaq-l-Øns‚ LS-\m-]-c-amb Xe-ßsf kw_-‘n®

hnh-c-Wm-fl-Ihpw hni-I-e-\m-fl-I-hp-amb hn⁄m-\-im-J-bmWv kaq-l-im-kvXw.

a\pjykaq-l-Ønse hnhn[ BNm-c-߃, A\p-jvTm-\-߃, kmaq-ly-_-‘-߃,

\nba߃ F∂n-hbpw Ah kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-Ønep≠m-°n-bn-´p≈ am‰-ß-fpw

kaq-l-imkvXw ]T\ hnt[-b-am-°p-∂p. kmaqly-L-S-I-ßsf hni-I-e\w sNbvXv

kz¥w kaq-l-sØ°p-dn®v hkvXp-\n-jvT-amb ImgvN-∏mSv cq]o-I-cn-°m\pw kmaq-

ly-am-‰-Øn¬ kz¥w ]¶v Xncn-®-dn™v \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°m\pw kaq-l-

im-kvX-]-T\w klm-b-I-am-Ip-∂p.

hnhn[ hnjbßfpsS ]T\e£yßfpw Bibßfpw Db¿∂ ¢m pIfn¬ thdn´p

]Tn°p∂psh¶nepw Chsbm∂pw H‰s∏´p\n¬°p∂hb√. cmjvSX¥Øn¬

A[nImcLS\sb°pdn®v ]Tn°Wsa¶n¬ AXns‚ NcnX ]›mØehpw A[nImcw

cq]s∏´phcm\nSbm°nb `qanimkvX]camb LSIßfpw hniIe\w sNtø≠Xp≠v.

AtXmsSm∏w kmaqly _‘ßfpw D¬∏mZ\ LSIßfpw _‘s∏SpØns°m≠pamXta

cmjvSØnse A[nImcLS\sbIpdn®v ]Tn°m\mhq. Cßs\ kmaqlyimkvX

hnjbßfn¬ ]ckv]c _‘hpw XpS¿®bpw ImWm\mhpw.

kmaq-ly-im-kvX-]-T\ e£yw

kmaq-ly-am-‰-ß-fn¬ ]¶m-fn-bm-Ip-∂-tXm-sSm∏w kaq-lsØ apt∂m´p \bn-°pI F∂ DØ-

c-hm-ZnXzw \nd-th-‰m≥ hy‡nsb ]m]vX-\m-°p-I-sb-∂Xv kmaq-ly-im-kvX-]-T-\-Øns‚

BXy-¥nI e£y-am-Wv. CXn-\mbn IrXy-amb \ne-]m-Sp-I-fn¬ Dd®p \n∂v kaq-lsØ

t\m°n-°m-Wm\pw A\n-hm-cy-amb CS-s]-S-ep-I-fn-eqsS kmaqly\ho-I-c-W-Øn¬ `mK-`m-

°m-Ip∂-Xn\pw Bh-iy-amb [mc-W-Iƒ at\m- m-h-߃, aqey-߃, ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ F∂nh

Hmtcm hy‡n-bnepw hf¿∂p htc-≠-Xp-≠v. h¿Ø-am-\-Im-e kmaq-ln-I kmº-Øn-I cmjvSo-

b-kml-N-cy-߃, t\cn-Sp∂ ]iv\-߃, sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ F∂nh hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂-Xn\pw

KpWm-flI CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ \S-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ ]m]vXn-bmWv kmaqlyimkvX-

]T\ØneqsS ]Tn-Xm-hn\v e`n-°p-∂-Xv. Cu ImgvN-∏m-tSmsSbmWv kmaq-ly-im-kvX-]-T-t\m-

t±-iy-߃ \n¿W-bn-®n-´p-≈Xv.

]c-kv]cw ]q¿W-ambn th¿Xn-cn-°m-hp-∂-X-s√¶nepw kuI-cy-Øn-\p-th≠n kmaq-ly-

imkvX]T-t\m-t±-iy-ßsf hy‡n-]-cw, kmaq-ly-hpw kmw-kvIm-cn-Ihpw, hnZym-`ym-k-]cw

F∂n-ßs\ Xcw-Xn-cn-°mw.

hy‡n-]cw

$ a\p-jy\pw ]]-©hpw XΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]-c-_‘w Xncn-®-dn-™v kaql hnImk

]In-b-bn¬ Cu ]mc-kv]cyØns‚ ]k‡n t_m[y-s∏-Sp-ØpI.

$ a\pjykaqlhf¿®-bpsS Hmtcm L´-Ønepw hf¿∂ph∂ A[n-Im-c-cq-]-߃, `c-

W-I-aw, `c-W-Iq-S-߃ Ch-sb-°p-dn-®v ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn\pw \nK-a-\-߃ cq]-s∏-Sp-

Øp∂Xn\pw klm-bn-°pI.

$ kº-Øns‚ D¬∏m-Z-\w, hnX-c-Ww, kmº-ØnI _‘-߃ F∂nh Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-

Xn\pw s]mXp-k-aq-l-Øn\v KpW-I-c-amb hn[-Øn¬ Cu kmº-ØnI _‘-ßsf

am‰n-Øo¿°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ°v Ah-kcw \¬Ip-I.

11

$ ]]-©w, `qan, ]IrXn hn`-h-߃ Chbpw a\p-jys‚ A\n-b-¥n-X-amb CS-s]-

S¬ aqe-ap-≠m-Ip∂ ]mcnÿn-XnI ]iv\-߃ F∂n-hbpw kmaq-ly-L-S-\-bpsS

hnIm-khpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w, kaq-l-hn-Im-k-]-In-b-bn¬ kmº-ØnI _‘-

߃°p≈ ÿm\w F∂n-h-sb-Ipdn®p≈ [mc-W-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°pI. ]IrXn kwc-

£-W-Øns‚ Bh-iy-IX Xncn-®-dn-bp-I.

$ P\m-[n-]-Xyw, kmaq-ln-I-\o-Xn, aX-\n-c-t]-£X XpS-ßnb P\m-[n-]-Xy-aqey߃

Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w Ahsb kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ at\m-`mhw hf¿Øn-sb-

Sp-°p-I.

$ ]m¿iz-h¬°-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ P\-hn-`mKsØ°pdn®pw, Zcn-Z-h¬°-cW ]In-b-

sb°pdn®pw [mc-W-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°m\pw \oXn-bp-‡-amb kmaq-ly-hy-hÿbv°v

th≠n \ne-sIm-≈m\pw ]m]vX-cm-°p-I.

$ kmaq-ly-hni-I-e-\-Øn\v kml-b-I-amb hnhn[ kmaq-ly-imkvX hnj-b-ß-fpw Ah-

bpsS coXn-imkvXhpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-SpI.

kmaq-ly-hpw kmw-kvIm-cnIhpw

* hnhn[ kmaq-ly, kmº-Øn-I, cmjvSob ÿm]-\-߃ a\p-jy-Po-hn-XsØ klm-bn-

°p-Ibpw \nb-¥n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ coXn-I-ƒ \nco-£n-°p-∂-Xn\pw e-]-Z-am-°p-∂-

Xn\pap≈ Ignhv t\Sp-I.

* kmwkv°m-cn-I-ss]-XrIØn¬ A`n-am-\n-°m\pw Ah ImØp-kq-£n-°m-\pap≈ at\m-

`mhw hf¿ØpI.

* kmaq-ly-˛-km-º-ØnI ]p\x-kr-jvSn-bn¬ A¿∏W _p≤n-tbm-Sp-IqSn ]¶m-fn-I-fm-IpI.

* am\p-jn-I-_-‘-ß-fpsS aqeyw Xncn-®-dn-bp-I.

* kln-jvWp-Xbpw kzmwio-I-cW £a-Xbpw kam-[m-\hpw sFIyhpw P\-ß-fn¬

hf¿Øn al-Ømb cmjvSw krjvSn-°m-sa∂ hnizmkw ]Tn-Xm-°-fn¬ hf¿ØpI.

* `c-W-L-S-\maq-ey-ß-fpsS Dƒ°-cpØv Xncn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw ]men-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I. `c-

W-L-S\ hn`m-h\w sNbvXn-´p≈ BZ¿i-ß-fpsS t]m’m-l\w kmaq-ly-im-kvX-]-T-

\-Øns‚ e£y-am-Wv.

hnZym-`ym-k-]cw

* hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-e-£y-߃ km£m-XvI-cn-°pI.

* kmaq-lnI ss\]p-Wn-I-fpsS hnI-k-\-Øn\v Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°p-I.

* kmaq-ly-hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn-\p≈ Ah-kcw Hcp-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w kmaq-lnI ]h¿Ø-\-

ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sm-\p≈ ss\]p-Wnbpw at\m-`m-hhpw hnI-kn-∏n-°p-I.

* Xs‚ Np‰p]mSp-I-fp-ambn _‘n-∏n®v ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ kzm`m-hnI ]T-\-Øn\pw

hf¿®bv°pw Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°pI.

* kam-[m\w \ne-\n¿Øm-\p≈ at\m-`mhw hnI-kn-∏n-°p-Ibpw AXn-\mbn ]h¿Øn-

°m≥ t]cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

12

* ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£-W-]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ Bh-iy-IX t_m[y-s∏´v AXp-ambn _‘-

s∏´ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-Im≥ klm-bn-°p-∂p.

* icn-bmb kmaq-ly-Im-gv®-∏mSpw ]mcn-ÿn-XnI Ah-t_m-[hpw hf¿Øp-∂-Xn-\p-X-Ip∂

[mc-W-Iƒ, at\m-`m-h-߃, aqey-߃, ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ F∂nh kzmb-Ø-am-°p-I.

a\p-jys‚ ASn-ÿm\ Bh-iy-߃ \nd-th-‰p-∂-Xn-\p≈ kwhn-[m-\-߃ Imcy-£-ahpw

^e-]-Z-hp-am-I-Ww. kmaq-ly-im-kvX-]-T\w e£y-an-Sp-∂Xpw CXp-X-s∂-bm-Wv. Xmsg-X-∂n-

cn-°p∂ UbKw ]cn-tim-[n-®v Xncn-®-dn-tb-≠-Xp-≠v.

Instractional Components of Social Science at School Level

Woman’s/Man’s Basic Needs

Man’s Basic Activities

Production &Consumption

Government&

Organisations

Transport &Communica-

tions

Asthetic andReligion etc.

Education &Recreation

Social Science

History Geography Politics Social Science Economics etc Psychology, Anthropol-ogy, Ethics

History, Geogrphy, Economics,Politics, Social Science

At Upper Primary Stage

Ah-ew_w

NIOs DEl.Ed. Social Science

13

1. 5, 6, 7 ¢m p-I-fnse kmaq-ly-imkvX ]mT-]p-kvX-I-߃, So®¿ sSIvÃv Ch ]cn-tim-

[n®v kmaq-ly-im-kvX-Øns‚ kz`mhw hy‡-am-°p∂ Hcp ]T-\-]-h¿Ø\w Xbm-

dm°pI kmaq-ly-im-kvX-]-T-\-Øns‚ kz`m-hsØ°pdn®v Hcp Ipdn∏pw Xbm-dm-°q.

2. imkvX-Øns‚ coXn-bmWv kmaq-ly-imkvX ]T-\-Øn\v kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xv. CXv hy‡-

am-°p∂ Hcp ]T-\-]-h¿Ø\w Xbm-dm°n ¢m n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n®v ]h¿Ø-\-L- -߃

]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øq.

3. Hcp kvIqƒ hnj-b-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ Ncn-Xw, qan-im-kvXw, kmº-ØnI imkvXw, cmjvS-

X-¥w, kaq-l-im-kvXw F∂nh Dƒt®¿∂XmWv kmaq-ly-im-kvXw. Cu ]kvXm-h-

\sb Ct∏m¬ \ne-hn-ep≈ ss]adn kmaq-ly-im-kvX-]m-T-]p-kvX-I-ßsf ASn-ÿm-

\-am°n hne-bn-cp-Øq.

4. kmaq-ly-im-kvX-Ønse hnhn[ D]-hn-j-b-߃ XΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]-c-_‘w bp.]n.-

¢m- p-I-fnse kmaq-ly-imkvX ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ß-fnse GsX-¶nepw Hcp Bi-bsØ

Ah-Xcn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v ]Xn-I-cn-°q.

XpS¿]h¿Ø-\-߃

kvIqƒ ]mTy]≤-Xn-bn¬ kmaq-ly-im-kvX-]-T-\-Øns‚ ]k-‡nsb ASn-ÿm-\-am°n

¢m n¬ Hcp Kq∏v N¿® kwL-Sn-∏n-°q.

kmaq-ly-imkvX ]T-\-Øns‚ e£yw hnhn[ hmb-\m-km-a-K-I-fn¬ \n∂v Is≠Øn UnPn-

‰¬ ]k-t‚-j≥ Xbm-dm-°q.

kmaq-ly-im-kvX-Ønse hnhn[ D]-hn-j-b-ß-fpsS ]mc-kv]cyw Hcp D]-hn-j-b-Ønse Hcp

Bi-bsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n sF.kn.-‰n. klm-b-tØmsS GsX-¶nepw Hcp kt¶Xw D]-

tbm-Kn®v Hcp ]h¿Ø\w Xøm-dm-°q.

Reference

Teaching of Social Studies - S.K.Kochhar

Teaching of Social Studies - Mangal S.K.

Teaching of Social Studies - R.P. Pathak

Trends and Developments in SocialScience Education - Ismail Thamarassery

National Curriculum Framework 2005

tIcf ]mTy-]-≤Xn N´-°qSv 2011 ˛ Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.-Sn.

kmaq-ly-imkvXw T.B. - Std. V, VI, VII, VIII

kmaq-ly-imkvXw H.B - Std. V, VI, VII, VIII

1

bqWn‰v - 2

t_m[\ X¥-ßfpw hn\n-ab kao-]-\hpw

]T-\-t\- -߃

$ kmaq-ly-imkvX ]T\-Øns‚ ]k-‡n, coXn-imkvXw F∂nh hni-Z-am-°p-∂p.

$ ]Tn-Xm-hv, ]In-b, A[ym-]nI F∂n-hbv°v kmaq-ly-im-kvX-]-T-\-Øn-ep-ff ]¶v

hymJym-\n-°p-∂p.

$ kmaqlyimkvX-hn-\n-ab kao-]\w Xncn-®-dn™v khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.

][m-\m-i-b-߃

$ kmaq-ly-im-kvX-]-T\w ˛ F¥n-\v, Fßs\, ]T-\-]-In-b, ]Tn-Xm-hv, A[ym-]n-I,

]T\]h¿Ø\w

$ ][m\ kmaq-ly-im-kvX-t_m-[\ coXn-Iƒ

$ kmaqlyimkvX-hn-\n-ab kao-]\w

˛ ]Tn-Xmhv tIμo-IrXw

˛ ]h¿Ø\m[n-jvTnXw

˛ ]cn-k-c-_-‘nXw

˛ ]ivt\m\znX kao-]\w

˛ At\z-jWmflIw

˛ ⁄m\ \n¿an-Xn-bn-eq-∂n-bXv

˛ hna¿i-\m-flI Nn¥ hf¿Øp-∂-Xv.

kmaq-ly- - u-XnI ]cn-ÿn-Xn-I-fpsS ]mckv]cysØ°pdn-®p-ff imkvXob ]T-\-am-Wt√m

kmaq-ly-im-kvXw. kaq-l-Øns‚ hf¿®-sbbpw ]ptcm-K-Xn-sbbpw kzm[o-\n-°p∂ LS-I-

ßsf√mw Xs∂ kmaqlyimkvX-Øns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬ Dƒs°m-t≈-≠-Xp-≠v. a\p-jys‚

DZm-Ø-amb kmaqly Pohn-X-Øn\v DØ-a-amb ASn-Ød ]Wn-bp-∂-Xn\v kmaq-ly-im-kvX-

]-T\w A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. AXn-\mbn Hcp ]mTy-hn-j-b-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ kmaq-ly-im-kvXsØ

hn\n-abw sNtø-≠-Xp-≠v. kmaq-ly-imkvX ]T-\-Øns‚ ]k-‡n, coXn-im-kvXw, ]Tn-

Xm-hv, ]T-\-]-In-b, A[ym-]n-I, Ip´n-Iƒ F∂o LS-I-߃°v kmaq-ly-imkvX ]T-\-Øn-

ep-ff ]¶v, kmaq-ly-imkvXhn\n-ab kao-]-\w, ]T-\-X-¥-߃ XpS-ßnb hnj-b-ß-fmWv

Cu bqWn-‰n-eqsS N¿® sNøp-∂-Xv.

2.1 kmaq-ly-im-kvX-]-T-\-Øns‚ ]k‡n

""am\p-jnI _‘-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-ff ]T-\-amWv tkmjy¬ kb≥kv'' ˛ Jarolimek

"" kmaqly ]Xn-]-h¿Ø\߃°p Imc-W-am-Ip∂ `uXn-Ihpw `uXn-tI-X-c-hp-amb tNmZ-

I-߃ Htc kabw \S-Øp∂ ]c-kv]c ]h¿Ø-\-ßsf AwKo-I-cn-°p∂ ]T-\-hn-⁄m\

imJ-I-fmWv kmaq-ly-im-kvX-߃'' ˛ Pbnwkv ssl (James High)

2

kmaq-ly-im-kvXsØ kw_-‘n® Cu \n¿h-N\ßsf√mw hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xv a\p-jy≥ CS-

s]-Sp∂ F√m taJ-e-I-sfbpw kmaq-ly-imkvXw Dƒs°m-f-fp-∂p-sh-∂mWv. a\p-jy-k-aq-

l-Øns‚ hf¿®-bp-sSbpw ]ptcm-K-Xn-bp-sSbpw Ncn-X-߃, CS-s]-Sp∂ uXnI ]cnkcw,

kmaq-ly-]-cn-kcw, kmº-ØnI _‘-߃, P\m-[n-]Xy kwhn-[m-\-߃ XpSßn hnhn[

taJ-e-I-fmWv kmaq-ly-imkvXw ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°p-∂-Xv. kmaq-ly-im-kvX-Ønse hnhn-

[-ß-fmb taJ-e-I-fpsS/hnj-b-ß-fpsS ]c-kv]-c-_‘w IqSn Xncn-®-dn-bp-tºm-gmWv \ΩpsS

Nn¥-Iƒ kaKXbn-te°pw ]q¿W-X-bn-te°pw \bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

$ C∂sØ kaqlw ]n∂n´ hgn-Iƒ ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS shfn-s∏-Sp∂ Xncn-®-

dn-hp-I-fmWv mhn cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v am¿K-Z¿i-I-ß-fm-bn-Øo-cp-∂-Xv. Ign™ Ime-

kw-`-h-߃ kaq-l-Øn¬ hcp-Ønb am‰-ßsf∏-‰n-bp≈ ˛ `c-W-co-Xn-Iƒ, kmaq-ly-

_-‘-߃, sXmgn¬ taJ-e-Iƒ, kmwkvIm-cnI cwKw XpS-ßn-bh Xncn-®-dnhv mhnsb

Icp-∏n-Sn-∏n-°m≥ ]cym-]vX-am-Ipw. kmaq-lnI am‰-ß-fn¬ ]¶m-fn-bm-Ip-∂-tXm-sSm∏w

kaq-lsØ apt∂m´p \bn-°p-I-sb∂ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xzhpw Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw \nd-tht‰≠-

Xp-≠v.

$ `qanbpw a\p-jy\pw XΩn-ep-ff _‘w ˛ `qan, Pew, hmbp, Imem-hÿ, `qhn-`m-K-

߃, ua-]-Xn- m-k-߃ F∂n-hsb kw_-‘n-®p-ff [mc-W-Ifpw AXn-t∑-ep-ff a\p-

jys‚ CS-s]-S-ep-Ifpw ˛ Poh-cm-in-bpsS \ne-\n¬∏ns\ Fß-s\-sb√mw kzm[o-\n-

°p-∂p-sh∂p Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p. Cu Xncn-®-dnhv ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£-W-Øns‚ Bh-iy-

IX t_m[y-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\pw ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£W ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-te¿s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\v

t]cn-∏n-°m\pw klm-b-I-amIpw.

$ kaql hf¿®-bp-sSbpw hnIm-k-Øn-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm\ Imc-W-ß-fn¬ H∂mb kmº-

ØnI LS-I-߃ ]In-b-Iƒ, ÿm]-\-߃, kwhn-[m-\-߃ ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°p-

∂Xv kmaqlyim-kvX-am-Wv. kmº-ØnI _‘-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ (D¬∏m-Z-\w, D]-t`m-

Kw, hnX-c-Ww) ]T\w km[y-am-°p-∂p.

$ P\m-[n-]Xy cW kwhn-[m-\-߃, coXn-Iƒ, ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ F∂nh a‰p cW coXn-

I-fp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøp-∂-Xn\pw P\m-[n-]Xy `cW Ia-Øn¬ kz¥w IS-a-Iƒ,

DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-߃, Ah-Im-i-߃ F∂nh Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂Xn\pw kmaq-ly-imkvX ]T-

\-Øn-eqsS km[y-am-Ip-∂p.

$ hyXykvX kaq-l-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw Hmtcm kaq-l-Øn\pw \nc-¥-c-ambn kw`-hn-®p-sIm-

≠n-cn-°p∂ am‰-ß-fpw kmaq-ly-imkvXw hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂p.

$ hnhn[ kaq-l-ß-fnse kmwkvIm-cnI sshPmXyw Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn\pw thjw, mj,

BNm-c-߃, A\p-jvTm-\-߃, Pohn-X-coXn, kaql ÿm]-\-߃, Bcm-[\ kº-

Zm-b-߃ ˛ Ah-bnse kzm`m-hnIX AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ at\m-`mhw P\n-∏n-

°p-∂-Xn\pw kmaq-ly-im-kvX-]-T\w hgn-sbm-cp-°p-∂p. Npcp-°-Øn¬

a\p-jy≥ CS-s]-Sp∂ F√m taJ-e-Ifpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\pw kaq-l-Øn¬ kz¥w

ÿm\hpw Npa-X-e-Ifpw Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn\pw kmaq-ly-im-kvX-]-T\w hgn-sbm-cp-°p-

∂p. kmaq-ly-t_m-[-ap-≈, P\m-[n-]-Xy-aq-ey-߃ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Hcp Xe-ap-dbv°v cq]w

\evIm≥ kmaq-ly-im-kvX-]-T-\sØ Gsd Kuc-h-tØmsS ImtW-≠-Xp-≠v.

3

2.2 kmaq-ly-imkvX ]T-\-coXn

kmaq-ly-imkvX ]T-\-Øns‚ mK-ambn ]mtZ-inI NcnXcN\ \S-tØ-≠-Xp-≠-t√m. Cu

]h¿Ø\w Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n Fs¥√mw Xbm-sd-Sp-∏p-Iƒ \S-tØ-≠-Xp≠v?

$ \n¿ZnjvS ]tZ-i-Øns‚ `qan-im-kvX-]-c-amb ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°-Ww.

$ e`y-amb hnhc tkmX- p-Isf kw_-‘n®v [mcW cq]o-I-cn-°-Ww. NcnX tijn-∏p-

Iƒ, NcnXkvam-c-I-߃, tcJ-Iƒ, sFXn-ly-߃, apXn¿∂-hcpsS Adn-hp-Iƒ, A\p-

`-h-߃, alXvhy‡n-Xz-ßsf kw_-‘n® hnh-c-߃ XpS-ßn-b-h-sbms° hnhc

tkmX- mbn kzoI-cn-t°≠n hcpw.

$ hnhc tiJ-c-W-Øn-\mbn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp∂ ^e-]-Z-amb X¥-߃ Xocp-am-

\n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. \nco-£-Ww, A`n-ap-J-߃, tcJ-I-fpsS ]cn-tim-[\ XpSßn DNn-X-

amb X¥-߃ Gh-sb∂p Xocp-am-\n-°-Ww.

$ hnhctiJ-cW coXn Fß-s\-bm-I-W-sa∂ Xocp-am-\hpw ][m\amWv. kwL-]-

h¿Ø\amsW-¶n¬ Hmtcm kwL-Ønepw FX-t]-cp-≠m-I-Ww, Hmtcm Kq∏pw ]cn-K-

Wn-t°≠ hnhc-tkm-X- p-Iƒ Gh F∂n--ßs\ kuI-cy-]-Z-amb coXn-Iƒ

kzoIcnt°≠n hcpw.

$ tiJ-cn® hnh-c-ßsf NcnX cN-\bv°v A\p-tbm-Py-amb coXn-bn¬ Xcw Xncn-°-Ww.

tImUo-I-cn-°-Ww.

$ tImUo-IrX hn-h-cßsf hni-I-e\w sNøp-Ibpw C∂sØ Ime-L-´-hp-ambn Xmc-

Xayw sNbvXv \nK-a-\-߃ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw thWw.

$ ]q¿Whpw imkvXo-b-hp-amb tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øepw A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.

$ skan-\m¿, kmaq-ly-am-[y-a-߃, ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-߃ XpS-ßn-b-h-bn-eqsS hn\n-abw

sNøp-I-bp-am-Imw.

Cu ]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ Hmtcm L´--Ønepw So®-dns‚ \nco-£-Ww, CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ, ssIØm-

ßp-Iƒ F∂nh ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ kzX-¥amb ]h¿Ø-\-߃°p klm-b-I-am-I-Ww.

Cu ]mtZ-inI Ncn-X-c-N\ Hcp ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-°m≥ Ign-bptam?

Cu ]h¿Ø\w ]cn-K-Wn-®p-s°m≠v Xmsg-s°m-Sp-Øn- p-ff ]kvXm-h-\-Isf hne-bn-cp-Øq.

A\p-tbm-Py-amb Iq´n-t®¿°-ep-I-fp-am-Imw.

$ Cu ]h¿Ø-\-Øn\v IrXy-amb e£y-ap-≠v.

$ imkvX-Øns‚ coXn-bmWv ]iv\ ]cn-lm-c-Øn\v/]T-\-Øn\v kzoI-cn-®n-´p-f-f-Xv. e`y-

amb hnh-c-ß-fp-sSbpw sXfn-hp-I-fp-tSbpw kq£va hni-I-e-\-Øn-eqsS bp‡n-k-lhpw

B[n-Im-cn-I-hp-amb Is≠-Ø-ep-I-fn¬ FØn-t®-cp-∂XmWv imkvX-Øns‚ coXn.

$ \nco-£-Ww, hnh-c-ti-J-c-Ww-, tiJ-cn® hnh-c-ß-fpsS A\p-tbm-Py-amb coXn-bn-ep-

ff h¿Ko-I-c-Ww, A]-K-Y\w, \nK-a-\-߃ cq]o-I-cn°¬, Ah-bp-sS ]cn-tim-[\,

]T-\- -e-Øns‚ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øepw hn\n-abhpw XpS-ßnb ]Inbm tijn-I-fpsS t]mj-

Whpw ]tbm-K-hpamWv ]h¿Ø-\-Ønepff-Xv.

4

$ kzbw]T-\-Øn\pw, kwL-]-T-\-Øn\pw Ah-k-c-ap-≠v.

$ Adn-hns‚ \n¿an-Xn°v A\p-tbm-Py-amb kμ¿`-ßfmWp-≈-Xv.

$ Bibhn\n-a-b-tijnbpsS hnIm-k-Øn\v Ah-k-c-ap-≠v.

$ Iq´mb ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS alØzw Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\p-ff kml-N-cy-ß-fp-≠v.

$ kmaq-ly-aq-ey-ßfpw P\m-[n-]-Xy-aq-ey-ßfpw kzmwio-I-cn-°m≥ Ah-k-c-ap-≠v.

$ kzX-¥-amb A¥-co-£-Øn¬ Ip´n-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-߃ kwc-£n-°-s∏-´p-sIm-≠p-

ff ]T-\amWp \S-°p-∂-Xv.

$ So®-dns‚ i≤, kμ¿t`m-Nn-Xhpw KpWm-fl-I-hp-amb CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ, ssIØm-ßp-

Iƒ F∂nh ]h¿Ø-\-Øn-epS-\ofw ]Tn-Xm-°ƒ°p e`n-°p-∂p.

kmaq-ly-imkvX ]T-\-co-Xnsb Cßs\ kwK-ln-°mw.

$ Xocp-am-\n-°-s∏-´n-´p-ff e£yw/]T-\-t\´w ssIh-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v imkvX-Øns‚

coXn kzoI-cn-°¬.

$ D≈-S-°-tØm-sSm∏w ]Inbm tijn-Iƒ°pw ]m[m\yw.

$ H‰bv°pw Iq´m-bp-ap-ff ]h¿Ø-\-߃°v Ah-k-cw.

$ kmaq-ly-˛-P-\m-[n-]Xy aqey-߃°v ]ap-J-ÿm-\w.

$ kzX-¥hpw ^e-]-Z-hp-amb ]T-\m-¥-co£w

$ Ip´n-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-߃°p ]cn-K-W\

$ So®-dns‚ KpWm-flI CS-s]-S-ep-Ifpw klm-b-ß-fpw.

\nß-fpsS ]tZ-isØ X]m-em- okn¬ \n∂pw Bh-iy-amb hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn®v C∂sØ

UnPn-‰¬ bpK-Øn¬ X]m-em-^o-kp-I-fpsS ]k-‡nsb kw_‘n®v Hcp teJ\w Xbm-dm-

°pI. X]m¬ kwhn-[m-\-Øns‚ Ncn-Xw, \ne-hnse Ahÿ F∂n-hbpw Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-

Ww. Cu ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kmaq-ly-im-kvX-]-T\ coXn N¿®bv°v

hnt[-b-am-°p-I.

2.3 kmaq-ly--imkvX hn\n-ab kao-]\w

hnj-b-ta-Xm-bmepw ]T\w Bkzm-Zy-am-I-Ww. ]T\w Bkzm-Zy-hpw e-]-Z-hp-am-Ip-∂-Xn\v

Bh-iy-amb LS-I-߃ Xncn-®-dn™v A\p-tbm-Py-amb kμ¿`-߃ Hcp-°-Ww. Ip´n-I-

fpsS \ne-hm-chpw ]Ir-Xhpw ]cn-K-Wn®v e£y-t_m-[-tØmsS Hcp-°p∂ ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-

\-ß-fn¬ Ip´n-Iƒ kPo-h-ambn CS-s]-Sp-sa-∂-Xn¬ X¿°-an-√.

Xmsg sImSp-Øn-´p-ff Hcp ]T-\-]iv\w ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.

]T-\-t\´w: tIc-f-Øns‚ `q]-S-Øn¬ Pn√-I-fpsS ÿm\hpw AXn-cp-Ifpw Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p.

]T-\-]iv\w: Ab¬ kwÿm-\-ßfpambn AXn-cp-]-¶n-Sp∂ FX Pn√-Iƒ tIc-f-Øn-ep≠v?

GsX√mw?

5

Cu ]iv\-Øn\p ]cn-lmcw I≠-coXn Fßs\bmbn-cn°pw?

$ Hmtcm Ip´nbpw Ah-cpsS ap∂-dn-hns‚/A\p-`-h-Øns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬ Dulw tcJ-

s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

$ Dulw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb hgn-Iƒ Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂p.

$ e`y-amb tkmX- n¬/tkmX- p-I-fn¬ \n∂pw Bh-iy-amb hnhcw tiJ-cn-°p-∂p.

(tIc-f-Øns‚ `q]-Sw)

$ tiJ-cn® hnh-c-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kz¥w Dul-Øns‚ icn-sX-‰p-Iƒ t_m[y-

s∏´v Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw icn-bp-Øcw Xncn-®-dn-bp∂p/ Dd-∏n-°p-∂p.

$ Bh-iy-amb tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ \S-Øp-∂p.

ss]adn ¢mkp-I-fnse Ip´n-Iƒ Cu ]h¿Ø\w kPo-h-ambn Gs‰-Sp-°ptam? F¥p-sIm≠v?

Cu ]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.

$ ]iv\w ]T\t\´w Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn\p ]cym-]vX-am-bn-cp-∂pthm? (]ivt\m-\znXw)

$ Ip´n-bpsS \ne-hm-cw, ]IrXw (Pn⁄m-k, Ne-\m-fl-I-X, kzmX-¥y... Iq´mb

]h¿Ø\ Xm¬∏-cyw, AwKo-Im-c-e-_v[n) F∂nh ]cn-K-Wn-®n-´pt≠m? (]Tn-Xm-hp-

tI-μnXw)

$ kzbw ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-te¿s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\v Ah-k-c-ß-fpt≠m? (]h¿Ø-\m-[n-jvTn-Xw)

$ GsX√mw ]Inbmtijn-I-fmWv Cu ]h¿Ø\Øn¬ Dƒt®¿∂n-´p-f-fXv? (]In-

bm-_-‘n-Xw)

$ e`y-amb ]cn-k-csØ / ]T-\-km-a-Kn-Isf/ hnhc tkmX-kp-Isf/ .. D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-

Øm≥ Ah-k-c-apt≠m? (]cn-k-c-_-‘n-Xw)

$ IrXy-amb ]T-\-t\´w \n¿hNn-°-s∏-´n-´pt≠m? (]T-\-t\-´-tI-μnXw)

$ Cu ]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ sF.kn.Sn km[yX FX-tØm-f-ap≠v? (sF.kn.Sn A[n-jvTn-

Xw)

kmaq-ly-im-kvX-hn-\n-ab kao-]\w Cßs\ kwK-ln-°mw.

$ ]ivt\m\znXw, At\z-j-Wm-flIw

$ ]Tn-Xm-hp-tI-μnXw

tIcfw

Pn√ AXn-cp-Iƒ

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

sIm√w

6

$ ]h¿Ø-\m-[n-jvTnXw

$ ]cn-k-c-_-‘nXw

$ ]Inbm _‘nXw

$ ]T-\-t\´ tIμnXw

$ sF.kn.‰n A[n-jvTnXw

2.4 ][m\ kmaq-ly-imkvX hn\n-ab coXn-Iƒ/X¥-߃

kmaq-ly-imkvX hn\n-abkao-]\w ]cn-K-Wn-®m-IWw kmaq-ly-im-kvX-hn\n-ab X¥-߃

kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xv. ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ \ne-hm-cw, ]IrXw F∂nh ]cn-K-Wn®p \¬Ip∂ ]T-

\]-iv\w ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn\p ]Tn-Xm-hn\v t]cn-∏n-°p-∂XmI-Ww. ]cn-lmc am¿K-߃

H‰bv°pw Iq´mbpw Bcm-bp-∂-Xn\pw \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ah-k-c-ap-≠m-I-Ww. Ip´n-Iƒ°p

]c-kv]cw N¿® sNøp-∂-Xn\pw ]In-bm-ti-jn-Iƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw A\p-tbm-

Py-amb ]T-\m-¥-co£w ¢mkn\v Df-fnepw ]pdØpw e`y-am-I-Ww.

]cn-k-c-sØbpw a‰p hnh-c-tkm-X- p-I-sfbpw btY-jvSw Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\pw D]-tbm-

K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw Ah-kcw e`n-°-Ww. Chsbms° ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠p kzoI-cn-°m-hp-

∂-Nne ]T-\-X-¥-߃ Xmsg sImSp-°p-∂p.

$ eLp-t]m-P-IvSp-Iƒ

$ cN-\-Iƒ ˛ D]-\ym-kw, teJ-\w, ]_‘w, k¿KkrjvSn-Iƒ

$ N¿®m cq]-߃

˛ Kq∏p-N¿®

˛ skan-\m¿

˛ kntºm-knbw

˛ Unt_‰v

$ eLp ]T-\-߃

$

]T-\-]-iv\-ß-fpsS ]cn-lm-c-Øn-\mbn hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. hnh-c-ti-J-cW-Øn-

\mbn Xmsg ]d-bp∂ X¥-߃ kμ¿t`m-Nn-X-ambn ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

$ d^-d≥knMv

$ _bn≥ tÃmanMv

$ \nco-£-W-߃

$ A`n-ap-J-߃

$ k¿thIƒ

$ tiJ-c-߃

$ kvamc-I-߃

7

$ Ncn-X-ti-jn-∏p-Iƒ

$ ]T-\-bm-X-Iƒ

$

$

]T-\-^-e-ß-fpsS hym]vXn \n›-bn-°m-\p-X-Ip∂ Hcp D]-I-c-W-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v

]T\ ]h¿Ø-\-߃°p-th≠n ]mT-]p-kvX-I-sØbpw DNn-X-ambn ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-

Xp≠v.

2.5 kmaq-ly-im-kvX-]-T-\hpw ]Tn-Xm-°fpw

Ip´n-Iƒ P∑-\m-Xs∂ hyXykvX Ign-hp-I-fpsS DS-a-I-fm-sW∂ t_m[y-tØmsS Ah-tcmSv

CS-s]-tS-≠-Xp-≠v.

]Tn-Xm-°ƒ P∑\m Kth-j-I-cm-Wv. F∂m¬ Ah¿,

$ hyXykvX ]T\ thK-X-bp-f-f-h-cmWv.

$ ]T-\-co-Xn-I-fn¬ hyXy-kvX-cmWv

$ `uXnI ˛ ]T-\-km-l-N-cy-ß-fpsS e`y-X-bn¬ hyXy-kvX-cm-Wv.

$ hyXykvX A\p-`-h-ß-fn-eqsS IS∂p hcp-∂-hcpw hyXykvX am\-kn-Im-h-ÿbv°v

DS-a-I-fp-am-bn-cn-°pw.

C°m-c-W-ß-fm¬ Hmtcm ]Tn-Xm-hn\pw e`n-t°≠ ssIØmßpw ]cn-K-W-\bpw

hyXykvXambn-cn-°pw. ]T-\-k-μ¿`-߃ Hcp-°p-tºmƒ Ah-cpsS ]tXy-I-X-Ifw ]cn-an-Xn-

Ifpw ]cn-K-Wn-°msX ]T-\m-\p-`--h-߃ ^e-]-Z-am-°m≥ So®¿°p km[y-a-√.

2.6 kmaq-lyimkvX-]-T-\hpw So®dpw

kmaq-ly-im-kvX-]-T-\-Øn-eqsS e£y-an-Sp∂ Bib [mc-W-Iƒ, Ign-hp-Iƒ, aqey-߃,

at\m-`m-h-߃ F∂nh bmYm¿Yy-am-°p-∂-Xn¬ So®-dns‚ ]¶v hfsc hep-Xm-Wv. Hcp

kmaq-ly-imkvX So®¿,

$ kmaq-ly-imkvX hnj-b-ß-fpsS D≈-S°w hy‡-ambn kzmwio-I-cn-®n-cn-°-Ww.

$ kmaq-ly-imkvX kao-]\w ]q¿W-tXm-Xn¬ Dƒs°m-≠n-cn-°-Ww.

$ kao-]-\-apƒs°m≠v ]T\ kμ¿`-߃ Hcp-°p-tºmƒ ]T-\-t\-´-ßsf kw_-‘n®v

IrXy-amb [mc-W-bp-≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww.

$ hyXykvX ]T\ X¥-ß-fn¬ hg-°-ap-≠m-Ip-∂-tXm-sSm∏w ]T-\-k-μ¿ -ß-fn¬ btYm-

NnXw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ ]Tn-Xm-°sf klm-bn-°m\pw Ign-b-Ww.

$ Hcp \√ Bkq-X-I-bm-bn-cn-°-Ww. ]T-\-t\-´-߃ Dd-∏m-°m-\m-h-iy-amb Bi-b-]-

chpw X¥-]-c-hp-amb LS-I-߃ e-]-Z-ambn Bkq-XWw sNøm≥ So®¿°v Ign-b-

Ww. e`y-amb uXnI˛A°m-Z-anI kml-N-cy-߃, hnh-c-tkm-X- p-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh

]mTmkq-XW L´-Øn¬ Xs∂ So®¿ ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

$ Hcp \√ Kth-j-Ibpw kl-]-Tn-Xm-hp-am-IWw. Hcp \√ Kth-j-Ibv°p amXsa Kth-

jW ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ ]Tn-Xm°tfm-sSm∏w ]h¿Øn-°m-\mIq. Ah-cpsS ]iv\-]-

8

cn-lm-c-i-a-ß-fpsS Hmtcm L´-Ønepw Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw CS-s]´v ssIØmßpIƒ

\¬Ip-∂-Xn\pw t\¿h-gn-Im-´n-s°m-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\pw So®-dn\p km[y-am-I-Ww.

$ anI-®Xpw A\p-Iq-ehpw kzX-¥-hp-amb ]T-\m-¥-co£w Hcp-°n-sIm-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-

iy-amb `mh-\bpw ss\]p-Wnbpw So®¿°p≠m-I-Ww. P\m-[n-]Xy ImgvN-∏m-tSmsS

Ip´n-I-tfmSv CS-s]-Sm\pw So®¿°p Ign-b-Ww.

$ Ip´n-I-fpsS ]Ir-X-Ønepw ]tXy-I-X-I-fn-ep-ap≈ sshPm-Xy-ßfpw So®¿ ]cn-K-Wnt®

aXn-bm-Iq.

$ k¿th-m]-cn, Ip´n-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ßsf°pdn®p [mc-W-bp-≠m-Ip-Ibpw Cu Ah-Im-

i-߃ ewLn-°-s∏-Sp-∂n-s√∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-Ibpw thWw.

XpS¿]-h¿Ø-\-߃

1. bq.]n ¢mkp-I-fnse kmaq-ly-im-kvX-]m-T-]p-kvX-I-߃ ]cn-tim-[n®v kmaq-ly-im-

kvX-]-T-\-Øns‚ ]k-‡nsb kw_-‘n®v DZm-l-c-W-k-lnXw Hcp D]-\ymkw Xbm-

dm-°p-I.

2. kmaq-ly-im-kvX-]-T-\-tØmSp \oXn-]p--e¿Øp∂ Hcp ]T\ ]h¿Ø\w Xbm-dm°n

¢mkn¬ knap-te-‰p-sN-øp-I. knap-te-js‚ A\p-`-h-߃ IqSn Dƒs°m≠v kmaq-ly-

im-kvX-]-T\ kao-]-\sØ kw_-‘n®v Hcp Ipdn∏p Xbm-dm-°p-I.

3. kmaq-ly-im-kvX-]-T-\-Øn\v imkvX-Øns‚ coXn-bmWv Ah-ew-_n-®n-´p-f-f-Xv. DZm-l-

c-W-߃ \ncØn ka¿Yn-°p-I.

4. ]Inbm tijn-I-fpsS ]tbm-K-tØm-sSm∏w t]mj-Whpw kmaq-ly-im-kvX-]-T\w

e£yw hbv°p-∂p. Cu ]kvXm-h-\-tbmSp ]Xn-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v Hcp ]Xn-I-c-W-°p-

dn∏p Xbm-dm-°p-I.

1

bqWn‰v 3

kmaq-ly-imkvX ]mTy-]-≤Xn hni-I-e\w

]T-\-t\´w

* ]mT-`mK hni-I-e-\-Øn-eqsS ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bnse hnhn[ LS-I-߃ Xncn-®-dn™v ]´n-

I-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

* 5,6,7,8 ¢m p-I-fnse ]mT-`m-K-ß-fnse D≈-S° hym]vXn-bn¬ [mcW t\Sp-Ibpw Ah

hn\n-abw sNøp-hm-\p≈ ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ B¿Pn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

]m¿´v ˛ 1 NcnXw

]m[m-\m-i-b-߃:

* Ncn-X-Ønse Ime-K-W-\m-co-Xn, Ncn-X ]T-\-Øn-\p≈ sXfn-hp-Iƒ

* inem-bp-K-߃, BZy-Ime a\p-jy-Po-hnXw

* hnhn[ \Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-߃

* ]mNo\˛a-[y-Im-e-˛-B-[p-\nI C¥y-bnse A[n-Im-c-cq-]-߃, P\Po-hnXw

* tIcfw BZy-Im-e -a-\p-jy-Po-hn-Xw, ]mNo\ Xan-gIw s]cp-am-°≥am¿-˛-\m-Sp-hm-gn-I-

fpsS kzcq-]-߃-˛-\-thm-∞m\w-˛-tI-c-f-cq-]o-I-c-Ww-˛-tI-c-f-Øns‚ hnI-k-\-cw-Kw.

* a[y-Im-e-tem-Iw-˛-\-thm-∞m-\w-˛-hym-h-km-bnI˛Im¿jnI hnπ-h-߃, kmam-Py-Xz-

h¬°-c-Ww.

kmaq-lnI ]ptcm-K-Xnsb kzm[o-\n-°p∂ kw -h-߃, Bi-b-߃, ]Xn- m-k-߃, ÿm]-

\-߃ apX-em-b-h-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ ]c-kv]-c-_-‘n-Xhpw a\p-jy-tI-µo-Ir-X-hp-amb ]T-\-

amWv kmaq-ly-im-kvXw. hy‡nbpw hy‡nbpw XΩnepw hy‡nbpw kaq-lhpw XΩnepw

hy‡nbpw kmaqly ÿm]-\-ßfpw XΩn-epap≈ _‘-߬ ChnsS hni-I-e\w sNøp-

∂p. ss]adn ¢m nse kmaqlyimkvX- D-≈-S-°-amWv N¿® sNøp-∂-Xv. a\pjyh¿Kw,

Pohn-X-Ønepw Np‰p-]m-Snepw \S-Øp∂ CS-s]-S-ep-I-fp-tSbpw hcp-Øp∂ am‰-ß-fp-tSbpw

BsI-Øp-I-bmWv Ncn-Xw. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ a\pjy Pohn-X-Øn¬ \n¿Wm-bI kzm[o\w

sNep-Øp∂ kmaq-ly-im-kvX-im-J-bmWv Ncn-Xw. C∂-se-I-fn¬ \n∂pw Pohn®p XpS-

ßnb a\p-jy≥ Nn¥n®pw ]h¿Øn®pw C∂sØ \ne-bn¬ FØn-t®¿∂sXß-s\-sb-

∂-dn-bm\pw `mhn Fß-s\-bm-hp-sa∂ kqN\ e`n-°m\pw Ncn-X-]-T\w klm-bn-°p-∂p.

kw -h-ßfpw I≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-ßfpw kaq-lsØ Fßs\ kzm[o-\n-®p-sh∂v hy‡-amb sXfn-

hp-I-fpsS ]n≥_-etØmsS hni-I-e\w sNbvXv kz¥w ImgvN-∏mSv cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v

Ncn-X-]-T-\-Øn-eqsS Ah-kcw e`n-°p-∂p. CXn-eqsS kaq-l-Øns‚ hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-

߃ Adn-bp-hm\pw kaq-lsØ sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ Iq´m-bva-bn¬ Xs‚ tdmƒ \∂mbn

\n¿h-ln-°m-\p≈ At\z-j-W-Xz-cbpw hna¿i-\m-flI Nn¥bpw at\m-`m-hhpw Ip´n-I-fn¬

hf¿Øns°m≠p-h∂v DØ-a-]u-c-∑m-cm°n am‰m\pw Ign-bWw. NcnXw kmaqly imkvX-

]-T-\-Øn¬ DƒtN¿∂mWv ss]a-dn-¢m-kp-I-fn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xv.

2

kmaq-ly-im-kvX-]-T-\-Øns‚ ][m-\-e-£y-߃ BZy-`m-KØp \n߃ N¿® sNbvXp-h-

t√m. kmaq-ly-am-‰-ß-fn¬ ]¶m-fn-bm-Im\pw kmaqly am‰-Øn-\p-th≠n ]h¿Øn-°p∂

hy‡n-Isf cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm\pw kmaq-ly-im-kvX-]-T\w sIm≠v km[y-am-I-Ww. ss]adn

¢m nse ]mTy-]-≤Xn hn\n-abw sNøp-∂-Xn-eqsS P\m-[n-]-Xy-t_m-[w, aX-\n-c-t]£ Nn¥,

tZio-b-t_m[w, kln-jvWp-X, kl-I-cW at\m-`m-hw, kwL-t_m-[w, ]Xn-I-c-W-ti-jn,

hna¿i-\m-fl-I-Nn¥ XpS-ßnb aqey-ßfpw hy‡n-I-fn¬ hf¿∂p-h-c-Ww. Ch-sb√mw km[y-

am-I-W-sa-¶n¬ A[ym-]-I-hn-Zym¿Yn-Iƒ°v ss]adn ¢mknse kmaq-ly-im-kvX-]m-T-`m-K-

ß-fpsS D≈-S-°-hp-a-ambn _‘-s∏´v IrXy-amb Bi-b-[m-c-W-Iƒ e`n-°-Ww. AXn\p

]m]vX-am-Ip∂ Xc-Øn-emWv Cu bqWn-‰nse ]mT-`m-K-߃ N¿® sNtø-≠-Xv. 5, 6, 7, 8

¢m p-I-fnse hnhn[ bqWn-‰p-I-fn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-hp-Ibpw Ahsb hnhn[ Bib taJ-

e-I-fm°n H∂n®p tN¿Øv XpS¿®bpw hf¿®bpw hni-I-e\w sNbvXv hnhn[ ]T-\-X-¥-

ß-fn-eqsS hn\n-abw km[y-am-°p-I-bmWv th≠Xv.

Ime-K-W\ coXn-Iƒ

Ign™ ImesØ°pdn®v Adnhv \¬Ip-∂-XmWv NcnXw. Cu Adn-hp-Iƒ h¿Ø-am\

Ime-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ \ΩpsS [mc-W-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n-°p-Ibpw hcp-wIm-esØ°pdn-®p≈ [mc-

W-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ klm-bn-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. Ign™ ImesØ Ipdn-®p≈

hnhc߃ e`y-am-°p-hm≥ \ap°v Ime-L-´w, kabw F∂nh kw_-‘n® Adnhv A\n-hm-

cy-am-Wv. IqSmsX B Ime-L-´sØ kw`-h-߃, tijn-∏p-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-sb-°p-dn-®p≈

sXfn-hp-Ifpw Bh-iy-am-Wv. Fß-s\-bmWv Ncn-X-Øn¬ Ime-K-W\ \S-Øp-∂Xv?

NcnXImew, Ncn-Xm-XoX Imew, _n.kn, F.Un. \q‰-m≠v XpS-ßnb ]Zm-h-en-Iƒ ImeK-

W\bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-dp-≠v. Ch-sb-¥m-sW∂v t\m°mw.

a\p-jy≥ A£-c-w I≠p-]n-Sn-®n´v GI-tZiw 5000 h¿jta Bbn-´p-≈q. AXn-\p-ap-ºp≈

ImesØ kw`-h-ß-tfbpw \ap°v IW-°m-t°-≠n-h-cpw. enJnX tcJ-I-sfm∂pw e`y-a-

√mØ Ime-sØ-bmWv Ncn-Xm-XoX Ime-sa∂v ]d-bp-∂-Xv. Ncn-Xm-h-in-jvS-ß-fpsS Ime-

∏-g°w \n›nbn-®mWv Cu ImesØ IW-°m-°p-∂-Xv. Nne imkvXob coXn-Iƒ CXn\v

D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. D]-I-c-W-߃, Bbp-[-߃ F∂n-h-bpsS cq]w, \n¿amW hkvXp

F∂n-h-bn¬ \n∂pw B ImesØ a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-sØ-°p-dn®v GI-tZ-i-[m-cW Duln-s®-

Sp-°p-∂p. `qan-bn¬ a\p-jy¿ Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ Pohn-I-fpsS Pohn-Xm-cw`w apX¬ Ah-bpsS

hf¿®bpw hnIm-khpw IW-°m°n Xcw-Xn-cn-°p-∂p.

$ Im¿_¨ ˛ 14 ]cn-tim-[\

$ sX¿tam-ep-an-\n-sk≥kv sSÃv

$ ^vfqdn≥ sSÃv

$ sU≥tUm-tIm-tWm-fPn

$ ]cm-K-W-]-K-Y\w

$ kn¿t°m¨ Ime-K-W\

XpS-ßnb imkvXob am¿K-߃ Ime-∏-g°w \n¿W-bn-°m-\mbn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn®v Cu coXn-Isf Ipdn®v Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°q.

3

B¿°n-tbm-fPn

]pcm-hkvXp°sf-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T-\-amWv B°n-tbm-f-Pn. \mW-b-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈

]T-\-amWv \yqan-kvam-‰n-Ivkv. enJn-X-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T\w F∏n-Km^n F∂pw

Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂p. ]pcm-h-kvXp imkvX-⁄¿ a¨a-d-™p-t]mb hnhn-[-Xcw sXfn-

hp-Isf Is≠Øn imkvXo-b-amb ]T-\-߃°v hnt[-b-am-°p-∂p. C¥y-bn¬

]pcm-hkvXp ]T-\-߃°v t\XrXzw \¬Ip-∂Xpw kvamc-I߃ kwc-£n-°p-

∂Xpw B¿°n-tbm-f-Pn-°≥ k¿t∆ Hm^v C¥y-bm-Wv.

Fgp-X-s∏´ tcJ-Iƒ e`y-am-bn-´p≈ Ime-amWv \Ωƒ s]mXpth Ncn-X-Im-e-sa∂v hnti-

jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Ime-∏-g° \n¿W-b-Øn\v Ncn-X-ti-jn-∏p-I-fmWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. Fs¥-

√m-amWv Ncn-X-ti-jn-∏p-Iƒ? enÃp sNøq... NcnX ayqkn-b-߃ kµ¿in-®n-´p-≠t√m.

]e hkvXp-°fpw AhnsS kwc-£n®p h®n-´p-≠v.

* ap\n-b-d-Iƒ

* IpS-°-√p-Iƒ

* \∂-ßm-Sn-Iƒ

* tIm´-Iƒ

* Bbp-[-߃/D]-I-c-W-߃

* \mW-b-߃

* t^mkn-ep-Iƒ

* NnX-߃/inem-en-Jn-X-߃

NcnX kvamc-I-߃, ayqkn-b-߃ F∂nh kµ¿in®v hnhn[ tijn-∏p-Ifpw

Ah-bpsS Ime-]-g-°hpw At\z-jn-®-dn-bp-I. Ch-sb-ßs\ NcnX \n¿an-Xn°v

klm-b-I-am-Ip∂p F∂p N¿® sNøp-I.

Imew IW-°m°mw

kphy-‡-amb Hcp NcnX \n¿-an-Xn°v IrXy-amb Ime-\n¿Wbw Bh-iy-am-Wv. tcJ-Iƒ

kq£n-®n-´n-√mØ P\-X-bpsS NcnXw \n¿an-°p-∂Xv GXp \m´n-em-bmepw hfsc k¶o¿W-

am-Wv. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Dul-ßfpw sFXo-ly-ßfpw kwi-b-ßfpw Ncn-X-Øn¬ IS-

∂p-Iq-Sm-\n-S-bp-≠v. C∂v Ime-K-W\°v s]mXp-hmbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv InkvXp h¿j-am-

Wv. tbipInkvXp P\n® h¿jsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n ImesØ F.Un, _n.kn F∂n-

ßs\ hn`-Pn-°p∂p. InkvXp-P-\n-®-Xn-\p-ap-ºp≈ Imew B.C (Before Christ) InkvXp

P\n®Xn\p-ti-j-ap≈ Imew AD (Anno Domini) F∂pw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. BCE, CE (BeforeCommon Era, Common Era) F∂pw ]tbm-Kn-°m-dp-≠v.

4

]Øp-h¿j-Im-e-b-f-hns\ "]Xn-‰m≠v' F∂pw \qd-ph¿j-Im-esØ \q‰m≠v F∂pw Bbncw

h¿jsØ "kl-km]vZw' F∂pw Npcp°n ]tbm-Kn-°m-dp-≠v. CE H∂p apX¬ \qdp-h-sc-

bp≈ \qdp-h¿jamWv H∂mw \q‰m-≠v. CE 1901 apX¬ 2000 hsc-bp≈ Ime-amWv 20˛mw

\q‰m-≠v. F¶n¬ \n߃ P\n-®Xv GXp \q‰m-≠n-emsW∂p Is≠-Øq... Xmsg-∏d-bp∂

h¿j-߃ GXp \q‰m-≠n-em-sW∂v FgpXn ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.

h¿jw \q‰m≠v

BC 326 ................

BC 261 ................

BC 710 ................

AD 1498 ................

AD 1857 ................

AD 1947 ................

NcnX]T-\-Øn¬ F∂v, Ft∏mƒ F∂o tNmZy-߃°v DØcw Is≠-Øm≥ Ime-K-W\

klm-bn-°p-∂p. NcnXt_m[hpw Ime-K-W-\bpw NcnXcN-\°v A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. Imehpw

Xob-Xnbpw IW-°m-°p-∂-Xn\v klm-b-I-amb D]-I-c-W-amWv Ie-≠¿, ssSwkvsI-bn¬

F∂nh. Cu h¿jsØ Ie-≠¿ \nco-£n-°p-I. InkvXp-h¿jw IqSmsX a‰p kw`-h-ß-

fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Ønepw Ime-K-W\ \S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. GsX√mw h¿jhpw Xnb-Xn-I-fp-

amWv s]mXp Ie-≠n¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv? Ah GXp apX-emWv IW-°m-°m≥

Bcw-`n-®-sX∂v At\z-jn®p t\m°p-I. ]´n-I-bm-°p-I.

Ia h¿j-Øns‚ t]cv FXmw-h¿jw C∂sØ XnbXn ASn-ÿ-\-am-°nb

\w. kw`hw

1. InkvXp-h¿jw InkvXp-hns‚ P\\w

2. sIm√-h¿jw

3. iI-h¿jw

4. lnPvd-h¿jw

5. .......................

ssSwsI-bn¬

NcnX kw`-h-ß-sfbpw Ah \S∂ ImeL´-ß-tfbpw Ia-s∏-SpØn Btcm-lW Ia-

Øntem Ah-tcm-lW Ia-Øntem Xøm-dm-°p∂ tcJ-bmWv ssSwkvsI-bn¬. Ncn-X-]-T-

\-Øn¬ CXn\v Gsd ]m[m-\y-ap-≠v. Fß-s\-bmWv Hcp ssSwkvsI-bn¬ Xbm-dm-°p-∂-

sX∂p t\m°mw. NcnX kw -h-ßsf Ia-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ Ah- X-Ωn-ep≈ Ime-ssZ¿Lyw

IqSn H‰ t\m´-Øn¬ a\- n-em-Ip-∂ -X-c-Øn¬ bqWn-‰p-I-fm°n tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ IqSp-

X¬ ^e-]-Z-amIpw. Xmsg \¬Inb ssSwkvsI-bn-¬ \nco-£n-°p-I. Cßs\ ssSwkvsI-

bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xns‚ sa®-߃ N¿® sNøp-I.

5

ssSwkvsI-bn¬ \n¿Ωn-°pI :

tIcf \thm-Ym-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Nne kw`-h-߃ Is≠Øn ssSwkvsI-

bn¬ \n¿an-°p-I.

inem-bpK-߃

BZy-Im-e-a-\pjy a\pjy PohnXw Fß-s\-bm-bn-cp∂p? ImbvI-\n-Iƒ tiJ-cn®pw th´-bm-

Sn-bp-w a\p-jy¿ sNdnb Iq´-ß-fmbn ]Ir-Xn-tbmSpw h\y-ar-K-ß-tfmSpw s]mcp-Xn-bmWv

hkn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. c£-t\-Sm-\mbn D]-I-c-W-ßfpw Bbp-[-ßfpw Bhiyambn-h-∂p. BZy-

Im-e-L-´-ß-fn¬ ]Ir-Xn-bn¬ \n∂pw e`n® ]cp-°≥ I√p-Ifpw F√n≥ Ij-W-ßfpw XSn-

°-j-W-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn-®p. ]n∂oSv Bbp-[-߬ ]cn-jv°-cn®v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-hm≥ Xp-S-

ßn. CØ-c-Øn¬ Bbp-[-߃ ]cn-jv°-cn®v D]-tbm-Kn-°m-\p≈ Ign-hmWv a\p-jys\

a‰p Pohn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw hyXy-kvX-\m°nbXv. ItaW Irjn Bcw-`n-°p-Ibpw ÿnc-Xm-

akw XpSßpIbpw sNbvXp. hnhn[ \Zo-X-S-ß-fn-em-bn-cp∂p BZy-Ime a\p-jy-hmkw.

Fs¥-√m-amImw Imc-W-߃? N¿® sNøp-I.

BZna a\p-jycpsS Pohn-XsØ kzm[n-\n® ][m-\-h-kvXp-hmWv ine-Iƒ. ine-Iƒ Bbp-

[-ambn D]-tbm-Kn® Ime-L´w inem-bpKw F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. teml-ß-fpsS I≠p-]n-Sn-

Ø-tØmsS sh¶-e-bp-Kw, Ccp-ºp-bpKw F∂o-t]-cp-I-fnepw Ime-K-W\ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

Xmsg \¬Inb ^vtfmNm¿´v \nco-£n-°q.

6

CcpºpbpKw

sh¶e bpKw (Xma-in-em-bp-Kw)

\ho\ inem-bpKw

a[y-Im-e-in-em-bpKw

]mNo-\-in-em-bpKw

]mNo\inem-bpKw

an\p-k-an-√mØ ]cp-°≥ inem-bp-[-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p.

AXn Zo¿L-amb Ime-L- -am-bn-c-p∂-Xn-\m¬ inem-bp-K-ß-fn¬

sshhn[yw D≠v. GI-tZiw 10,000 h¿j-߃°v apºv ]mNo\

inem-bpK a\p-jy¿ hc® Kplm-Nn-X-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw Ah¿

Kpl-I-fn-emWv hkn-®n-cp-∂-sX∂v sXfn-hp-I-fp-≠v. th´-bm-S-

ep-ambn _‘-s∏´ NnX-ß-fmWv hc-®n-´p-≈-Xv.

a[y-]-tZ-inse `nwt_UvI Kpl CXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv.

a[y-I-me-in-em-bpKw

]mNo-\-in-em-bp-K-Øn\pw \ho\inem-bp-K-Øn\pw CS-bv°p≈ Ime-am-WnXv. B.C-9000 Øn\p-S-ØmWv Cu Ime-L-´w. kq£vahpw ap\-bp-≈-Xp-amb inem-bp-[-ß-fmWv D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. AXp-sIm≠v kq£va inem-bpKw F∂pw Cu Ime-L´w Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. C¥y-bn¬ cmP-ÿm\nse _msKm¿, a[y-]-tZ-inse BZw-KUv F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw Cu ImesØ a\p-jy-Po-hn-XsØ°pdn®v sXfn-hp-Iƒ e`n-®n-´p-≠v.

\ho\ inem-bpKw

BZn-a-a-\p-jy¿ Bbp-[-߃ an\p-k-s∏-SpØn D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ XpS-ßn-bXpw `£y-

ti-J-cn°p∂hcn¬ \n∂pw `t£ym-Xv]m-Z-I-cmbn amdn-sb-∂p-≈Xpw Cu Ime-L-´-

Ønse ][m-\-am-‰-am-Wv. BC 7000-˛4000 hsc-bp≈ Ime-L-´-amWv \ho\ inem-bp-Kw.

_olm-dnse Nncm-Øv, Xan-gv\m-´nse ]bw-]≈n, tIc-f-Ønse CS-bv°¬ XpS-ßn-

bh \ho-\-in-em-bpK tIµ-ß-fm-Wv.

7

Xma-in-em-bpKw (sh¶-e-bp-Kw)

Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬ a\p-jy¿ I√p-sIm-≠p≈

D]-I-c-W-ß-tfm-sSm∏w sNºpsIm≠p≈ D]-

I-c-W-ßfpw \n¿an-®p. _eq-Nn-ÿm-\nse

sal¿K-Uv, _olm-dne Nncm-Xv, alm-cm-jvS-

bnse Nt¥mfn XpS-ßnb ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬

\n∂pw CXn\p≈ sXfn-hp-Iƒ e`n-®n-´p-≠v.

sNºpw inebpw Htc-k-abw D]-tbm-Kn® Ime-

am-b-Xn-\m¬ "Im¬t°m-en-ØnIv' F∂pw Cu

Imew Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. sh¶-e-Øns‚ Is≠-Øepw ]tbm-Khpw a\p-jys‚ Pohn-X-

Øn¬ Ht´sd am‰-߃ hcp-Øn. \Zo XS-ß-fn¬ hmkw Bcw-`n-®p.

CcpºpbpKw

Cøhpw sNºpw tN¿Øp≈ Iq´p-tem-l-ß-fpsS I≠p-]n-SpØw Pohn-X-Øn¬ am‰-

߃ D≠m°nsb¶nepw ImTn\yw Ipdhv F∂ ]cn-an-Xn-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ccp-ºns\

kwkv°-cn-°m-\p≈ kmt¶-XnI hnZy B¿Pn-®-tXmsS IqSp-X¬ IcpØpw aq¿®-bp-

≈-Xp-amb D]-I-c-W-߃ D≠m-°m-≥ km[n-®p. \Zo-X-S-kw-kv°m-c-ß-fpsS hym]-\-

Øn\pw \K-c-h¬°-c-W-Øn-\pw DXv]m-Z\w h¿≤n-∏n-°m\pw CXp-aqew km[n-®p.

Diagram of Stone Age - Bronze Age - Iron Age

]m-No-\-Im-e-w ap-X¬ kmaqly am‰-Øn\v klm-b-I-am-bXv D]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS Is≠-Øepw

]tbm-Khpw \ho-I-c-W-hp-am-Wv. CØcw \ho-I-c-W-Øn-eqsS kabw em`n-°m\pw hni-a-

th-f-Iƒ e`n-°m\pw k¿K-Nn-¥°pw km[n-®p. hnhn[ Ime-L-´-ß-fn-eqsS IS∂ph∂

a\p-jy\v sa®-s∏´ PohnX kml-N-cy-Øn-seØnt®cp-hm\pw km[n-®p. Cu am‰w DXv]-

mZ\ h¿≤-\-hv, ssIam-‰-tI-µ-߃, ]pcm-X-\ \K-c-ß-fpsS Bhn¿`mhw F∂n-h-bn-te°v

\bn-®p. ^e-`q-bn-jvS-amb aÆv, kky-k-º-Øv, A\p-Iqe Imem-h-ÿ, ta®n¬ ]pd-߃,

KXm-KXw XpS-ßn-bh Cu hnIm-k-Øn\v A\p-Iqe LS-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.

inem-bp-Kw, sh¶-e-bp-Kw, Ccpºp-bpKw F∂o Ime-L-´-ß-fn¬ BZna a\p-jys‚ Pohn-X-

8

Øn-ep-≠mb am‰-߃ Xmsg ]´n-I-bn¬ kwK-ln-°p-I.

taJe ]mNo-\-in-em-bpKw \ho-\-in-em-bpKw sh¶-e-bpKw Ccp-ºp-bpKw

D]-I-c-W-߃

sXmgn¬

Blm-c-k-ºm-Z\w

ÿnc-hm-kw

arK-]-cn-]m-e\w

]mX-\n¿amWw

kmt¶-Xn-I-hnZy

* ]mNo\ inem-bp-Kw, a[y-Im-e-in-em-bp-Kw, \ho-\-in-em-bp-Kw, sh¶-e-bpKw F∂n-

h-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ NnX-߃ tiJ-cn®v Ime-K-W-\m-I-a-Øn¬ Hcp UnPn-‰¬

B¬_w \n¿an-°p-I.

\Zo-XS kwkvIm-c-߃

a\p-jys‚ kwkvIm-c-Øn-te-°p≈ am‰w thK-Øn-em-°nb kw`-h-hn-Im-k-amWv teml-ß-

fpsS I≠p-]n-Sn-Øhpw D]-tbm-Khpw. CtXmsS \Zo-X-S-ß-fnse A\p-Iqe kml-N-cy-߃

D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØns°m≠v Irjn Bcw-`n-°p-Ibpw ÿnc-hmkw XpSßpIbpw sNbvXp.

DXv]m-Z\ ]In-b-bn¬ henb am‰-ßfpw D≠m-bn. sh¶ebp-K-Øn¬ D≠m-b-am-‰-ßsf

Cßs\ kwK-ln-°mw...

* \K-c-h¬°-cWw

* Fgp-Øp-hn-Zy-bpsS Bhn¿`mhw

* IW-°p-Iq- ¬

* I®-h-S-Øns‚ Bcw`w

* `cW hyhÿbpsS XpS°w

* Pe-tk-N\ kuI-cy-߃

* Im¿jnI DXv]m-Z-\-h¿≤\hv

CtXmsS sh¶-e-bp-K-Øn¬ \Zo-X-S-߃ tIµo-I-cn®v CuPn-]v‰v, sak-t∏m-t´m-an-b, kn‘p-

X-Sw, ssN\ F∂n-h-S-ß-fn¬ kwkvIm-c-߃ cq]-s∏-´p. C¥y-bn¬ KwKm-k-a-Xe ]tZ-i-

amWv Ccp-ºp-bp-K-Øn\v BZn-a-ÿm-\-am-b-Xv. bqtdm-∏n¬ Ko°v, tdma≥ kwkvIm-c-ß-fp-

amWv Ccp-ºp-bp-K-Øn¬ i‡n ]m]n® kwkvIm-c-߃. ]Ir-Xn-bn¬ Abn-cp-I-fmbn ImW-

s∏-Sp∂ Ccp-ºns\ kwkvI-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ kmt¶-XnI hnZy B¿Pn-®-tXmsS kmaq-lnI

kmwkvIm-cnI PohnXw am‰n adn-°-s∏-´p. Fs¥√mw am‰-ß-fmWv D≠m-bXv?

* IqSp-X¬ ISp-∏-ta-dn-bXpw aq¿®-bp-≈-Xp-amb D]-I-c-W-߃ \n¿an-®p.

* h\w sh´n sXfn®p Irjn hym]-I-am°n

* \K-c-h¬°-cWw thK-Øn-embn

9

* \Zo-X-S-߃ XΩnep≈ _‘hpw IpSn-tb-‰hpw h¿≤n-®p.

* ............

* kn‘q-\-Zn-XS kwkv°m-cw, CuPn-]vjy≥ kwkvIm-cw, sak-t∏m-t´m-an-b≥ kwkvIm-

cw, ssN\okv kwkvImcw F∂o sh¶-e-bpK kwkvIm-c-ß-fpsS Bho¿`-hn®

]tZ-i-߃, ][m\ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ, ][m\ t\´-߃, XI¿®-bpsS Imc-W-

߃ XpS-ßnb hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn®v Hcp skan-\m¿ kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-I.

* temI `q]-S-Øn¬ \Zo-X-S-kw-kvImc tIµ-߃ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

\Zo-XS kwkvIm-c-߃

lmc-∏≥kwkvImcw

kn‘p-\-Zo-XSw

Irjn

Ic-Iu-iew lmc-∏≥ en]n

CuPn-]vjy≥kwkvImcw

ss\¬ \Zo-XSw

ssltdm-•n-^nIvkv

]nc-an-Up-Iƒkv^nwKvkv

sak-s∏m-´m-an-b≥kwkvI-mcw

bp^-´okvssSKnkv \Zo-XSw

IyqWnt^mw

kpKpdm-Øp-Iƒ

ssN\okvkwkvImcw

slmbmßv tlm\Zo-XSw

FgpØp hnZyssN\okv en]n

]´p XpWn

\K-cm-kq-XWwIe-≠¿ kqcy-L-Sn-

Imcw, Pe-L-Sn-Imcw

Ie-≠¿, KWn-X-imkvXw

Ie-≠¿

10

C¥y-bn¬ Ccp-ºns‚ D]-tbmKw Bcw- n-®Xv GI-tZiw 3000 h¿j-߃°v apºm-Wv. Ccpºp

\nt£-]-Øns‚ tIµw IqSn-bm-bn-cp-∂p KwKm-k-a-X-ew. a[y Gjy-bn¬ \n∂v IpSn-tbdn

kn‘p \Zo-XS ]tZ-iØp Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ Bcy-∑m¿ F∂ BZy-Ime sshZnIP\X

ta®n¬]p-d-߃ tXSn KwKm-k-a-X-e-Øn-se-Øp-Ibpw ItaW Ccp-ºm-bp-[-ßfpw D]-I-c-

W-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn®v ImSp-Iƒ sh´n-sØ-fn-®pw F°¬ aÆv Dgp-Xp-a-dn®pw Irjn Bcw`n®p.

kn‘p KwKm-X-S-Ønse BZy-Ime P\-Xbv° Ahsc XS-™p-\n¿Øm-\m-bn-√. ]n¬°m-

eØv BZyIme P\Xsb Iog-S-°p-Ibpw Irjn-∏-Wn-Iƒ°mbn ]pXn-b-Xmbn Bcw-`n®

Irjn-bn-S-ß-fn-te°v hym]-I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

KwKm ka-Xew ˛ (thZ-Imew BC 1500-600 BC hsc)

thZ-Ime kaqlw

]ptcm-ln-X¿ tk\m-\n-Iƒ km[m-c-W-°m¿

CXv kaq-l-Ønse D®-\o-N-Xz-߃°v XpS°w Ipdn®p. ]n∂oSv PmXn-hy-h-ÿ-bmbn ]cn-

W-an-®p. KwKm--k-a-X-e-Ønse an® DXv]-∂-߬ ssIam‰w sNøm≥ Bcw-`n-®-tXmsS

hmWnPyw sXmgn-em-°nb ]pXnb hn`m-K-Øns‚ DZ-b-Øn\pw Imc-W-am-bn. KwKm-\Zn Hcp

][m\ hmWnPy Pe-]m-X-bm-hp-Ibpw hmWnPy tIµ-߃ ][m\ ]´-Wß-fmbn amdp-

Ibpw sNbvXp. "Imin' ][m-\-\-K-c-am-bn-cp-∂p. Im¿jnI ]©mw-Kw, Nm∏-Ip-Ønb \mW-

b-߃, apZ-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh D]-tbm-K-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]n¬°me thZ-Im-e-sa∂dnb-

s∏-Sp∂ Cu ImeØv P\-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂ ]mX߃ "Nmbw tX® Nmc-\n-d-]m-X-

߃' F∂m-W-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. sXmgn-ens‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ NmXp¿h¿Wyw \ne-\n-∂n-

cp-∂p. thZ-Im-esØ Ipdn®v IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-߃ At\z-jn®v Ipdn∏p Xøm-dm-°p-I.

Ko°p kwkvIm-chpw tdma≥ kwkvIm-chpw

Ccp-ºp-bp-K-Øn¬ bqtdm-∏n¬ hnI-kn® c≠p kwkvIm-c-ß-fmWv Ko°pw tdma-\pw. ]pcm-

X\ kwkvIm-c-ß-fn¬ it≤-b-am-bXv Ko°p-kw-kvIm-c-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ko°p kwkvIm-c-hp-

ambn _‘-s∏´ hnh-c-߃ e`n-°p-∂Xv tlma-dns‚ Cen-b-Uv, HUo n F∂o CXn-lmk

IrXn-I-fn¬ \n∂p-am-Wv. Irjnbpw I∂p-Imen hf¿Ø-ep-am-bn-cp∂ ][m\ sXmgn¬. km[-

KwKm-k-a-XeØnse kaqlw

_m“-W¿ £Xn-b¿ sshiy¿ iqZ¿

]ptcm-ln-X¿ tk\m-\n-I¿ I®-hSw, Irjn Zmky-hrØn

11

\-ss°-am‰ hyh-ÿ-bmb _m¿´¿ kº-Zmbw \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. GY≥kv, kv]m¿´ XpS-

ßnb ÿe߃ ][m\ \K-c-ß-fmbn hf¿∂p. hn⁄m\ taJ-e-bn¬ hfsc ]ptcm-KXn

t\Sn-bn-cp-∂p.

XØz Nn¥ tkmI-´n-kv, tπt‰m, Acn-tÃm-´n¬

KWn-X-imkvXw B¿°-an-Un-kv, bq•o-Uv

sshZy-imkvXw lnt∏m-Im-‰kv

\mSIw tkmt^m-¢o-kv, bqdn-∏n-Unkv

NcnXw sltdmtUm-´-kv, Xqkn-ssU-kokv

inev]-Ie ^nUn-bmkv

`qan-imkvXw Cdm-tØm-kvX-\okv

C‰-en-bnse ssS_¿ \Zo-Xo-c-am-bn-cp∂p tdma≥ kwkvImc tIµw. \nc-¥-c-bp-≤-ß-fpsS

Ncn-X-amWv tdman-\p-≈-Xv. IqSp-X¬ ]tZ-i-߃ Iog-S-°nb P\X Irjn-bn-te°v Xncn-bp-

Ibpw sNbvXp. kmln-Xy-Ønepw inev]-I-e-bnepw XXz-Nn-¥-bnepw apt∂‰w D≠m-bn-cp-

∂p. Iog-S-°nb P\-ßsf Imen-I-tfbpw DXv]-∂-ß-tfbpw t]mse hn¬°p-Ibpw hmßp-

Ibpw sNøp∂ ASn-aØw \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. ]pcm-X\ tdmam kmam-Py-Øn¬ I¿jI sXmgn-

em-fn-Ifpw I®-h-S-°mcpw Dƒs°m≈p∂ πo_nb∑m¿, kº∂ A[n-Im-c-h¿Kamb

s]Sojy∑m¿ F∂nßs\ kaqlw hn`-Pn-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. Ch¿ XΩn¬ \o≠ t]mcm´w

\S-∂n-cp-∂p. temI-Øn\v tdmans‚ hne-s∏´ kw`m-h\sb∂p ]d-bm-hp-∂Xv tdma≥ \nb-

a-ßfpw `c-W-X-Xz-ß-fp-am-Wv.

* KwKm-k-a-X-e-Ønse sshZnI kwkvIm-cw, Ko°p kwkv°m-cw, tdma≥

kwkvImcw F∂o-h-S-ß-fn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ kmaq-ly-Po-hn-Xw, D® \oN-Xz-߃,

sXmgn¬ hmWn-Pyw, ][m\ t\´-߃ XpS-ßn-b-h-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ IqSp-X¬

hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn-°p-I. Ahsb Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv Hcp ^vtfmNm¿®v \n¿an-°p-

I.

* 5, 6, 7, 8 ¢m p-I-fnse Ncn-X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]mT- m-K-߃ hni-I-e\w sNbvXv

][m-\-]-T\ t\´-߃, ][m-\m-i-b-߃, ]T-\-t_m[ X¥-߃, ]T\ kma-

Kn-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh Is≠Øn ]´nIs∏Sp-Øp-I.

]mNo-\-˛-a-[y-Ime C¥y-bnse A[n-Im-c-cq-]-߃

a\p-jy≥ \mtSm-Sn-I-fpsS Ah-ÿ-bn¬ \n∂pw ÿnc-hm-k-am-cw- n-°p-Ibpw XpS¿∂v teml-

ß-fpsS D]-tbmKw kmaq-ly-Po-hnXw hnI-kn®p hcp-∂-Xn\pw Imc-W-am-bn. Imem-¥-c-

Øn¬ kmaq-ly-Po-hnXw k¶o¿W-am-b-t∏mƒ kaq-l-\n-b-¥W kwhn-[m-\-ßfpw hnhn[

A[n-Imc cq]-ßfpw hnI-kn-°p-∂-Xn\pw hym]n-°p-∂Xn\pw CS-bm-bn. ]mNo\˛a-[y-Ime

`mc-X-Øn¬ hnhn[ Ime-L-´-ß-fn¬ CØ-c-Øn¬ \nc-h[n kmam-Py-ßfpw `c-W-kw-hn-

[m-\-ßfpw hnI-kn®p h∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ [mc-W-Iƒ t\Sn-sb-¶n¬ amXta NcnX

[mcW hn]p-e-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≈q. BZy-Ime A[n-Imc cq]-߃ GsX-√m-sa∂v hni-I-e\w

sNøp-I.

12

IpSpw-_-Øn¬ \n∂pw hwi-Øn-te°pw tKmX-Øn-te°pw hf¿∂p-sh∂pw tKmX-Ø-e-

h≥ A[n-Im-c-Np-a-Xe \n¿∆-lWØnte°v FØn-sb∂pw I≠p-ht√m CXp-t]mse tKmX-

Øns‚ ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ adn-I-S-∂p-sIm≠v cmjvS k¶¬]-Øn-te°v a\p-jy¿ FØn-t®¿∂Xv

Fßs\bmbn-cn°pw?

* DZv]m-Z\ h¿≤-\hv

* ssIam‰w ˛ I®-h-S-Øn-te-°p≈ hym]\w

* I®-hS tIµ-߃ ˛ \K-c-ß-fmbn cq]m-¥-cWw

* I®-h-S-°m¿ ˛ ssIth-e-°m¿ Bhn¿`mhw

* kzIm-cy-kzØv ˛ ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS hym]\w

* kmaqly kaXzw

* hnhn[ hn`m-K-ßsf \nb-¥n-°¬

* A[n-ImctIµ-ß-fpsS hym]\w

BZy-Im-eØv ][m-\-ambpw Im¿jnI taJ-esb Ah-ew-

_n-®n-cp∂ ]tXyI q]-cn-[n-bnse P\-߃ Dƒs∏´ ]tZ-

iw alm-P-\-]-Y-߃ F∂ t]cn¬ hf¿∂p. ][m-\-ambpw

]Xn-\mdv alm-P-\-]-Y-ß-fmWv cq]w-sIm-≠-Xv. ChnsS cq]-

s∏´ cmjvSo-bm-[n-Imc cq]-ßsf cmP-hm-gvN-sb∂pw KW-

kw-L-ß-sf∂pw Adn-b-s∏-´p.

$ 16 alm-P-\-]-Y-߃ Ct∏mƒ GsX√mw kwÿm-\-

ß-fn-se∂pw GsX√mw \Zo-X-S-ß-fn-emWv cq]-s∏-

-sX∂pw Ahn-S-ß-fn¬ P\-]-Y-߃ cq]-s∏-Sm-\n-S-

bm-°nb Imc-W-ßfpw hni-I-e\w sNbvXv Ipdn∏v

Xøm-dm-°p-I.

IpSpw_w hwiw tKmXw

IpSw-_-\m-Y≥,IpSpw-_-\mY, a°ƒ

hwi-\m-Y≥IpSpw-_mw-Kß-ƒ

tKmX-Ø-e-h≥IpSpw-_mw-K߃

NpaXe: IpSpw-_sØ \nb-¥n-°pI, -\-bn-°pI

Npa-Xe$ hwi-Øn-\p-≈nse

IpSpw-_-ßsf \bn-°p -Ibpw `cn -°p -Ibpw sNøp-I.

$ DXv]m-Z\ ˛ hnX-cW \nb-¥Ww

Npa-Xe$ tKmX-Øn-\p -≈nse

hnhn[ hwi-ß-fpsSs]mXp-\n-b-¥Ww

$ s]mXp BNmc hnizm-k-߃ \nb-¥n-°p-I.

$ DZv]m-Z\ ˛ hnX-c-W-ßfn¬ s]mXp-\n-b-¥-Ww.

13

cmP-hm-gvNbpw KW-kwL hmgvNbpw Hcp t]msebmbn-cpt∂m? GsX√mw P\-]-Y-ß-fn-

emWv CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ A[n-Im-c-cq]w hf¿∂p-h-∂Xv ]´nI hni-I-e\w sNøp-I.

cmP-hmgvN KW-kwLw

* KwKm-k-a-X-esØ tIµo-I-cn®v * ]¿∆X XmgvhcIsf tIµo-I-cn®v

]`p-Xz-`-cWw cq]-s∏-´p.

* a¥n-amcpw D]-tZ-i-I-k-an-Xn-Ifpw * tKmX-Ø-e-h-∑m-cpsS Iq´mbva

* ]c-º-cm-KX A[n-Imc ssIam‰w * P\m-[n-]Xy kz`m-h-Øn¬

dn∏-ªnIv F∂v t]cv

* \nIpXn ]ncn-hv, Ia-k-am-[m-\w, * ka-Xz-hpw\o-Xnbpw ]men-°p∂ `cW

DXv]m-Z-\-˛-hn-X-cWw \nb-¥Ww \nb-a-߃

* Imin, tImk-ew, aK[w * h÷n, a√

alm-P-\-]-Y-ß-fn¬ NneXv cmjvS-sa∂ ]Z-hn-bn-te°pw NneXv kmam-Py-sa∂ cq]-Øn-

te°pw hnI-kn-®p. Ch-bn¬ aK-[-amWv BZy kmam-Py-ambn hf¿∂ cmjvSw. aK-[sb

kmam-Py-ambn hnI-kn-°m≥ CS-bm-°nb A\p-Iqe kml-N-cy-߃ Fs¥-√mw.

$ KwK-bp-tSbpw t]mjI \Zn-I-fp-tSbpw kmao]yw

$ ^e-`q-bn-jvT-amb ]tZiw

$ [mXp-k-ºØv (_olm¿ ˛ Qm¿Jfiv `mKsØ Ccp-º-bn-cv)

$ Np‰p-ap≈ Ip∂p-Iƒ cmP-Kr-lsØ kwc-£n-®p.

$ hym]mcm`n-hr-≤n-˛-\-K-c-h¬°-cWw

$ Ign-hp‰ `cW t\XrXzw

$ lnam-eb Xmgvh-c-bnse h\ kºØv

aK-[°v e`n-®n-cp∂ A\p-Iqe LS-I-߃ GsX-√m-sa∂v I≠ph-s√m. Chtbmtcm∂pw

Fßs\ kmam-Py-ambn hf-cm≥ klm-bn®p F∂v N¿® sNøq.... IqSp-X¬ hmb-\-°mbn

F.io-[-c-ta-t\ms‚ C¥ym-N-cnXw hmbn-°p-I.

alm-]-fl-\-µ≥ `cWw ]nSn-s®-SpØv cmPymXn¿Øn hn]p-e-am-°n-b-tXmsS C¥y-bn¬

kmamPy c-W-Øn\v XpS-°-am-bn. \µ-hw-i-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn P\lnXw hf¿∂-tXmsS aucy-

km-amPy cq]o-I-c-W-Øn-te°v \bn-®p. aucy kmam-Py-Ønse G‰hpw i‡-\mb `c-Wm-

[n-Imcn AtimI NI-h¿Øn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. AtimI `c-W-Im-esØ°pdn®v F∂pw Hm¿°p-

∂-X-c-Øn¬ C¥y-bpsS tZinb Nn”-ß-fnepƒs∏sS ÿm\w ]nSn® \nc-h[n sXfn-hp-

Iƒ e`n-®n-´p-≠v. (BC-274-234)

$ Atim-I-kvXw`w, Atb¨ ]n√¿, \mW-b-߃, imk-\-߃ XpS-ßnb

AtimI `c-W-Im-esØ sXfn-hp-Iƒ, tiJ-cn-°p-I, AtimI Ime-L-´-sØ-

°p-dn®v Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.

14

Ienw-K-bp≤w (B.C.261)

Atim-I-`-c-W-Im-esØ ][m\ kw`-h-amWv Ienw-K-bp-≤w. kmamPy hnI-k-

\ -Øn -\mbn, Ienw -K -cm -PysØ bmsXmcp ]tIm -] -\hpw IqSmsX

AtimINIh¿Øn BI-an-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Cu bp≤-Øn¬ ]cn-]q¿W

hnPbw t\Sn-sb-¶nepw bp≤-Øns‚ sISp-Xn-Iƒ bm-\-I-am-bn-cp-∂p. Hcp e£-

Øn-e-[nIw P\-߃ acn-°p-Ibpw H∂-c-e-£-tØmfw P\-߃ XS-hp-Im-c-m°-

s∏Sp-Ibpw [mcmfw arK-߃ sIm√-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. CtXmsS bp≤w Ah-

km-\n-∏n®v _p≤-aXw kzoI-cn-®p.

aucy c-W-Im-eØv s]mXpsh sFiz-cy-]q¿Whpw kam-[m-\-]-c-hp-amb Pohn-X-am-bn-cp∂p.

P\߃°v kmº-ØnI ˛ kmaq-ln-I-]p-tcm-K-Xn-bp-≠mbn. sXmgn¬ kwL-߃ D≠m-bn-

cp-∂p. DXv]m-Z\]-c-amb sXmgn-ep-I-fn¬ G¿s∏-´n-cp-∂-h¿°v am\y-amb ÿm\w D≠m-bn-

cp-∂p. \K-c-hm-kn-Iƒ Hcp ]tXyI h¿K-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-´p. IuSn-eys‚ A¿∞-im-

kvXw, cmjvS k¶¬]-Øn\v hy‡-amb hni-Zo-I-cWw \¬Ip-∂p-≠v.

Atim-I-\p-tijw aucy-`-cWw Zp¿_-e-am-b-t∏mƒ cmPy-Øn\p Iogn-ep≈ hnkvXr-X-amb

`q]-tZ-isØ H∂n®p \n¿ØpI ]bm-k-am-bn-cp-∂p. XpS¿∂v kpwK-∑m¿, IWz-∑m¿, tNmZn-

Iƒ, Ipjm-\-hw-iw XpS-ßnb ]mtZ-inI i‡n-Iƒ `cWw ]nSn-s®-Sp-Øp. XpS¿∂v h∂

Kp]vX-cm-P-hw-i-am-bn-cp∂p InkvXp-hn-\p-tijw 4˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ ]mNo\ mc-X-Øn¬ i‡n

]m]n-®-Xv. ]©m_pw cmP-ÿm\pw Hgn-sI-bp≈ DØ--tc¥y apgp-h≥ hym]n-®-Xm-bn-cp∂p

Kp]vX-km-am-Pyw. `cW kuI-cy-Øn-\mbn cmPysØ ap‡n-Iƒ (]hn-iy-Iƒ) hnj-b-

߃ (Pn√-Iƒ) Kma-߃ F∂n-ßs\ hn`-Pn®v Npa-X-e-°msc \n›-bn-®n-cp-∂p. cmPm-hn-

\m-bn-cp∂p ]cam-[n-Im-cw. a¥n-am¿ cmPm-hns\ klm-bn-®p.

`qZm-\-߃

tIµo-IrX cWw Zp¿_-e-am-b-t∏mƒ cmPy-Øn-\-IØpw ]pd-Øp-ap≈ kw`-h-߃ cmjvS-

Øns‚ XI¿®-bv°n-S-bm°n. I®-h-S-°mcpw ssIsØm-gn-ep-Imcpw Irjn-∏Wnbnte°v Xncn-

™Xv I®-h-S-Øn-t‚bpw \K-c-ß-fp-tSbpw XI¿®-bv°n-Sm-bm-°n. I\Ø \nIpXnbpw _m[y-

X-Ifpw I¿j-I¿°pw Ak-ly-am-bn. \nIpXn e`n-°mXmbtXmsS cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS hcp-am-

\-Øn¬ Ipdhph∂p. iº-fw, Zm\w, Z£nW XpS-ßnb sNe-hp-Iƒ°v am¿K-an-√m-Xm-b-

t∏mƒ iº-f-Øn\pw ]ptcm-ln-X¿°p≈ Z£n-Wbv-°p-ambn `qan-Zm\w sNøp∂ kº-

Zmbw h∂p.

^vtfmNm¿´v \nco-£n-°pI:

`qZm-\-߃

_m“-W¿ -Aº-e-߃

-_“-tZbw -AK-lmcw -tZh-Zm\w -tZhÿw

15

`qZm-\-Øns‚ `mK-ambn cmPm-hns‚ DS-a-ÿ-X-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ `qan _m“-W¿°pw DtZym-

K-ÿ¿°p-ambn \¬InbtXmsSm∏w Ahn-SsØ \nIpXn ]ncn-hp-IqSn Ah¿°v e`n-°p-

Ibpw ]Icw cmPm-hns‚ Bh-iy-Øn\v ssk\ysØ FØn-®p-sIm-Sp-°m-\p≈ _m[y-

Xbpw e`y-am-bn. Cu kº-Zmbw cmPm-hns‚ A[n-Imcw ]cn-an-X-s∏-SpØn. \nIpXn AS°m-

sXbpw ssk\ysØ th≠X \evIm-sXbpw kma¥ cmPm-°-∑m-¿ i‡cmbn. Nmeq-Iy¿,

cmjvS-Iq-S¿ XpS-ßnb cmP-hw-i-߃ i‡n-s∏-´Xv Cu Ime-Øm-Wv.

sXmgn¬ Iq´m-bva-I-fm-bn-cp∂p aucy-Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-sX-¶nepw Kp]vX-`-c-W-

Øns‚ Ah-km-\-am-Ip-tºm-tg°pw Cu Iq´mbva PmXn hyh-ÿ-bmbn ]cn-W-an-®p.

C¥y-bn¬ amXw ImWp∂ ]tXy-I-amb Hcp kmaq-lnI ]Xn-`m-k-amWv PmXn-hy-h-ÿ.

]cn-jvIrX Pohn-X-Øns‚ Bcw-`-Øn¬ temIØp ]e-bn-SØpw PmXn-bpsS ]mIr-X-`mhw

ImWm-dp-≠v. ]hrØn hn`-P-\-am-bn-cp∂p AXn-\-Sn-ÿm-\w.

`mc-X-Ønse ]q¿∆ \nhm-kn-Ifpw hnhn[ L´-ß-fn-embn KwKm-k-a-X-e-Øn-te°v FØn-

t®¿∂ Bcy-∑mcpw H∂n-s®mcp kap-Zm-b-ambn Pohn-°m≥ XpS-ßn-b-tXm-sS-bmWv C¥y-

bn¬ h¿W-hy-hÿ Bcw-`n-®-Xv. Bcy-∑m¿ bP-am-\-∑mcpw ]q¿∆ \nhm-kn-Iƒ Zmk-∑m-cp-

sa∂ \ne-bn¬ ]hrØn hn`-P-\-ap-≠m-bn. Bcy-∑m¿ shfpØ h¿§-°mcpw Zmk-∑m¿ Idp-

Ø-hcpw Bb-Xn-\m¬ Ah¿°n-S-bn¬ h¿W hyXym-k-hp-ap-≠m-b-Xmbn Un.kn. sImkmw_n

]d-bp-∂p. _m“-W¿ Bflo-b-amb kzm[o-\hpw kmaq-ly-˛-cm-jvSob kzm[o-\hpw t\Sn-b-

tXmsS NmXp¿h¿Wyw Aew-L-\o-b-amb Hcm-Nm-c-am-bn. I¿Ωa\p-k-cn-®p-≠mb PmXn

hn`-P\w P∑-a-\p-k-cn-®m-bn. s]m^-k¿ Fkv. A®p-X-hm-cy¿ Xs‚ tIcf kwkvImcw ˛

PmXn-hy-hÿ F∂ `mKØv A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

CtXmsS kaq-l-Øn¬ ]I-S-ambn Nne am‰-߃ Zriy-am-bn.

$ sXmgn-ep-ambn _‘-s∏´ hn`-P\w PmXn-hy-h-ÿ-bm-bn.

$ `qkzØv kmaq-ly-]-Zhn \n¿W-bn-°p∂ LS-I-ambn amdn.

$ `qkz-Øp-≈-h¿°v Db¿∂ ]Zhn e`n-®p.

$ PmXn-Iƒ hf¿∂v PmXn-hy-hÿ k¶o¿W-am-°n.

$ Db¿∂ PmXn˛Xmgv∂ PmXn th¿Xn-cnhv Ak-a-Xz-ß-fp-≠m-°n.

$ PmXn-hy-hÿ ip≤m-ip≤ k¶¬∏-Øn\v Imc-W-am-bn.

$ hnhm-l-Øns‚ am\-Zfiw PmXn-bmbn amdn.

]mNo\ `mc-X-Ønse aucy-˛-Kp]vX Ime-L-´-Øn¬ Xs∂ temIØv a‰p ]e ÿe-ß-

fnepw \K-c-cm-jvS-߃ hnI-kn®p h∂n-cn-°p-∂p. Koknse \Kc cmjvS-ß-fmb GY≥kv,

kv]m¿´ F∂n-hbpw tdma≥ dn∏-ªn°pw CXn\pZml-c-W-am-Wv. GY≥kn¬ P\m-[n-]Xy

`c-W-I-ahpw kv]m¿ -bn¬ ssk\nI c-W-hp-am-bn-cp∂p \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂-Xv. BZy-Ime tdma≥

\K-cn-I-X-bpsS tIµw C‰-en-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Ing-°≥ cmPy-ß-fp-sSbpw Kokn-s‚bpw kmwkvIm-

cnI kw`-h-\-Iƒ bqtdm-∏n-se-Øn-bn-cp-∂Xv C‰-en-bneqsS Bbn-cp-∂p. _n.kn. Bdmw

\q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-tØmsS cmPm-hns\ ]pd-Øm-°nb P\-߃ tdman¬ dn∏-ªnIv ÿm]n-

®p. bqtdm-∏n¬ ^yqU-en-k-am-bn-cp∂p hnI-kn-®-Xv. bp≤-X-S-hp-Im-cmbn ]nSn-°-s∏-´-h-cm-bn-

cp∂ ASn-a-Iƒ, ]`p-°-∑m-cpsS kzImcy kzØm-bn-cp∂p. Ah¿°v `qan-bntem DXv]-∂-

Øntem Ah-Imiw C√m-bn-cp-∂p.

16

]mNo\ `mc-X-Øns‚ kmam-PyXz hnIm-khpw Ko°v ˛ tdmam kmam-Py-ß-fpsS

hnImkhpw Xmc-Xayw sNøp-I.

a[y-Ime C¥y

]mNo\ `mc-X-Ønse A[n-Imc tIµ-ß-ƒ, P\-Po-hn-Xw- F∂nhsb°pdn®p a\- n-em-°n-

b-t√m. a[y-Ime C¥y-bn-te°v FØp-tºmƒ F¥p am‰-amWv D≠m-b-sX∂v hni-I-e\w

sNømw. kn.C. 8˛mw \q‰m≠p apX¬ 18˛mw \q‰m≠p hscbp≈ Ime-L´w C¥ym Ncn-X-

Øn¬ a[y-Im-e-L´w F∂m-W-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. kn.C. F´mw \q‰m-≠n¬ cP-]pX hn`m-K-

Øn¬s∏´ sXmac cmP-hw-i-am-bn-cp∂p U¬ln A[n-Imc tIµ-am°n `cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂-

Xv. Zn√nI F∂ t]cn-emWv U¬ln Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv. (`qan-im-kvX-]-c-ambn KwKm-k-a-

X-e-hpw, ae-\n-c-I-fpsS km∂n-[yhpw bap-\-bpsS Pe-k-©mcw A\p-Iq-e-am-°n-bpamWv

U¬ln tIµ-am-°n-b-Xv. XpS¿∂v Nulm≥ cmP-hw-i-am-bn-cp∂p `cWw \S-Øn-b-Xv. ]rYn-

cmP Nulms‚ `cWImeØv tLmdnse (A^vKm-\n-ÿm-\n-se) apl-ΩZv At±-lsØ

BI-an®v Iog-S-°p-Ibpw U¬ln-bn¬ B[n-]Xyw Dd-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. apl-Ω-Zns‚

ac-W-tijw kn.C. 206 ¬ IpXv_p-±o≥ sF_Iv F∂ tk\m-\m-b-I-\m-bn-cp∂p `cWw

Gs‰-Sp-Ø-Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ cmP-hwiw ameq°v hwiw (ASn-a-hw-iw) F∂-dn-b-s∏- p. (kn.C.

206 apX¬ kn.C. 1526 hsc U¬ln Bÿm-\-am°n A©v cmP-hw-i-ß-fm-Wv `-cWw \S-

Øn-b-Xv. Chsc kp¬Øm≥am¿ F∂pw Cu Ime-L-´sØ k¬Ø-\Øv F∂pw Adn-b-

s∏-Sp∂p. XpS¿∂v _m_¿ apKƒ `cWw ÿm]n-®p. a[y-Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ U¬ln Bÿm-

\-am-°nb cmP-hw-i-ßtfbpw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-tfbpw tN¿Øv ]´nI \nco-£n-°p-I.

$ U¬ln tIµ-am°n A[n-Imcw ÿm]n® k¬Ø-\-Øv, apKƒ `c-W-sØ-°p-

dn®pw ][m\ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ, ][m\ `c-W-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v

hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn®v Hcp skan-\m¿ kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-I.

$ a[y-Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ U¬ln tIµo-I-cn®v cWw \S-Øn-b-Xns‚ NcnX kvamc-I-

߃ Dƒs∏-SpØn Hcp ]k-t‚-j≥ Xbm-dm°n Ah-X-cn-∏n-°pI ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ

N¿® sNøp-I.

$ U¬ln Hcp A[n-Imc tIµ-ambn hf-cp-hm≥ CS-bm-°nb `qan-im-kvX-]-c-amb

A\p-Iqe kml-N-cy-߃ Fs¥√mw? hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn®v Ipdn∏p Xbm-dm-

°p-I.

$ ameq°v hwiw (ASn-a-hw-iw)

$ J¬Pn hwiw

$ Xp•°v hwiw

$ kønXv hwiw

$ tem`n-hwiw

$ apKƒ cmP-hwiw

cmP-hwiw ][m\ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ

$ IpXv_p -±o≥ sF_-Iv, C¬Øp-fln -jv,_m¿_¿

$ Aem-hp-±o≥ J¬Pn

$ aql-ΩZv _n≥Xp-•-Iv, ^ntdm-kvjm-Xp-•Iv

$ Jnkn¿Jm≥

$ C_mlnw temZn

$ _m_¿, lpa-bq¨, AIv_¿, jmP-lm≥...

17

a[y-Ime C¥y-bn¬ U¬ln tIµ-am°n DØ-tc-¥y≥ ]tZ-i-߃ `cn-®n-cp∂ A[n-Imc

tIµ-ß-fmWv \mw CXp-hsc N¿® sNbvX-Xv. Cu Ime-b-f-hn¬ Z£n-tW-¥y-bnepw ]›n-

ta-¥y-bnepw \nehnep≠mbncp∂ ][m\ cmPyßfmbncp∂p tNmf-cm-Pyw, hnP-b-\-K-cw,

_mlvan\n cmPyw, admØ cmPyw F∂n-h. A∏¿ ss]adn ¢m p-I-fnse kmaq-ly-imkvX

]mT-]p-kvX-I-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw a‰p hmb-\m-km-a-Kn-I-fn¬\n∂pw Cu cmPy-ß-sf-°p-dn®v hnh-

c-߃ tiJ-cn®v Xmsg ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.

cmP-hwiw ][m\ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ Bÿm-\hpw ][m\ `c-W-t\- -߃

`c-W-]-tZ-ihpw

tNmf-cmPyw

hnP-b-\-Kcw

_mlvan\n-cmPyw

admØ cmPyw

tIcfw ˛ A∂pw C∂pw

tIc-f-Øns‚ Ncn-Xm-Xo-X-Im-e-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Adnhv ]cn-an-X-am-Wv. tIc-f-Øns‚ \m\m-

`m-K-ß-fn¬\n∂pw I≠p-In-´n-bn-´p≈ alm-in-em-bp-Km-h-in-jvS-ß-fmb ]pe-®n-°-√v, tai-

°-√v, sXm∏n-°-√v, IpS-°-√v, \∂-ßm-Sn-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b sXfn-hp-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬

6000 h¿j-߃°v apºp-Xs∂ P\-hm-k-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn A\p-am-\n-°p-∂p. \c-hw-i-im-

kvX-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ tIc-f-Ønse ]pcm-X-\-P-\-Xsb \oKn-t‰m, t]mt´m-˛-B-

kvS-tem-bvUv, saUn-‰-td-\n-b≥ F∂o ]e hwi°mcmbn Xn-cn°p∂p. Cu hwi-߃

H∂mbn tN¿∂ Hcp h¿K-amWv Ct∏m-gp-≈-Xv. sXt° C¥y-bn¬ ]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ ]q¿h-

`m-KØv BZy-a-\p-jy-hmkw Bcw- n-°p-Ibpw ]n∂oSv ]Sn-™m-dp- m-K-tØ°v hym]n-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp F∂v `qan-im-kvX-]-c-amb sXfn-hp-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Icp-Xp-∂p. Ah¿

tIc-f-Øns‚ Ing-°≥ ae-\n-c-I-fn¬ ]Wn-b¿, Ccp-f¿, Ipdn-Ny¿, ae-b-c-b¿, D≈m-S¿, ae-

th-S¿, ImWn-°m¿ XpS-ßnb t]cp-I-fn¬ Pohn-®p-h-cp-∂p. Ch-cn¬ hb-\m-´n¬ amX-ap≈

]Wn-b-hn-`m-K-amWv G‰hpw ]mNo-\¿. GXm≠v Hcp \q‰m≠v apºp-hsc Kplm-hm-khpw

Gdp-am-S-ß-fnepw Ign-™n-cp∂ Ch¿ h\-hn-`-h-߃ tiJ-cn®pw th´-bm-Sn-bp-amWv Pohn-®-

Xv. BZn-hmkn hn`m-K-amb Ch¿ Xan-gv\m-Sn-t\mSp tN¿∂ ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Xangv Ie¿∂

`mjbpw ssakq-cn-t\mSv tN¿∂ `mK-Øp-≈-h¿ I∂S Ie¿∂ ae-bm-fhpw kwkm-cn-°p-

∂Xp ImWmw. Ct∏mƒ ]pdw-tem-I-hp-am-bp≈ _‘-Ønepw hnZym-`ymkw t\Snbpw `mj-

bnepw Pohn-X-Ønepw [mcmfw am‰-߃ h∂n-´p-≠v.

18

kmaq-ly-Po-hnXw

sXt° C¥y-bnse P\-ßsf Zmhn-U¿ F∂pw Ah-cpsS `mjsb ZmhnU `mj-sb∂pw

kwkvIm-csØ ZmhnU kwkvIm-c-sa∂pw hnfn-®p-h-cp-∂p. BcmWv Zmhn-U¿? _n.kn.

\memw \q‰m-≠n-t\m-S-Sp-∏n®v saUn-‰-td-\n-b≥ h¿K-°m¿ _eq-Nn-ÿm≥ hgn C¥y-bn-se-

Øp-Ibpw Ahn-sS-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ BkvS-tembvUv h¿K-°m-cp-ambn IqSn-tN¿∂v Zmhn-U-

cmbn ]cn-W-an-°pIbpw sNbvXp. ]n∂oSv Bcy-∑m-cpsS A[n-\n-th-i-tØmsS Cu P\X

sXt°m´p hym]n®v hmk-ap-d-∏n®hcmWv Zmhn-U-P-\-X. ]nXr-]m-c-º-cy-amWv Ch¿ XpS¿∂n-

cp-∂-Xv. s]mXpsh kam-[m-\-Ønepw krjvSn-]-c-amb ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnepw A[n-jvTn-X-am-

bn-cp∂p Ch-cpsS Pohn-Xw. alm-in-em-kw-kvIm-chpw Ccp-ºp-sIm-≠p≈ Bbp-[-ßfpw ChnsS

\S-∏n-em-°n-b-Xn-h-cm-Wv. tNc-˛-tNm-f-˛-]m-fiy-cm-P-hw-i-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p tKmX-k-aq-l-

Øn¬\n∂pw cmPm-[n-Im-c-Øn-te-°p≈ am‰-Øns‚ BZy IÆn-Iƒ. kwL-Ime IrXn-Iƒ

CXn\v sXfn-hm-Wv. tIc-f-Øn-te-°p≈ Bcy-∑m-cpsS IS-∂p-h-chv F.Un. H∂mw \q‰m-

≠n¬ Bcw-`n-®n-cp-∂p. Xe-ap-d-I-fn-eq-sS-bp≈ IpSn-tb-‰w, IS-∂p-h∂ ]tZ-i-ß-fnse Pohn-

X-ssien kzoI-cn-°m≥ ]cym-]vX-am-°n-bn-cp-∂p. tIc-f-Øn¬ FØnb Xangv _m“-Wcpw

]c-tZi _m“-Wcpw Cu ]c-º-c-bn¬s∏- -h-cm-Wv. c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-sf-s°m≠v bmKmZnI¿a-

߃ sNøn-°m≥ Ch¿°v Ign-™p. (CXns‚ ^e-ambn kaq-l-Øn¬ Db¿∂ ÿm\w

t\Sm≥ Ign-™p.) BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-ß-fnepw `mjm-˛-th-j-`q-jm-Zn-I-fnepw ]I-S-amb

hyXymkw ImWmw. tIcf kwkvIm-c-Øn¬ PmXn-k-º-Zm-bhpw `qD-S-a-k-º-Zm-bhpw cq]-

s∏-´Xv Cu IqSn-t®-c-ens‚ `mK-am-bm-Wv. tZhkzw, _lvakzw XpS-ßnb coXn-bn¬ `qan-

ad-bq¿ ap\n-b-d IpS-°√v sXm∏n-I√v

\∂-ßm-Sn-Iƒ CS-°¬ Kplm-NnXw

19

bpsS DS-ÿX hn`-Pn-s®-Sp-Øp. P∑nXzw cq]-s∏-´p. PmXn-c-lnX tIc-f-k-aq-l-Øn¬ PmXn-

hy-hÿbpsS X´p-Iƒ Xncn-°p-Ibpw km[m-cW P\ßsf lo\-Pm-Xn-°m-cmbn Xcw-Xm-

gvØp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

AXn-]m-No-\-Imew apX¬Xs∂ hnhn[ aX-ß-fpsS kwKa `qan-bm-bn-cp∂p tIc-fw. lmc-

∏-bn¬ \n∂p≈ Nne Ncn-X-tc-Jm-ap-Z-I-fn¬\n∂p ssk‘h kwkvIm-c-hp-ambpw ImXym-

b-\s‚ hm¿ØnIw F∂ ]pcm-X\ KŸ-Øn¬\n∂pw DØ-tc-¥y-bp-am-bpw _‘w D≠m-

bn-cp-∂-Xmbn sXfn-bp-∂p. kpta-dn-b, Ad-_n-Iƒ, ^n\o-jy¿, bh-\¿, tdmam-°m¿

F∂nhcpambn hntZi hym]m-chpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn \mW-b-ti-J-c-߃ Is≠-Øn-b-

Xn¬\n∂pw a\- n-em-°mw. AtimI imk-\-ß-fn¬\n∂pw _p≤-a-Xhpw ssP\-a-Xhpw

tIc-f-Øn¬ ]N-cn-®n-cp∂p F∂-dn-bp-∂p. sshtZ-inI _‘-Øns‚ ^e-ambn InkvXp,

C…mw, PqX-a-X-ßfpw t\csØ Xs∂ ]Nm-c-Øn-em-bn. ]mNo\ tIc-f-Øn¬ ]tXyI

aX-Øn¬ A[n-jvTnXa√mØ ZmhnU BNm-c-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p \ne-hn-en-cp-∂-Xv. ]Ir-Xn-i-

‡n-Ifpw Ipe-tZ-h-X-Ifpw ae-ssZ-h-ßfpw apØ-∏\pw Bbn-cp∂p Bcm-[-\m-aq¿Øn-Iƒ.

Cu kml-N-cy-Øn-te-°mWv _p≤-˛-ssP-\-a-Xm-i-b-ßfpw sshtZ-inI aXm-i-b-ßfpw IS-

∂p-h-∂-Xv. Im¿jn-I-hrØn Adn-bm-am-bn-cp∂ _p≤-˛-ssP-\-∑m¿ Xß-fpsS Adnhv kaq-l-

Øn¬ ]¶p-h-®-tXmsS Im¿jnI A`n-hr-Ønbpw qan-bpsS DS-a-ÿXbpw Bcw- n-®p. Im¿jn-

Im-`n-hr≤n t£X-ß-fp-tSbpw tZhm-e-b-ß-fp-tSbpw \n¿amWØnte°pw AXn-eqsS

ssIsØm-gn¬°m-cpsS hf¿®-bn-te°pw FØn-t®¿∂p. hnZym-`ym-kw, kmln-Xyw, NnIn-

’m-]-≤-Xn F∂o cwK-ß-fn¬ _p≤-aXw hºn® am‰w sIm≠p-h-∂p. _p≤-hn-lm-c-ß-

tfmSv tN¿∂v ]mT-im-e-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

$ tIc-f-Ønse ]mNo\ tKmX-k-aq-l-Øn¬\n∂pw cmP-hw-i-Øn-te-°p≈ hf¿®

hni-Ie\w sNbvXv Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-I. tKmX-k-aq-l-Øns‚ UnPn-‰¬ ]k-

t‚-j≥ Xbm-dm-°p-I.

$ tIc-f-Øn¬ hnhn[ aX-hn-izm-k-߃ cq]-s∏-Sm-\n-S-bm-°nb kml-N-cy-߃ hni-I-

e\w sNbvXv GsX√mw aX-hn-izm-k-߃ ]Nm-c-Øn-em-sb∂v ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

A[n-Im-c- cq-]-߃

tNc-˛-tNm-f-˛-]m-fiy-cm-P-hw-i-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p BZy-Ime `cWw \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. G‰hpw

]mNo\w tNc-∑m-cm-sW∂v Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ ]d-bp-∂p. ae-º-tZ-i-am-b-Xn-\m¬ tNc¬ F∂

]Z-Øn¬\n-∂p-amhmw tNc-∑m¿ D≠m-b-Xv. tNc¬ F∂ hm°ns‚ kwkvIrX cq]-amWv

tIcfw F∂p Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. apNocn (sImSp-ß-√q¿) tIµ-am°n hS°v Xpfp-\mSp apX¬

sX°v Bbv\m-´p-h-tcbpw Ing°v sImßp-\m-Sn-t‚bpw A[n-]-cm-bn-cp∂p tNc-∑m¿. F´mw

iX-I-tØmsS tNc kmam-Pyw, ]mfiy-cm-Pm-°-∑m¿ Iogvs∏-Sp-Øn. XpS¿∂v Xncp-h-©n-

°pfw (amtIm-ssX) tIµ-am°n c≠mw tNc-km-amPyw i‡n-]m-]n-®p. cma-cm-P-ti-J-c≥

(800˛844) Bbn-cp∂p c≠mw tNc-km-am-Py-ÿm-]-I≥. sIm√w Xpd-ap-J-Øns‚ DZv`-hp-ambn

_‘-s∏´v sIm√-h¿jw (G.Un. 825) Bcw-`n-®-Xv ÿmWp-chn cmPm-hns‚ Ime-Øm-Wv.

kwL-Im-e-Øp-≠m-bn-cp∂ tNmf-˛-]mfiy `c-W-co-Xn-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp∂p tIc-f-Ønepw \S-

∏n-em-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Nne `qhn-`m-K-ß-fn¬ tKmX-Ø-e-h-∑m¿ ]mc-º-cy-ambn `cWw \S-Øp-

Ibpw cmPm-hn-t\mSp Iqdp-]p-e¿Øp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. kwL-Im-em-\-¥cw ]hn-iy-I-

fnse A[n-Imcw DS-b-h¿ ]mc-º-cy-ambn hln-®n-cp-∂p. `q\n-Ip-Xn-bm-bn-cp∂p ][m\ hcp-

am-\w. IqSmsX Xe-°m-Ww, GWn-°m-Ww, Np¶w, ASn-a-°m-iv F∂o \nIp-Xn-I-fpw ]ncn-®n-

20

cp-∂p. Ip‰-hm-fn-Iƒ°v XS-hv, ]ng F∂o in£-Iƒ \¬In-bn-cp-∂p. I£n-Iƒ- hy-‡n-Iƒ

X¿°w A¶w-sh´n Xocp-am-\n-®n-cp-∂p. 900˛ m-am-≠nse tIcfw \nco-£n-°p-I.

tIcfw 800˛1122 hsc

G.Un. 9˛ mw \q‰m-t≠msS tIc-f-Øn¬ s]cp-am-°-

∑m¿ atlm-Z-b-]pcw Bÿm-\-am°n `cWw Bcw-`n-

®p. ]pd-Io-g-\m-Sv, Ipdp-º-\m-Sv, Gd-\m-Sv, h≈p-h-\mSv

XpS -ßn -b - ]tZißfmbn Hcp `cWØn≥

Iognep≠mbncp∂Xv \mSp-hm-gn-Ø-Øn¬ A[n-jvTn-

X-am-bn-cp∂p `c-Ww. G.Un. 1124 HmsS s]cp-am-°-∑m-

cpsS `cWw Ah-km-\n-°p-Ibpw Ah-km\ cmPmhv

tNc-am≥ s]cp-amƒ C…mw-aXw kzoI-cn®v sa°-bn-

te°v t]mbn F∂pw Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. XpS¿∂v cmPyw

sNdp-\m-Sp-hm-gn-Iƒ kzX¥ `cWw \S-Øn-s°m≠v

hnhn[ kzcq-]-ß-fmbn amdn. thWm-Sv, tIme-Øp-\m-

Sv, s\Sn-bn-cp-∏v, s]cp-º-S∏v kzcq-]w, Xm∂q¿ kzcq-

]w, Xcq¿ kzcq-]w, Xr∏m-∏q¿ kzcq]w XpS-ßn-bh

]_-e-amb \m´p-cm-Py-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. yqU¬ kmaq-

ly-hy-h-ÿ-bm-bn-cp∂p \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv.

B[p-\nI Ime-L-´-Øn-te°v ]th-in-°p∂ Ime-ØmWv t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS hchpw

B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ia-ßfpw Bcw-`n-®-Xv. XpS¿∂v U®p-Im¿, Cw•o-jp-

Im¿ F∂o bqtdm-]y≥ i‡n-Iƒ hym]m-c--Øn-\mbn FØn.

$ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿, sIm®n, ae-_m¿ ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ hntZ-io-b-cpsS B[n-]-Xy-i-a-

߃ kw_-‘n® hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn®v Hcp N¿® kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-I.

$ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿, sIm®n, ae-_m¿ F∂o cmPy-ß-fm-bn-cp∂ tIcfw Fßs\

sFIy tIcf cq]o-I-c-W-Øn-te°v FØn-bXv? hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn®v sFIy-tI-

c-f-Øn-te°v F∂ Hcp skan-\m¿ kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-I. (][m\ \mSp-hm-gn-Ifpw `c-

Whpw \m´p-cm-Py-ß-fpsS kwtbm-P-\w, \thm-Ym-\-\m-b-Icpw ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw

cmjvSob ]ÿm-\-ß-fpsS ]¶v P∑nXz hntZ-im-[n-]-Xy-Øn\pw FXnsc \S∂

]t£m` ka-c-߃ XpS-ßnb taJ-e-Iƒ hni-I-e\w sNbvXv skan-\m¿ kwL-

Sn-∏n-°p-at√m.)

\h-tI-cfw

1956 \v apºv Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿, sIm®n, ae-_m¿ F∂o \m´p-cm-Py-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p tIc-fw.

am¿Ømfih¿a alm-cm-Pm-hns‚ Iogn¬ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ i‡-amb cmPy-am-bn-cp-∂p.

i‡≥X-ºp-cms‚ `c-W-Im-e-Øm-bn-cp∂p sIm®n-cmPyw hnI-kn-®-Xv. ae-_m¿ taJ-e-sb

kmaq-Xn-cn-bpsS `c-W-Im-eØv ssakq¿ cmPm-°-∑m¿ BI-an®v ssIh-i-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw

kzm[o\w Dd-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p-. ]n∂oSv _n´o-jp-Im¿ Sn∏p-kp¬Øm-s\

]cmPbs∏SpØn taJe Cu ssIh-i-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v aZmkv ]hn-iy-bpsS `mKam°n.-

BZyw Xncp-˛-sIm®n kwtbm-P-\hpw XpS¿∂v `mjm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kwÿm-\-߃ cq]o-I-

cn-®-t∏mƒ ae-_mdpw Iq´n-tN¿Øv tIcfw cq]o-Ir-X-am-bn. Cu ]In-b-bn¬ \nc-h[n ]t£m-

21

`-k-a-c-߃ kzm[o\w sNep-Øn-bn-´p-s≠∂pw \nc-h[n cmjvSob ]ÿm-\-ßfpw t\Xm-

°-∑mcpw ]¶p-h-ln-®p-sh∂pw skan-\m-dn-eqsS t_m[y-am-b-t√m. kwÿm\w cq]o-I-cn-®-

t∏mƒ GsX√mw Pn√-I-fmWv D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv? XpS¿∂v Iq´n-t®¿°-s∏´ Pn√-Iƒ GsX-

√m-sa∂v At\z-jn-®-dn™v ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.

sFIy-tI-cfw

sFIy-tI-cfw cq]-s∏-´-Xn\p ]n∂n¬

\nc-h[n ]t£m-`-߃°n-S-bm-°nb

kmaq-ly-hy-h-ÿ-bm-bn-cp∂p tIc-f-

Øn¬. hnhn[ hn`mKw P\-߃X-

Ωn¬ CS-s]-Sp-∂-Xn\v Xo≠m-∏mSv

F∂ BNm-cw \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

IqSmsX:

$ kh¿W-˛-A-h¿W th¿Xn-cnhv

$ PmXn-hy-h-ÿ-b-\p-k-cn®v hkvX-

[m-c-Ww.

$ PmXn-b-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ˛ hnhn[

\nIp-Xn-Iƒ Npa-ج

$ ASn-a-k-º-Zmbw

$ Blm-c-Ønepw PmXn-th¿Xn-cnhv

$ P∑n-k-º-Zmbw

$ ASn-bmbva

$ `qan-bn¬ Ah-Im-i-an-√mbva

$ Dugn-bhpw hncp-Ønbpw (Iqen-bn-√m-tPm-en)

$ s]mXp-\n-c-Øn¬ k©m-c-\n-tj[w

$ hnNn-X-amb in£m-hn-[n-Iƒ

$ t£X-]-th-i\ \ntj[w

$ ...........................................................

XpS-ßnb \nch[n BNm-c-ßfpw A\m-Nm-c-ßfpw sIm≠v \nd-™-Xm-bn-cp∂p 19˛ mw \q‰m-

≠v. kmaq-ly-\-thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ `mK-am-bn, CØcw PmXym-Nm-c-߃s°-Xnsc kmaqly

]cn-jvI¿Øm-°fpw cmjvSob ]ÿm-\-ßfpw \nc-h[n ]t£m- -߃ \bn-®-Xns‚ `mK-

ambn Cu Ahÿ ]Xps° amdm≥ XpS-ßn. F¥mWv \thm-∞m\w? _mly-t]-c-W-

Ifm¬ \nb-¥n-°-s∏-SmØ Nn¥-bp-tSbpw kzmX-¥y-Øn-t‚bpw ]p\-cp-∞m\w BWv \thm-

∞m-\w. CXv a\p-jy-a-\- p-I-fn¬ bp‡n-t_m-[hpw k¿K-i-‡nbpw hf¿Øn. C‰-en-bn¬

Bcw- n®v bqtdm-∏n-em-I-am\w hym]n® \thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ ^e-ambn Pohn-X-tØmSpw ]]-

©-tØmSpw Hcp ]pXnb kao-]\w a\p-jy-cpsS CS-bn¬ cq]-s∏- p. bqtdm-∏n-em-I-am\w kmaqly

cmjvSo-b- -im-kvX-ta-J-e-I-fn¬ hºn® am‰w Ipdn® \thm-∞m-\-Nn¥ temI-sa-ºmSpw hym]n-

®p. imkvX-cw-K-Øp-≠mb hf¿®-bmWv temI ]cy-th-j-W-bm-Xbv°v XpS°w Ipdn-®-Xv.

Pn√ cq]o-I-cn® h¿jw

1. Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

2. sIm√w

3. Be-∏pg

4. tIm´bw

5. CSp°n

6. ]Ø-\w-Xn´

7. Fd-Wm-Ipfw

8. Xriq¿

9. ]me-°mSv

10. ae-∏pdw

11. tImgn-t°mSv

12. hb-\mSv

13. IÆq¿

14. Imk¿tKmUv

22

19˛ mw \q‰m-≠nse Nne \nIp-Xn-Iƒ

$ GWn-°mWw

$ ta\n-s∏m∂v

$ he-∏Ww

$ Gg-∏Ww

$ ASn-a-∏Ww

$ tImg-∏Ww

$ ImgvN-∏Ww

$ Xsse-hne

$ A¶-°ngn

$ Xpd-∏Ww

$ Xf-°mWw

$ Np¶w

$ cmP-t`mKw

XpS-ßnb 110 C\w \nIp-Xn-Iƒ 1865 ¬ ]ncn-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn dh.-sa-‰n-b¿ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

`mc-X-Øn¬ \thm-∞m\w Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv 19˛ mw \q‰m-≠n¬ _wKm-fn-em-Wv. XpS¿∂v alm-

cm-jvS, ]©m-_v, tIcfw XpS-ßnb a‰p ]tZ-i-ß-fn-te°v hym]n-®p. _n´ojv c-W-Øns‚

kzm[o-\w, ssIkvXh anj-W-dn-am-cpsS ]h¿Ø-\w, k¿Km-flI kmln-Xy-Øns‚ kzm[o-

\w, C¥y≥ ]fin-X-∑m-cpsS ]cn-i-a-߃ F∂n-h-bmWv kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°-cW ]ÿm-

\-ß-fpsS Bhn¿`m-h-Øn\v hgn-sbm-cp-°n-b-Xv. CXns‚ ^e-ambn kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°-cWw

F√m hn`m-K-ß-fp-tSbpw ][m\ Bh-iy-ambn amdn. tIc-f-Øn¬ kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°-c-W-

Øn\v t\XrXzw \¬In-bXv Bsc-√m-am-bn-cp∂p?

$ io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp

$ Aø-¶mfn

$ sshIp-WvT-kzm-an-Iƒ

$ s]mbvI-bn¬ tbml-∂m≥

$ ktlm-Z-c≥ Aø-∏≥

$ ]fin‰v Idp-∏≥

$ N´-ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ

$ Ipam-c-\m-im≥

$ hmKv -Sm-\-µ≥

$ hn.Sn. `´-Xn-cn-∏mSv

$

XpS-ßnb kmaq-ly-]-cn-jvI¿Øm-°-fp-tSbpw kwL-S-\-I-fp-tSbpw ]h¿Ø\ ^e-ambn

Po¿W-am-bXpw im]-K-kvX-hp-amb _m“-Wy-Øns‚ \io-I-c-W-i-‡nsb AXn-Po-hn-°p-

hm\pw ASn-bmf hn`m-K-߃°v Ah¿ t]dn-h∂ AS-bm-f-Nn-”-߃ XI¿sØ-dn-bm\pw

Hcp-]-cn-[n-hsc Ign-™p.

F√m ]cn-jvI¿Øm-°fpw B[p-\nI hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ ]k-‡n-sb-°p-dn®v ]Nm-cWw

\S-Øn-b-Xn-\m¬ IqSp-X¬ t]¿°v AXns‚ ]tbm-P\w e`n-®p. CXn\p ]pdsa aZy-h¿P-

23

\w, imkvX-t_m-[w, ani-t`m-P-\w, ani-hn-hm-lw, hn[-hm-hn-hmlw, hnhm-l-]m-b-ap-b¿Ø¬

kvXok-a-Xzw XpS-ßnb hnj-b-߃ kaqlw apJy-[m-cm-hn-j-b-ß-fmbn N¿®-sN-øp-Ibpw

Ah \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v Xøm-sd-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXns‚sb√mw ^e-ambn tIcf

kaq-l-Øn¬ hen-b-am-‰-ß-fmWv D≠m-bn-´p-≈-Xv. Nne \mSp-hm-gn-Ifpw kmaq-Zm-bn-I-˛-cm-

jvSob ]ÿm-\-ßfpw \thm-∞m-\-aq-ey-߃ Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn®v ]h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂p.

$ 19, 20 \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ tIc-f-Ønse kmaq-lym-h-ÿbpw Ah am‰w hcp-Øp-∂-

Xn\v kmaq-ly-]-cn-jvI¿Øm-°ƒ hln® ]¶pw hni-I-e\w sNøp-I.

hnZym- ym-k- -B-tcm-Ky-cwKw

kzmX-¥ym-\-¥cw tIcfw am\-h-hn-I-k-\-Øn¬ henb apt∂‰w Ipdn-®p. `q]-cn-jv°-c-

Ww, Btcm-Ky-kw-c-£-Ww, hnZym-`ym-k-]p-tcm-K-Xn, kmaq-ln-I-\oXn F∂o taJ-e-I-fn¬

tIc-f-Øns‚ apt∂‰w a‰p kwÿm-\-߃°v amXr-I-bm-Wv. CXv A¥¿tZ-iob Xe-

Øn¬Xs∂ i≤n-°-s∏-´p. kzmX-¥ym-\-¥cw Npcp-ßnb \mfp-IƒsIm≠v tIcfw km£-

c-X-bn¬ C¥y-bn¬ H∂mw ÿm\-sØØn. kmº-ØnI ]n∂m-°m-h-ÿ-b-\p- -hn-°p-tºmgpw

Cu t\´w it≤-b-am-Wv. 1817 se Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp∂ dmWn

]m¿∆-Xn-`mbn hnZym-`ymkw Kh¨sa‚ns‚ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ambn Gs‰-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p. XpS¿∂p-

h∂ InkvXy≥ anj-W-dn-amcpw kmaq-ln-I-]-ÿm-\-ßfpw amdn-amdn h∂ Kh¨sa‚p-I-

fpsS Xocp-am-\-ßfpw `q]-cn-jv°-c-Ww, hnZym-`ym-k-_n-√v, Db¿∂ kmaq-ly-t_m[w XpS-

ßn-bh hnZym-`ymk ]ptcm-KXn°p ]n∂n-ep≈ LS-I-ß-fm-Wv.

s]mXp-P-\m-tcm-Ky-cw-KØv tIcfw h≥t\-´-ß-fmWv ssIh-cn-®-Xv. Cu cwK-Øp-≠mb hnI-

k-\w, hnI-kn-X-cm-Py-ß-tfmSv InS-]n-Sn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. B[p-\nI NnIn-’m-ku-I-cy-ßfpw GtIm-

]nX ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw Atem-∏-Xn, Bbp¿th-Zw, tlman-tbm, bp\m\n XpS-ßnb NnIn-

’m-im-J-I-fpsS hf¿®bpw t_m[-h¬°-cW ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw Cu t\´-߃°v ]n∂n-

ep-≠v.

tIc-f-Øns‚ \ne-hn-ep≈ t\´-߃ At\z-jn®v ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.

kvXo˛-]p-cpj A\p-]mXw tIcfw C¥y

]Xn-io¿j-h-cp-am\w

km£-c-Xm-\n-c°v

]pcp-j≥

kvXoIƒ

samØ kvIqƒ ]th-i\ \nc°v

sImgn-™p-t]m°v \nc°v

P\-\-\n-c°v

Bbp¿ssZ¿Lyw

inip-a-c-W-\n-c°v

ac-W-\n-c°v

Zmcn-Zym-\p-]mXw

24

am\-h-hn-I-k\ kqN-I-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ t\´-ßsf C¥y-

bpsS t\´-ß-fp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-I.

hnZ-ym-`-ymk cwKØv tIc-fØn¬ \nc-h[n ]≤-Xn-Iƒ \S-∏n-em-°n-bn-´p-≠v. kuP-\y

D®`£Ww, hntI-µo-IrX Bkq-X-Ww, ]mT-y-]-≤Xn ]cn-jvI-c-Ww, A[-ym-]I ]cn-io-e-

\w, tIµmhn-jvIrX ]≤-Xn-I-fmb DPEP, SSA, RMSA, ka-K-in£m A`n-bm≥, km£-c-

Xm-an-j≥ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-ƒ, hnZ-ym-`-ym-k-kw-c-£-W- b-⁄w, kºq¿Æ UnPn-‰-sse-tk-j≥

XpS-ßnb ]h¿Ø-\-߃ tIcf-sØ apt∂m´p \bn-°p-∂p. F¶nepw hnZ-ym-`-ym-k-cw-KØv

ASn-ÿm-\-ku-I-c-y-ßfpsS A]cym]vXXbpw KpW-\n-e-hmcØns‚ Ipdhpw Nne ]n∂m°

taJ-e-I-fnse sImgn™p t]m°pw ]iv\-ß-fm-Wv. Ah ]cn-l-cn-°m-\p≈ ]h¿Ø-\-

ßfpw \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.

Btcm-K-y-cw-KØv F√m-h¿°pw NnIn’mkuI-cyw Dd-∏p-h-cp-ج

$ ISpw_t£a ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ

$ t]mj-Im-lmc ]cn-]mSn

$ ]I¿® hym-[n-Iƒ \n¿am¿P\w

$ ipNo-I-cW b⁄w

$ Btcm-Ky C≥jp-d≥kv ]cn-c£

$ B¿Zw anj≥

$ ...............................

XpS-ßn-b-h-bn-eqsS F√m-h¿°pw Btcm-Kyw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp∂ ia-߃ \S-°p-tºmƒ Xs∂

KpW-\n-e-hmc°pdhv, KmaoW taJ-e-bnse NnIn’m kuI-c-y-e-`-y-X-Ip-d-hv, ]I¿®-hym-[n-

I-fpsS Xncn-®p-h-c-hv, Pohn-X-ssi-eo-tcm-K-߃, amen-\-y-\n¿am¿P\ ]iv\-߃, Db¿∂

NnIn’m sNehv XpS-ßnb ]iv\-߃ tIcfw A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p-∂p-≠v.

Zmcn-Zy \n¿am¿P\w tIc-f-Øn¬

Ipd™ ]Xn-io¿jI hcp-am-\-sa¶nepw am\h hnI-k\ kqNn-I-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬

tIcfw ap∂n-em-Wv. 2013 sk]v‰w-_¿ ˛ hm¿jnI IW°p ]Imcw IW-°-\p-k-cn®v

7.05% t]¿ tIc-fØn¬ Zmcn-Zy tcJbv°v Xmsg-bm-Wv. C¥-y≥ icm-icn 21.92% Bbn

IW-°m-°n-b--t∏m-gmWnXv. sXmgn-en-√m-bva, Btcm-Kyw, hnZ-ym-`-ym-kw, £-y-kp-c-£, ]m¿∏n-

Sw, ip≤-P-ew, ipNn-Xzw F∂n-h-bpsS Ipd-hv, `qan-bpsS e`-y-X, enwK-hn-th-N\w XpS-ßnb

LS-I-߃ ]cn-K-Wn-®mWv ZmcnZyw IW-°m-°p-∂-Xv. Zmcn-Zyw, A\p-`-hn-°p∂ Bfp-I-

fpsS amXw ]iv\-a-√, kaq-l-Øns‚ IqSn ]iv\-am-Wv. Ipd™ hcp-am-\-°m-cnepw

AkwLSnX taJ-e-I-fn-ep-amWv Zmcn-Zyw tIµo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. AXp-sIm≠v Kh¨sa‚ v

hnhn[ Zmcn-Z-y-\n¿am¿P\ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Bkq-XWw sNbvXv \S-∏n-em-°n hcp∂p. Ah

GsX√msa∂p ]cn-tim-[n°mw.

$ t£a s]≥j-\p-Iƒ hnX-cWw

$ IpSpw-_io bqWn-‰p-Iƒ hgn \S-Øp∂ ]h¿Ø\߃

$ s]mXp hnX-cW kwhn-[m\w

˛ tdj≥ IS-Iƒ ˛ kvIqƒ D®-`-£Ww

˛ AwK-\-hm-Sn-Iƒ ˛ amthen tÃmdp-Iƒ

˛ \oXn tÃm¿

25

22˛12˛2018˛se "amXr`qan' Zn\∏XØn¬ \n∂v)

$ `q]-cn-jvI-cW \S-]-Sn-Iƒ

$ kuP-\y hnZ-ym-`-ymk ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ

$ Bi-zm-k-In-c¨

$ Bib

$ AΩ--sØm-´n¬

$ kvt\l kv]¿iw

$ sse^v anj≥

$ sXmgn-en-√mbva thX\w

XpS-ßn-bhbpw tIµm-hn-jvIrX ]≤-Xn-I-fmb NREGS, SJRRY, SFGY, PMRY XpS-ßn-

bh \nc-h[n ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw \S-∏n-em°n hcp-∂p. tIµ-k¿°mcpw tIc-f-k¿°mcpw \S∏nem-

°p∂ a‰p ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ At\-z-jn-®-dn-bp-I.

$ kmº-ØnI hnI-k\w km[-y-am-I-W-sa-¶n¬ Btcm-Ky hnZ-ym-`-ym-k-cw-K-ß-fn¬

apX¬ apS°v h¿≤n-∏n-°Ww. am\h hnI-k\ kqN-I-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬

hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.

$ tIc-f-Øns‚ hnZ-ym- -ymk Btcm-Ky cwK-sØ t\ -ßsf tZiob t\ -ßfpambn

XmcXayw sNøpI

$ Zmcn-Z-y \n¿am¿P\w hy-‡n-bpsS amXw Bh-i-y-a-√. kaq-l-Øns‚ IqSn Bh-

iy-am-Wv. tIc-f-Øns‚ Zmcn-Zy \n¿am¿P\ ]h¿Ø-\-ßsf Cu ]kvXm-h-\-

bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.

a[-y-Ime temIw ˛ \thm-∞m\w kmam-P-y-Xz h¬°-cWw

C¥-ybn-epw tI-cf-Ønepw Bcw-`n® \thm-∞m-\ i-a-ßfpw ]cn-Wn-X-^-e-ßfpw N¿®

sNbvXp-h-t√m. Gj-y≥ cmP-y-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ hn⁄m\ hn\n-abw butdm-∏nse ssh⁄m-

\nI taJesb Gsd kzm-[o-\n-®p. C‰-en-bn¬ Bcw-`n® \thm-∞m\w bqtdm-∏n-em-I-am\w

hym]n®p. CXns‚ ^e-ambn F√m cwK-ß-fnepw Ht´sd am‰-߃ D≠m-bn. CE 14 apX¬

17 ˛mw \q‰m-≠p-hsc aXw, kmln-X-yw, imkvXw, `qan-im-kvXw, cmjvSobw XpS-ßnb

F√m cwK-ß-fnepw i‡amb kzm-[o\w sNep-Øn. aX \ho-I-c-W-i-a-߃ -Ht´sd

InkvXob k`-I-fpsS \ho-I-c-W-Øn\pw temI-sa-ºmSpw hym-]n-°p-∂-Xn\pw CS-bm-°n.

26

imkvX-cw-K-sØ ]ptcm-K-Xn- At\Iw I≠p-]n-SnØ-ß-fn-te°v \bn-®p. XpWn-bp-Xv]m-Z\

taJ-e-bnepw a‰ap-≠mbn. Cu am‰w hy-h-kmb hnπ-h-Øn\pw Im¿jnI taJ-e-bnse

b¥-h¬°-cWw Im¿jnI hnπ-h-Øn\pw Imc-W-am-bn. ka-X-zw, kzm-X-¥-yw, kmtlm-Z-

cyw F∂o Bi-b߃ ^©v, Cw•-≠p hnπ-h-߃°pw Imc-W-am-bn. `qan-im-kvX-]-c-

amb I≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-ßfpw `qan Dcp-≠-Xm-sW∂ Is≠-Øepw hnhn[ ]c-y-th-jW- bmX-

Iƒ°pw XpS°w Ipdn-®p. ]mT]pkvXI߃ ]cntim[n®v XmsgØ∂ncn°p∂ ]´nI

]q¿ØoIcn°q.

kapZ k©m-cn-Iƒ h¿jw bmX ]Yw

sImfw-_kv

_¿Ø-tem-antbm Ubkv

hmkvtIm-U-Kma

I_mƒ

_m¬t_mh

s^¿Un-\‚ v amK-√≥

kap-Z-]-c-y-th-jWbmX-Iƒ ]pXnb q]-tZ-i-ß-fpsS I≠p-]n-Sp-Ø-߃ h≥tXm-Xn-ep≈

IpSntb-‰-Øn\pw hym-]m-c-_-‘-ß-ƒ°pw kml-N-c-y-sam-cp-°n. AtXm-sSm∏w bqtdm]-y≥

cmPy-߃, hy-h-kmb hnπ-h-Øns‚ ^e-ambp≠mb DXv]-∂-߃ I®-hSw sNøm\p≈

am¿°-‰p-I-fpsS B[n-]-Xyw ÿm]n-°m\pw Bcw-`n-®p. hnhn[ h≥I-c-I-fn¬ FØn--t®¿∂

bqtdm-]-y≥ cmP-y-߃ Xt±-iob P\-Xsb ASn-®-a¿Øn-s°m≠v AhnsS B[n-]-Xyw t\Sp-

Ibpw Xß-fpsS tImf\nIfm°n am‰p-Ibpw sNbvXp. t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿, U®p-Im¿, ^©p-

Im¿, Cw•-≠p-Im¿ ]c-kv]cw a’-cn-®p. C¥-y-bn¬ _n´ojv B[n-]-Xyw \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ

XpS¿∂-Xv- Hm¿°p-a--t√m. CXns‚ ^e-ambn hntZ-im-[n-]-XyØns\-Xnsc temI-sØ-ºmSpw

hnhn[ cmP-y-ß-fn¬ kzm-X¥y-k-a-c-ßfpw sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏p-Ifpw D≠mb Ime-L-´-amWv

19, 20 \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ. Nne ka-c-߃ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

$ Ata-cn-°≥ kzm-X-¥-y-k-acw

$ Idp-∏p-bp≤w

$ C¥-y≥ kzmX-¥y kacw

$ H∂mw temI-a-lm-bp≤w

$ Z£n-Wm-^n-°-≥ kzm-X-¥-y-k-acw

$

$

CØcw bp≤-ßfpw ka-c-ßfpw Ht´sd kz-X-¥-cm-P-y-ß-fpsS cq]o-I-c-W-Øn\v Imc-W-am-

bn. CXn¬ _n´-\mWv G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ cmP-y-ß-fn¬ B[n-]-Xyw Dd-∏n-°p-Ibpw IqSp-X¬

Imew tImf-\n-I-fn¬ `cWw \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvX-Xv.

hnhn[ cmP-y-߃ XΩn-ep≈ a’-c-amWv temIsØ Bbp[ ]¥-b-Øn-te°pw H∂pw

c≠pw temI-bp-≤-Øn-te°pw \bn-®-Xv. CXns‚ ^e-ambn temIw Ata-cn-°-bpsS t\Xr-

27

X-z-Øn-ep≈ apX-em-fnØ tNcn-bmbpw dj-y-bpsS t\Xr-X-z-Øn-ep≈ tkmj-y-enÃp tNcn-

bmbpw cq]-s∏-´p. CXn¬s∏SmØ cmP-y-߃ tNcn-tN-cm-\bw kzo-I-cn®v aq∂mw tNcnbpw

cq]-s∏-´p. cmP-y-߃ XΩn¬ hntZ-zjw h¿≤n-°p-hm\pw Bbp[ ]¥-b-Øn\pw im‡nI

tNcn-I-fn¬ IqSp-X¬ cmPy-ßsf Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm-\p-ap≈ a’-c-Øn\pw CXp hgnsbmcp°n.

a\p-jy \∑bv°pw hnI-k-\-Øn\pw D]-tbm-Kn-t°≠ kºØv bp≤-߃°pw hn\m-iI

]h¿Ø-\-߃°pw D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-´p. Ch-sb√mw \n߃ hnhn[ ¢mkp-I-fn¬ \n∂pw

a\- n-em-°n-bn-´p-≠--t√m.

$ 5, 6, 7, 8 ¢mkp-I-fnse kmaq-l-y-imkvX ]mT-`m-K-߃ ]cn-tim-[n®v temI-N-

cnXØn¬ ASpØ Ime-Øp-≠m-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ am‰-߃ N¿® sNøq.

28

]m¿ v 2

`qanimkvXw

][m\mi-߃:

$ `qan-imkvX ]T\imJ-Iƒ, ]T\ D]m-[n-Iƒ.

$ tIcfw ˛ `q]-Ir-Xn, Imem-hÿ, `qan-imkvXLS-I-ßfpw Irjn-bpw,

`qhn-\n-tbm-Khpw P\Pohn-Xhpw

$ C¥y ˛ `q]-Ir-Xn, Imem-h-ÿ, aÆn-\-߃, Irjn kky-Pmew

]IrXn hn`-h-߃ ˛ Du¿P hn`-h-߃ ˛ hn`h kwc-£-

Ww.

$ `qanbpw Poh-tem-Ihpw ˛ inem-a-fi-ew, Pe afi-ew, ssPh afiew

`qan ˛ B¥-cnI LS-\, `qcp-]-߃.

A¥-co£w A¥-co-£-ÿnXn Imem-hÿ, Imem-hÿm

taJ-e-Iƒ ˛ Xm]ob taJ-e-Iƒ

kmaqlyimkvX ]T-\-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ Hcp ][m\ imJ-bmWv `qan-imkvXw. a\p-

jys‚ hmk-ÿew F∂ Xe-Øn¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v `utam-]-cn-Xe ˛ B¥-cnI khn-

tijXIsf-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T-\-amWnXv. a\p-jy\pw Ah≥ Pohn-°p∂ ]Ir-Xnbpw XΩn-

ep≈ ]c-kv]c _‘-amWv `pan-im-kvX-]-T-\-Øn¬ N¿® sNøp-∂-Xv. a\pjy hnImk

Ncn-X-Øn¬ `uXnI ]cn-ÿn-Xn-bpsS kzm[o-\-hpw a\p-jys‚ CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ ]Ir-Xn-bp-

≠m-Ip∂v am‰-ßfpw kq£-a-ambn \nco-£n-°p∂ Xe-Øn-emWv `qan-imkvX ]T\w \S-

t°-≠-Xv. Cu e£y-Øn¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v A∏¿ ss]adn ¢mkp-I-fnse `pan-imkvX ]mT-

`m-K-߃ hni-I-e\w sNøp-hm\pw hcpw-X-e-ap-dbv°v ^e-]-Z-ambn hn\n-abw sNøp-hm-

\pw. A[ym-]I hnZym¿∞n-Ifpw ]m]vX-cm-h-Ww.

`qan-im-kvX-Øns‚ kz`mhw:

kuc-bp-Yw, `pan F∂n-h-bpsS D¬]-Ønsb ]‰n ska-ÿ H∂n¬ N¿® sNbvXp-h-t√m.

kuc-bp-Y-Ønse Poh-\p≈ GI Kl-amWv `qan. Ic-bnepw Pe-Ønepw hmbp-hnepambn

sshhn-[y-am¿∂ kky ˛ P¥p Pme-߃ \ne-\n¬°p-∂p F∂XmWv `qansb thdn-´p a‰p

Klßfn¬ \n∂pw \n¿Øp-∂-Xv. `utam-]-cn-Xew ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ ]¿∆-X-߃, ]oT-`p-an-

Iƒ, ka-X-e-߃, acp-`q-an-Iƒ XpS-ßnb At\Iw khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ImWmw. `qI-º-߃,

A·n-]¿∆-X-߃, ]¿∆-X-cq-]o-I-cW ]In-b-Iƒ XpS-ßnb ua-]-Xn- m-k-߃ hcp-Øp∂

am‰-ßsf Hgp-Ip∂ Pew, lnam-\n-Iƒ, Im‰p-Iƒ, IS¬ Xnc-Iƒ F∂n-h-sb√mw tN¿∂v

C√m-Xm-°≥ ian-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂Xns‚ ^e-ambn BWv `utam-]-cn-X-e-Øn¬ hnhn[

Xcw `qcq-]-߃ krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Cßs\ `utam-]-cn-X-e-Ønse Hmtcm ]tZ-ihpw

hyXy-ÿ-am-°p∂p. `q]-Ir-Xnbpw Imem-h-ÿbpw Poh-Pm-ehpw P\ Pohn-Xhpw Hmtcm

]tZ-i-tØbpw hyXy-ÿ-am-Ip-∂p. AXns‚ At\zj-W-amWv `qan-imkvX ]T-\w-sIm≠v

km[y-am-Ip-∂-Xv. `q]-Ir-Xn, Imem-h-ÿm-am-‰w, ]IrXn t£m`-߃ Ch-sb√mw a\pjy

Pohn-XsØ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂-≠v. `£-Ww, ]m¿∏n-Sw, hkvXw, Poh-t\m-]m-[n-Iƒ F∂n-h-

bn-se√mw Cu kzm[o\w ImWmw. imkvX-Øn-t‚bpw kmt¶-XnIhnZy-bpsSbpw hf¿®

a\p-jys‚ ]h¿Ø\ taJ-e-I-fpsS hym]vXn hnkvXrXam°p-Ibpw ]cnÿnXnbn¬ am‰w

29

hcp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-≠v. Irjn, hyhkmbw, \Kch¬°-cWw XpS-ßnb a\p-jy-]-hr-

Øn-Iƒ ]Ir-Xn-bn¬ sNep-Ønb kzm[o\w `qan-imkvXw ]T\ hnt[-b-am-°p-∂p.

$ 5, 6, 7, 8 ¢mkp-I-fnse `qan-im-kvXhp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]mT- m-K-߃ hne-bn-cp-

Øn-sIm-≠v `qan-imkvX ]T\ kz`mhw FX-amXw ]Xn- n-en-°p-∂p≠v hni-

I-e-\-Ip-dn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-I.

`qan-im-kvX-Øns‚ imJ-Iƒ:

`utam]-cn-X-e-Øn¬ ]IrXn ZØhpw a\pjy \n¿Ωn-X-hp-ambn \nc-h[n ]tXy-I-X-Isf

`qan-imkvXw ]T\ hnt[-b-am-°p-∂p-≠v. F∂v a\-kn-em-°n-b-t√m. AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-

Øn¬ `qan-imkvX ]T-\sØ c≠v ][m\ imJ-I-fmbpw˛`u-XnI`qan-im-kvXhpw am\-hn-

I-`q-an-im-kvX-hpw˛hnhn[ D]-im-J-I-fmbpw Xncn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. `ua ]Xn-`m-k-ß-sf-°p-

dn®pw ]Ir-Xn-ZØ LS-I-ß-fmb `qcq-]-߃, Imem-hÿ Pe-tkm-X-kp-Iƒ, Poh-Pm-e-

߃ F∂nhsb°pdn®pw ]Tn-°p∂ mK-amWv uXnI qan-im-kvXw. a\p-jys‚ ]h¿Ø-

\-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw AXp-aqew ]Ir-Xn-bn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ kzm[o-\-sØ-°p-dn-®pw P\-kw-Jy-sb-

Ip-dn-®pw am\-h-kw-kvIm-cw, hmk-ÿ-e-߃ F∂n-hsb Ipdn-®pw, ]Tn-°p∂ `mK-Øn\v

am\hnI `qan-im-kvX-sa∂pw hnfn-°mw. ^vtfmNm¿´v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.

`qan-imkvX imJ-Iƒ

`uXnX `qanimkvXw am\-hnI `qan-imkvXw

`qcq]

imkvXw

Imem-hÿ

imkvXw

kapZ

imkvXwssPh qan

imkvXw

KXm-KX

`qan-

imkvXw

Im¿jnI

`qan-

imkvXw

kmº-ØnI

`qan

imkvXw

P\-kwJy

`qan-

imkvXw

hmk

ÿe `qan-

imkvXw

^vtfmNm¿´v hni-I-e\w sNbvXv Hmtcm imJbpw GXp taJ-e-Isf Ipdn®p≈ ]T-\-am-

sW∂v N¿® sNøp. a\p-jys‚ ]Ir-Xn-bn-ep≈ CS-s]-Sp-ep-I-sf-Ip-dn®v kq£v-a-ambn ]T\

hnt[-b-am-Ip∂ imJ-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ `qan-im-kvX-Øn\v kmaqly imkvX-Ønse F√m

imJ-I-fp-ambpw ASpØ _‘-ap-≠v. ]IrXn imkvXw, `qK¿` imkvXw, A¥-co£ ]T-

\w, ]cn-ÿn-Xn, imkvXw, Ncn-Xw, kmº-ØnI imkvXw XpS-ßnb an° imJ-I-fp-ambn

sImSp-°¬ hm߬ _‘-ap-≠v.

`qanimkvX ]T\ D]m-[n-Iƒ:

Hcp kmap-ly-imkvX imJ-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ `qan-imkvX ]T\D]m-[n-Iƒ ap≥ A[ym-b-

ß-fn¬ N¿® sNbvXp-h-t√m. `qan-imkvX ]T\w ^e-]-Z-am-°p-∂-Xn\v Nne ]T\ D]m-[n-

Iƒ ChnsS ]cn-N-b-s∏-Smw.

1. q]-S-߃

`utam-]-cn-Xe khn-ti-j-Xsb ]c∂ ]X-e-Øn-te°v NnXo-I-cn-°p-∂XmWv `q]-S-߃.

`qansb samØ-amtbm `mKo-I-amtbm NnXoI-cn-°mw. ska-ÿ H∂n¬ hnhn[ Xcw `q]-S-

ßfpw Ah-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw N¿® sNbvXp-h-t√m. kmaq-ly-imkvX em_n¬ \n∂pw

hnhn[ `q]-S-߃ \nco£n®v D]-tbmKw Is≠-ØpI ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

30

2. t•m_v

`qan-bpsS Xnam\ cq]-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ `qansb Ipdn®p≈ ]T-\-Øn\v A\n-hm-cy-amb Hcp

D]-I-c-W-amWv t•m_v. t•m_v \nco-£n®v A£mwi ˛ tcJmwi tcJ-I-fpsS hyXym-kw.

AhbpsS Af-hp-Iƒ F∂nh \nco-£p-°p-I.

3. hS°p t\m°n b¥w (Magnetic Compass)

4. ag-am-]n\n

5. Im‰mSn b¥w

6. A\ntam ao‰¿

7. sX¿tam-ao‰¿

8. an\naw ˛ amknaw sX¿sam-ao-‰¿

9. amXy-I-Iƒ (`qan-bpsS D≈-d, sU¬‰-Iƒ, kuc-bp-Yw, km‰vsse‰v etc)

10. tiJ-c-߃ (aÆp-Iƒ, aW-ep-Iƒ, ine-Iƒ, Bbn-cp-Iƒ, teml-߃ etc)

11. .............................................

* enÃv ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I. CXn¬ \nß-fpsS kmaqly imkvX em_n¬ GsX√mw

D]-I-c-W-߃, amXr-Iƒ, tiJ-c-߃ Ds≠∂v ]cn-tim-[n®v ChbpsS ]h¿Ø-

\w, D]-tbmKw F∂nh Is≠Øn B¬_w Xøm-dm-°p-I.

* 5,6,7, ¢mknse kmaq-ly-imkvX ]pkvX-I-ßfn¬ \n∂p. `pan-imkvX ]mT-߃

hni-I-e\w sNbvXv ¢m v, bqWn-‰v, Bi-b-ta-J-e, D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp∂ ]T-t\m-

]m[n F∂nh ]´n-I-bm-°p-I.

C¥y˛ q]-IrXn

Akm-[m-c-W-amb sshhn-[y-ap-≈-XmWv C¥y-bpsS `q]-Ir-Xn. alm-k-a-X-e-߃, ]oT- q-an-

Iƒ, acp- q-an-Iƒ, ]¿∆-X-߃, Zzo]p-Iƒ, ag-°m-Sp-Iƒ, \Zo-Xo-c-߃, XpS-ßnh `qan-bnse

an°-hm-dpw `q]-IrXn sshhn-[y-߃ \nd-™-XmWv C¥y. ASn-ÿm\ hnh-c-߃ \¬In-

bn- p-≈Xv hmbn-°p-I. Ggp cmPy-ß-fp-ambn AXn¿Øn ]¶n-Sp-∂p-≠v. am∂m¿ Dƒ°-Sepw

]m°v IS-en-Sp°pw tN¿∂v cq]w \¬Ip∂ CSp-ßnb I∏¬ NmemWv sX°v mKØv C¥ybpw

ioe-¶-tbbpw th¿Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. C¥y-bpsS am\I tcJmwiw 820 30 E BWv. CX-\p-k-

cn®v C¥y≥ Ãmt‚¿Uv kabw Ko\n®v ka-b-tØ-°mƒ 5½ aWn-°q¿ ap∂n-em-Wv.

C¥y ˛ ][m\ hnh-c-߃

h≥Ic ˛ Fjy

taJe ˛ Z£n-tWjy

A£mwiw ˛ N80 04’’ - 370 06’’

tcJmwiw ˛ E.680 7’’ - 970 25’’

`qan hnkvXrXn ˛ 32,87,263 N.In.an

sX°p-˛-h-S°v ssZ¿Lyw ˛ 3214 In.an.

Ing°v ˛ ]Sn-™mdv ˛ 2933 In.an. ssZ¿Lyw

31

IS¿ Xocw ˛ 7516 In.an

AXn-cp-Iƒ :

hS°p]Sn-™mdv ˛ A^vKm-\n-ÿm≥, ]m°n-ÿm≥

hS°v ˛ ssN\, t\∏mƒ, `q´m≥

Ing°v ˛ _w•m-tZ-iv, aym≥a¿

Db¿∂ ]tZiw ˛ Im©≥ PwK (8598 ao)

Xmgv∂ ]tZiw ˛ Ip -\mSv 2.2 ao (Below Sea level)

][m\ ]IrXn hn`-h-߃

I¬°-cn, Ccp-º-bn-cv, amwK-\o-kv, ssa°, t_mIvssk-‰v, ssS‰m-\nbw tUmtfm-ssa-‰v, Pn]vkw

πqssd-‰v, kz¿Ww.

`q]IrXn

`q]-IrXn-b-\p-k-cn®v C¥ysb \membn Xncn-°p-∂p. DØc ]¿∆-X-ta-J-e, DØc alm-k-

a-X-ew, D]-Zzo-]nb ]oT-`qan, Xoc-]-tZ-iw Ch-tbm-tcm∂pw hni-Z-ambn a\-kn-em-°mw. C¥y-

bpsS `uXnI `q]Sw \nco-£n-°p-I.

1. DØc ]¿∆X taJe

at[yjy-bnse ]mao¿ sI´n¬ \n∂pw Bcw`n®v Ht´sd ]¿∆X \nc-Iƒ krjvSn-®v 2413

KM \o≠p InS-°p∂ lnam-eb ]¿∆Xw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ taJ-e-bmWv DØ-c-h¿∆X taJ-e,

\m¬]-Xn-e-[nIw sImSp-ap-Sn-Iƒ Cu taJ-e-bn-en-ep≠v. DØ-tc-¥y≥ \Zn-I-fpsS DZv`-h-

ÿm-\hpw IqSn-bmWv Cu taJe ^vtfmNm¿´v hni-I-e\w sNøp-I.

DØc ]¿hX taJe

lnam-e-b≥ \nc-Iƒ Sm≥kv lnam-e-b≥ \nc-Iƒ Ing-°≥ ae-\n-c-Iƒ

lnamZn lnam-N¬ knhm-enIv

I©≥

PwK \wK-

]¿∆Xw

Iivao¿,

Ipfp, knwe,

akqdn

Udm-Uq¨

PΩq

Uq¨

Imc-tImdw eUm°v kkvI¿

\mK Kmkn Kmtcm Pb-¥nb

[mcmfw kpJ-hmk tIµ-ßfpw ae \nc-Ifpw Cu ]-tZ-iØv Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. `q]Sw t\m°n

Cu aJ-e-bpsS khn-ti-j-XIƒ Is≠-Øp-I. DØc ]¿∆-X-ta-J-e-bnse aÆn-\-ß-fmWv

]¿∆-X-a-Æv, Nph∂-a-Æv, em‰-ssd‰v aÆv XSp-ßn-b-h, CXn¬ ]¿∆-X-a-Æn¬ _m¿en, tKmX-

ºv, tNmfw tXbne F∂o Irjn-I-fpwS Nph∂ aÆn¬ B∏nƒ, Im∏n, kpK‘ hyR-\-

߃ F∂n-hbpw em‰-ssd‰v aÆn¬ tXbn-ebpw ][-\-ambpw Irjn sNbvXp hcp-∂p.

C¥y-bpsS Imemhÿ, kwkvIm-cw, Pohn-X-coXn F∂nh cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ Cu taJe

\n¿Wm-bI ]¶v hln-°p-∂p.

32

2. DØc alm-k-a-Xew

temI-Ønse G‰hpw hnkvXr-X-amb F°¬ ka-X-e-amWv DØc amlm-k-a-Xew DØc

]¿∆X taJ-e-bv°pw, D]-Zzo-]nb ]oT-`q-anbv°pw CS-bn¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p. GI-tZiw 3200

In.an. hS°p Ing°p Zni-bn¬ hym]n®p InS-°p∂ Cu taJ-ebv°v 150 apX¬ 300 In.an

hsc hoXn-bp≈ mK-ß-fp-≠v. lnam-e-b≥ \Zn-Iƒ hln-®p-sIm≠p h∂ F°¬ \nt£]-

ap≈-Xn-\m¬ Cu ka-Xew ^e-`q-bn-jvShpw C¥y-bpsS ][m\ Im¿jnI taJ-ebpw

BWv.

kn‘p \Znbpw t]mj-I-\-Zn-Ifpw hgn F°¬ \nt£-]n® ]©m_v ˛ lcn-bm\ ka-X-ew,

eqWn ˛ kc-kzXn \Zn-Iƒ hgn Hgp-In-h∂ F°¬ \nt£]w cq]-s∏´ acp-ÿen _mK¿

ka-X-ew, KwKbpw t]mjI \Zn-Ifpw cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb KwKm ka-X-ehpw _“]pXbpw

t]mjI \Zn-Ifpw cq]-s∏SpØnb _“-]pX Xmgvhcbpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ taJ-e-bmWv DØc

alm-k-a-X-ew. ][m\ aÆ-n\-߃ F°¬ aÆpw, acp-`qan aÆp-am-Wv. Cu taJ-e-bn¬

s\√v, Icn-ºv, tKmX-ºv, ]pI-bn-e, FÆ-°p-cp-°ƒ, _Pvd F∂nh Irjn sNbvXp hcp-∂p.

][m\ \ZnIƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb U¬‰-Iƒ Cu taJ-e-bn-em-Wv. temI-Ønse G‰hpw

henb U¬‰-bmb "kpµ-c-h\w' _wKmƒ Dƒ°-S¬ XocØv KwKm-\Zn apJ-Øm-Wv.

3 D]-Zzo-]nb ]oT-`qan

DØc alm-k-a-XeØn\pw ]q¿∆ ]›na L -Øn\pw CS-bn-emWv Cu q]-IrXn hn`mKw

ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂-Xv. "Kzm≠m-\m-em‚ v' F∂ ]mNo\ h≥I-c-bn¬ \n∂v AS¿∂p amdnb

Cu `q `mKw C¥ym D]-`q-J-fi-Ønse G‰hpw ]g°w sN∂ `mK-am-Wv. [mcmfw ae \nc-

Ifpw Xmgvhc-Ifpw ]oT-`q-an-Ifpw tN¿∂ Cu `q]-tZ-isØ hnhn[ taJ-e-J-fmbn Xncn-®n-

´p-≠v. Ah-tb-sX-√m-sa∂v `q]Sw t\m°n a\-kn-em-°p-I.

D]-Zzo-]nb ]oT-`qanbnse D]-ta-J-e-Iƒ

Bc-h√n

]›na L´w

]q¿∆ L´w

hn‘y ae-\nc

kXv]pc ae-\nc

U°m≥ ]oT-`qan

amƒhm-]o-T-`qan

tOm´m \mKv]q¿ ]oT-`qan

IØn-bm-hm¿ ]oT-`qan

dm≥ Hm^v I®v

D]-Zzo-]nb ]oT-`qanbnse aÆn-\-ßfpw Irjnbpw

Idp-Ø-aÆv ]cp-Øn, tKmX-ºv, tPmh¿, Icnºv

Nph∂ aÆv s\√v, dmKn, ]pI-bn-e, \ne-I-S-e, Dcp-f-In-gßv ]®°dn-Iƒ

sN¶¬ aÆv d∫¿, sXbn-e, sXßv, Ihp-ßv, Iipamhv

33

D]-Zzo-]nb ]oT-`q-an-bpsS a‰p khn-ti-j-XIƒ:

* hf-sc-b-[nIw ]g-°p-ap≈ `qhn-`mKw

* Ccp-º-bncv AS°w [mcfw [mXp-I-fpsS \nt£]w D≠v.

* ]¿∆-X-߃, ]oT-`q-an-Iƒ, Xmgvhc-Iƒ XpS-ßnb sshhn-[y-am¿∂ ]IrXn

* 2695 ao‰¿ Db-c-ap≈ B\-ap-Sn-bmWv G‰hpw Dbcw IqSn-b`mKw

* an° \Zn-Ifpw D¤-hn®v Ing-t°m´v HgpIn _wKmƒ Dƒ°-S-ense-Øp-∂p.

* hne-]n-Sn-∏p≈ h\ hn`-h-߃ e`y-am-Ip-∂p.

* G‰hpw henb U°m≥ ]oT-`qan Cu taJ-e-bn-em-Wv.

* G‰hpw ]g°w sN∂ Ah-injvS ]¿∆-X-ß-fn-sem-∂mWv Bc-h-√n.

4. Xoc-]-tZ-i-ßfpw Zzo]p-Ifpw

c≠p Xoc-k-a-X-e-ß-fmWv C¥y-bn-ep-≈-Xv. ]›na Xoc-]-tZ-ihpw ]q¿∆ Xoc-]-tZ-i-ßfpw.

sX°v I\ym-Ip-amcnbn¬ \n∂pw c≠p imJ-I-fmbn ]Sn-™mdpw Ing°pw Xoc-]-tZ-i-

tØmSp tN¿∂v taJe hym]n-®pIn-S-°p-∂p. KpP-dm-Øn-se- dm≥ Hm^v htcbpw ]›na

_wKm-fnse kpµ-c-h\w htcbpw \ofp∂ Cu `mKsØ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fmbn Xncn-®n-´p-≠v.

Xoc-k-a-Xew

]›na Xoc-k-a-Xew ]q¿∆ Xoc ka-Xew

KpP-dmØv

XocwsIm¶≥ Xocw ae-_m¿ Xocw tImd-a-≠¬

Xocw

hS-°≥

kn¿°mkv

(dm≥ Hm^v I®v:˛

Hma¿-˛-Zzq-h-sc)(Zma≥˛tKmh) (tKmh ˛ I\ym-

Ip-amcn)

(I\ym-Ip-amcn ˛

s\√q¿ (AP))(s\√q¿ ˛ kpµ-c-

h\w)

sN¶¬ aÆv, em‰-ssd-‰v, F°¬ aÆv, Nph-∂-a-Æv, F∂o aÆn-\-ß-fmWv Xoc-]-tZ-i-ß-

fn¬ I≠p-h-cp-∂-Xv. tXbne, Im∏n, d∫¿, sXßv, Iap-Iv, Iip-amhv XpS-ßnb Irjn-Ifpw

Cu taJ-e-bn¬ sNbvXp-h-cp-∂p.

Ad-_n-°-S-en¬ ÿnXn sNøp∂ e£-Zzo-]pw, _wKƒ Dƒ°-S-bn¬ ÿnXn sNøp∂ B‚-

am≥ \ot°m-_¿ Zzo]p-I-fp-amWv ][m\ Zzo]p-Iƒ, Ch IqSmsX Nne sNdnb Zzo]p-Ifpw

C¥y-°p≠v (cmta-iz-cw, KwKm-km-K¿, \√-X-Æn......)

e£-Zzo]v ˛ Nne khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ:

* sNdpXpw hep-X-amb 36 Zzo]p-Iƒ, 11 FÆ-Øn¬ P\-hmkw

* ]hng ]p‰p-Iƒ eKq-Wp-Iƒ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.

* Ih-c-Øn-bmWv Bÿm-\w.

* henb Zzo]v Bt¥mØpw sNdn-b-Zzo]v _nXbpw BWv.

* tIµ `cW ]tZiw

* ae-bm-f-Øn\p ]pd-ta al¬, Pkcn F∂o `mj-Iƒ kwkm-cn-°p-∂p.

34

B‚-am≥ ˛ \nt°m-_m¿ Nne khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

* _wKmƒ Dƒ°-S-bn¬ NnX-dn-In-S-°p∂ 300˛¬ ]cw Zzo]p-I-fp-sS Iq´w.

* C¥y-bpsS sXt° A‰-amb Cµn-cm-t]m-b‚ v C-hn-sS-bm-Wv.

* sX°-t\-jy-bnse GI kPoh A·n ]¿∆-X-amb -_m-c≥Zzo]v. \n¿Po-h-amb A·n-

]¿∆Xw \¬t°m≠ F∂nh Chn-sS-bm-Wv.

* tIµ-`-cW ]tZ-i-amb Zzo]ns‚ Bÿm\w t]m¿´v sªb¿ BWv.

* ae-bm-fw, _wKm-fn, lnµn, Xangv sXep-¶v, \nt°m-_mcn XpS-ßnb `mj-Iƒ kwkm-

cn-°p-∂p.

* 8249 km2 hnkvXo¿W-Øn¬ \o≠p InS-°p-∂p.

* C¥y-bpsS q]-IrXn q]-S-w, cmjvSob q]-Sw, F∂nh \nco-£n®v q]-IrXn hn`m-

K-ß-fpsS ÿm\w khn-ti-j-XIƒ \nco-£n®v Hu vsse≥ `q]-S-Øn¬ hc®v \ndw

\¬Ip-I.

C¥y-bnse \Zn-Iƒ ˛ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

\Zn-Iƒ D¤-h-ÿm\w ]X\ ÿew khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

1 kn‘p Sn_-‰nse am\k ktcm-hm¿ Ad-_n-°-S¬ ag, a™v F∂n-h-bn¬

\n∂v Pew e`n®v h¿jw

XSm-I-Øn\v kao]w apgp-h≥ Pe e`y-X-bp-≠v.

2 KwK KwtKmXn lnam\n _wKmƒ Dƒ°-S¬ Dƒ\m-S≥ Pe-Km-X-am¿Kw

km[y-X-bp-≠v.

3 _lva]pX Sn_-‰nse sNa-bpßv lnam\n _wKmƒ Dƒ°-S¬ Xmgvhc-Iƒ sh≈-®m´ßƒ

4 alm-\Zn amlm-cm-jvS-bnse ssa°em _wKmƒ Dƒ°-S¬ Hgn°v XohX IqSp-X¬

ae-\nc

5 tKmZm-hcn ]›n-a-L-´w, alm-cm-jvS-bnse _wKmƒ Dƒ°-S¬ hnkvXrXn Ipdhv

alm-Pn-√-bnse \ocp-dh

6 IrjvW ]›na L´w˛_“-Kncn˛IpSIv _wKmƒ Dƒ°-S¬ agsb Bi-bn®v Pe e`yX

7 Imthcn ]›na L´w ˛ I¿Wm-SI _wKmƒ Dƒ°-S¬ KXm-KX km[y-Ip-dhv

8 \¿ΩZ a[y-]-tZ-inse ssa°em ]oT-`qan Ad_n°S¬ sNdnb sh≈-®m-´-߃

Xmgvhc-Iƒ sU¬‰-Iƒ

9 Xm]vXn apƒØmbv ]oT-`qan Ad-_n-°-S¬ Hgp-°ns‚ Xoh-X-Ip-dhv

C¥y-bnse ][m\ aÆn-\-ßfpw Ah-bpsS ]Xy-I-X-Ifpw

]IrXn hn -h-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw ][m\s∏ -XmWv aÆv. kky-P-¥p-Pm-e-ßfpsS \ne \n¬∏n\v

aÆv AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv. qh¬° ine-Iƒ, q]-Ir-Xn, Ime-hÿ, kky-Pmew F∂n-

h-bpsS Ime-ß-fm-bp≈ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsSbmWv aÆv cq]-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. \ndw, LS-\,

ImW-s∏-Sp∂ ÿew F∂nhbSn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ C¥y-bn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ aÆn-\-ßsf Xcw-

Xn-cn-®p-≠v. ]´nI ImWp-I.

35

aÆn-\-߃ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

F°¬aÆv $ Db¿∂ ^e-]pjvSn

$ ]pXp-Xmbn cq]w-sIm-≈p-∂-Xns\ "JmZ¿' F∂p ]gb F°¬

aÆns\ "`wK¿' F∂pw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

$ \Zo Xoc-ß-fn¬ U¬‰m ]tZ-ß-fnepw IqSp-X-embn ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.

IdpØ aÆv $ IdpØ \ndw

]pc-Øn-aÆv $ ]cn-Øp-Ir-jn°v DØaw

$ dnK¿ F∂ t]cnepw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

$ emhm-ine s]mSn™v cq]w sIm≈p-∂p.

$ ^e-]p-jvSnbpw Cu¿∏w kw -cn-®p-h-bv°m-\p≈ Ignhpw IqSp-X-em-Wv.

sNΩÆv $ Imb-¥-cnI ine-Ifpw Bt·-b-in-e-Ifpw s]mSn™v cq]w sIm≈p-∂p.

$ Xmc-X-tay\ ^e-]pjvSn Ipdhv

$ Ccp-ºns‚ Awiw Nph∏v \ndw \¬Ip-∂p.

sN¶¬ aÆv $ ^e-]pjvSn Xosc Ipdhv

(em‰-ssd-‰v) $ a¨kq¨ Imem-hÿ taJ-e-I-fn¬ cq]w-sIm-≈p-∂p.

$ sNfn-bp-sSbpw Nph∂ aW¬°-√n-t‚bpw anin-Xw.

acp- q-an-aÆv $ Cu¿∏-Øns‚ Awiw Xosc Ipdhv

$ Pew e`y-am-bm¬ Ch IqSp-X¬ hnfhv \¬Ipw.

$ Aen-bp∂ eh-W-߃ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.

]¿∆-X-aÆv $ ssPhmwiw [mcm-f-ambn ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.

$ Ccp≠ Xhn-´p-\n-d-ta, Idp-Ø-\n-dtam ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.

$ Xmc-X-tay\ ^e]pjvSn IqSp-X¬

C¥ybnse Imem-h-ÿbpw Irjnbpw

C¥y-bnse hnhn[ ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ hyXy-ÿ-ß-fmb A¥-co£ ÿnXn \ne-\n¬°p-∂-

Xn-\m¬ Imem-hÿ sshhn-[yhpw A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂p. sXt° A‰w apX¬ hSt° A‰w

hsc ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ [mcmfw ag-e-`n-°p∂ tIc-fw, acp-]-tZ-i-amb cmP-ÿ≥, a™p

hogvN-b-\p-h-s∏-Sp∂ Imivao¿, hS° Ing-°≥ kwÿm-\-߃ F∂n ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ sshhn-

[y-am¿∂v Imem-h-ÿ-bm-Wv. DjvW taJe a¨kq¨ Imem-h-ÿ-bmWv C¥y-bp-tS-Xv.

A£mw-i-ÿm-\w, lnam-eb ]¿∆-X-\n-c, kap-Z-km-an-]yw, Db-cw, Im‰p-Iƒ, `q]IrXn

F∂nhb\p-k-cn®v Imem-h-ÿ-bpsS sshhn[yw A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂p. C¥y-bnse EXp-°sf

\mem-bn-Xn-cn°mw. ssiXy-Im-ew, DjvW-Im-ew, sX°p ]Sn-™m-d≥ a¨kq¨ Imew, hS-

°p-In-g-°≥ a¨kq¨Imew F∂n-h-bmWv Ah. CXn-\-\p-k-cn®v Im¿jnI hnf-Ifpw hyXym-

k-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p. sshhn-[y-am¿∂ hnf-I-fmWv C¥y-bn¬ Irjn sNøp-∂-Xv. EXp-°ƒ°\p-

k-cn®v sshhn-[y-am¿∂ Im¿jn-I hnf-Iƒ \ΩpsS khn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv. ]´nI ]cn-tim-[n-

°p-I. kok≥ A\p-k-cn®v aq∂mbn Xncn-°mw.

36

EXp-°ƒ Ime-L´w

ssiXy-Imew Unkw-_¿ ˛ s^_p-hcn

DjvW-Imew am¿®v ˛ sabv

sX°v ˛ ]Sn-™m-d≥ a¨kq¨ Pq¨ ˛ sk]vXw-_¿

hS°v ˛ Ing-°≥ a¨kq¨ HIvtSm-_¿ ˛ \hw-_¿

t]cv hnf-bn-d-°¬ Imew hnf-sh-Sp-∏p-Imew ][m-\-hn-f-Iƒ

Jmcn^v Pq¨ \hw-_¿ BZym-hmcw s\√v, tNmfw,

(a¨kq-Wns‚ Bcw- w) (a¨kq-Wns‚ ]cp-Øn, Xn\-hn-f-Iƒ,

Ah-km\w NWw, Icn-ºv, \ne-°-S-e.

dm_n \hw-_¿ a[yw am¿®v tKmX-ºv, ]pI-bne

(ssiXy-Im-em-cw-`w) (th\-ens‚ Bcw-`w) ISpIv, ]b-dp-h¿§-߃

eo≥koUv

sskZv am¿®v Pq¨ ]g-h¿§-߃

(th\-ens‚ (a¨kq-Wns‚ ]®-°-dn-Iƒ

Bcw-`w) (Bcw-`w) XÆn-a-Ø≥

C¥y-bnse Im¿jnI hnf-Iƒ

[m\y- ]b¿ \mcp- [m\y- FÆ ]m\nb [qa-˛-N¿∆W

hn-f-Iƒ hnf-Iƒ hn-f-Iƒ hn-f-Iƒ °pcp-°ƒ hnf-Iƒ hnf-Iƒ

s\√v h≥]-b¿ ]cpØn Icnºv \ne-I-Se tXbne ]pI-bne

tKmXºv apXnc NWw d∫¿ ISpIv Im∏n IapIv

tNmfw Dgp∂v kpK‘ \mfn-tIcw sImt°m

_Pvd ISe hy⁄-\-߃ F≈v

Xphc Bh-W°v

NW-hnØv

hyh-km-b-߃

Irjn-b-jvTnXw [mXp A[n-jvTnXw

]cp-Øn, NW hyh-kmbw Ccp-ºp-cp°v, Aeq-an-\nbw

]©-km-c, Iºnfn etc. XpWn, kna‚v etc

37

hymh-ÿ-ß-fpsS ÿm\ \n¿W-bsØ kzm[n-\n-°p∂ LS-ß-fmWv Xmsg ]d-bp-∂h

* Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-°-fpsS e`yX

* Imem-hÿ

* Pe e`yX

* `q]-IrXn

* KXm-KX ˛ hm¿Ø hn\n-ab kuIcyw

* a\p-jy-hn-`h e`yX

* Du¿÷ hn`h e`yX

ss\k¿KnI kky-Pm-e-߃

]cn-ÿn-Xn°v tbmPn®v coXn-bn¬ Hcp ]tZ-iØv Bhn¿ -hn® kky-Pm-e-amWv ss\k¿KnI

kky-Pm-e-߃, `q]-Ir-Xn, aÆv, ag-bpsS Af-hv, Dujvam-hv, A¥-co-£w, B¿ZX F∂n-

h-b-\p-k-cn®v am‰-߃ D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. Ah-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ°-\p-k-cn®v kky-Pm-e-

ßsf A©mbn Xcw Xncn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. ]´n-I-bn¬ Ah-bpsS ÿm\w, khn-tijXIƒ

ImWp-I.

ss\k¿KoI kky Pme-߃ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ ]tZ-i-߃

DjvW-ta-Jem \nXy-l-cn-X-h-\-ßfpw ]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ ]Sn-™mdv `mKw, hS°v Ing-°≥

A¿≤ \nXy lcn-X-h-\-ßfpw Ip∂n≥ ]tZ-i-߃, B‚-am≥ \nt°m¿_m¿ Zzo]p-Iƒ

DjvW taJe Ce-s]m-gnbpw ac-߃ hS-°p-In-g-°≥ kwÿm-\-ß-fnse lnam-e-b≥

a) Cu¿∏p-ap≈ Ce-s]m-gnbpw ac-߃ Xmgvh-c-Iƒ, ]›n-a-L´Øns‚ Ing-°≥ sNcn-hp-Iƒ, Hdok

b) hc≠ Ce-s]m-gnbpw ac-߃ D]-Zzo-]ob ]oT-`qan DØ-c-]-tZ-ins‚ ka-X-e-߃, _olm¿

apƒs®-Sn-Ifpw Ip‰n-s®-Sn-Ifpw ]©m-_ns‚ sX°p ]Sn-™mdv lcn-bm-\, cmP-ÿm≥,

KpP-dm-Øv, a[y-]-tZ-iv, DØ¿]-tZ-iv.

]¿∆-X-h-\-߃

a) DØ-c-]¿∆-X-h-\-߃ lnam-e-b-Øns‚ hyXykvX Db-c-ß-fn¬ ]›n-a-L-´w,

b) Z£nW ]¿∆-X-\-߃ hn‘ym-]¿∆X \nc-Iƒ, \oe-Kn-cn.

IS-temc NXp-∏p-h-\-߃ sh≈w sI´n-\n¬°p∂ IS-temc ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬, _wKm-fnse

kpµ¿_m≥, Hdo-k, cmP-ÿm≥, U°m≥ ]oT-`q-an,

KpP-dm-Øns‚ Ing°v KwKm-k-a-X-ew, _“-]pXm

]f-b-k-a-X-e-߃ hS°p Ing-°≥ kwÿm-\-߃

B≥U-am≥ \nt°m¿_m¿ Zzo]p-Iƒ

$ Hcp cmPy-Øns‚ G‰hpw ][-\-s∏´ hn`-h-ß-fn¬ H∂mb [mXp-°ƒ cmPy-Øns‚

kmº-ØnI A`n-hr-≤n-bn¬ \n¿Æm-bI kzm[o\w sNep-Øp-∂p.

$ Jc-˛-Z-h-˛-hm-XI Ah-ÿ-I-fn-emWv [mXp-°ƒ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

38

C¥y-bnse ][m\ [mXp-°ƒ

teml-[mXp

Ccp-ºns‚ Awiw Ccp-ºns‚ Ateml [mXp-°ƒ

Awi-an-√m-Øh

Ccp-º-bncv kz¿Æw NpÆm-ºp-I√v

amwK-\okv sh≈n ss\tS‰v

ss]ssd‰v sNºv tUmf-ssa‰v

\n°¬ Cubw A`w

SMvè t_mIvssk‰v Pn]vkw

tIm_mƒ´v Sn≥ I¬°cn

t]mtS-fnbw

KXm-KX am¿§-߃

a\p-jys‚ k©m-c-Øn\v Ah-t\mfw Xs∂ ]g°w D≠v.

KXm-KX hm¿Ømhn\nab kuI-cy-ß-fpsS Bh¿`mKw cmPy-Øns‚ \m\m-`m-K-ß-fnse

P\-ßsf XΩn¬ Gsd ASp-∏n-®p. CXv kmwkv°m-cnI hn\n-a-b-Øn\pw k¿t∆m-]cn tZio-

tbmZvKY-\-Øn\pw klm-b-I-am-bn.

KXm-KX am¿§-߃

Ic-am¿§w Pe-am¿§w hmbp-am¿§w

tdmUv sdbn¬ kap-Z-Pe Dƒ\m-S≥ B`y¥cw A¥m-cmjvSw

KXmKXw KXm-KXw

tZiob ]mX-Iƒ _mUvtKPv henb \Zn-Iƒ C¥y≥ Fb¿

kwÿm-\-]m-X-Iƒ ao‰¿tKPv t]mjI \Zn-Iƒ Fb¿sse≥ C¥y

Pn√m tdmUp-Iƒ \mtcm-tKPv I\m-ep-Iƒ

KmaoW tdmUp-Iƒ Imb-ep-Iƒ

[mcmfw kzmImcy hnam\

Iº-\n-Iƒ Ct∏mƒ

k¿∆o-kv \S-Øp-∂p-≠v.

5, 6, 7, 8 ¢mkp-I-fn¬ kmaq-ly-imkvXw ]mT-`m-K-߃ ]cn-tim-[n®v C¥y-bpsS

`q]-IrXn, Imem-hÿ, Irjn, hymkm-b¨, [mXp hn`m-h-߃, KXm-KXw F∂n

Bib taJ-e-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]mT-`m-K-߃ hni-I-e\w sNbvXv Bi-b-

߃/[mc-W-Iƒ aqey-߃/at\m-`m-h-߃ F∂nh Is≠-Øp-I. skan-\m¿ \S-

Øp-I.

tIcfw ˛ `q]-Ir-Xn, Imem-h-ÿ, Irjn, P\-Po-hn-Xw.

C¥y-bpsS `qhn-krXn-bn¬ 1.2% amXw hen-∏-ap≈ tIc-fw, C¥y-bnse G‰hpw kpµ-chpw

sshhn-[y-am¿∂ q]-Ir-Xn-bm¬ kº-∂-hp-am-Wv. Ing-°p- m-KØv ]›n-a-L´ ae-\n-c-I-fm¬

39

a‰p kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw thdn´v Ad-_n-°-S-en-t\mSv tN¿∂v ]Xn-\mev Pn√-I-fmbn

sX°v˛ hS°v \nf-Øn¬ hy]n-®p-In-S-°p-∂p. Ing-°≥ ae-\m-Sv, ASn-hm-cw, Db¿∂ Ip∂n¬

]tZ-i-߃, ]me-°mSv Npcw, Xriq¿ ˛ Im™ßmSv ka-X-ew, Fd-Wm-Ipfw ˛ Xncp-h-\-¥-

]p-cw ka-X-ew, ]Sn-™m-dm≥ Xoc-k-a-Xew F∂n-h-bmWv ][m\ `q]IrXn taJ-e-Iƒ.

kly]¿∆-X-tØmSv tN¿∂v Ing-°≥ ae-\m-Sn-emWv hb-\m-Sv, B\-a-e, s\√n-bm-º-Xn,

s]cn-bm¿, BK-kvXy-IqSw XpS-ßnb ]tZ-i-߃ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-Xv. DjvW-ta-Jem \nXy-l-

cnX h\-ßfpw tNme-h-\-ßfpw Dƒs∏Sp∂ ChnsS \n∂mWv tIc-f-Ønse ][m\ \Zn-

I-sf√mw D¤-hn-°p-∂-Xv. ae-\m-Sn\v ]Sn-™m-dp-`m-K-amWv ASn-hm-c-ta-J-e. \nXy-l-cnX

h\-ß-fm¬ kº-∂-amb Cu `mKØv [mcmfw ag e`n-°p-∂p. sske‚ v hmen \nXy-l-cn-

X-h-\-am-Wv. ]›na L´-Ønse s\√n-bm-ºXn apX¬ hmf-bm¿ ae hsc-bp≈ 40 Inetam

ao‰-dn-e-[nIw hcp∂ hnS-hmWv ]me-°mSv Npcw. a‰p kwÿm-\-ß-fp-amb _‘-s∏´ kzm`m-

hnI tdmUp-˛-sd-bn¬ am¿Kw CXn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. kap-Z-\n-c-∏n¬ \n∂pw 10 ao‰¿ Db-c-Øn-

ep≈ Xoc ka-Xew sX°v ˛ hS°v hym]n®p InS-°p-∂p. Be-∏p-g-bnse Ip´-\mSv taJe

kap-Z-\n-c-∏n\v Xmsg-bm-Wv. Im¿jnI taJ-e-bmb Ip´-\mSv, ]Sn-™m-d≥ Xoc ka-X-e-

Øns‚ `mKam-Wv. 44 \Zn-Iƒ°p ]pdta At\Iw tXmSp-Ifpw Imb-ep-Ifpw, tIc-f-Øn\v

Pe kar-≤nbpw Dƒ\m-S≥ Pe KXm-KX kuI-cyhp \¬Ip-∂p.

Imem-hÿ:

tIcfw ag-bpsS \mSm-Wv. a¨kq¨ Ime-amWv ][m\ ag-°m-ew. ]Xn-h¿jw icm-icn

3017 an√o-en-‰¿ e`n-°p-∂p. tZinb Xe-Øn¬ icm-icn 1197 an√n en‰-dm-Wv. 120˛140 Znh-k-

߃ tIc-f-Øn¬ ag e`n-°p-∂p. 5000 an.ao-‰-dn-e-[nIw ag e`n-°p∂ CSp°n Pn√bmWv

ap∂n¬. Hmtcm ag-°m-ehpw tIc-f-Øn\v Xocm-Zp-cn-X-ßfpw \¬Ip-∂p-≠v. 2018 BKÃv

amk-Ønse ]fbw \nc-h[n \mi-\-jvS-߃ hcp-Øn-bmWv Ah-km-\n-®-Xv.

sX°p-]-Sn-™m-d≥ a¨kq¨ Pq¨-˛-sk-]v‰w-_¿ Ime-h¿jw (CS-h-∏m-Xn)

hS°p Ing-°≥ a¨kq¨ HIvtSm-_¿˛\-hw-_¿ Xpem-h¿jw

XWp-∏p-Imew Unkw-_¿-˛-s^-_p-hcn .................

th\¬°mew am¿®v ˛ sabv ...................

XWp-∏p-Im-eØv AXn-ssiXyw A\p-`-h-s∏-Sm-dn-s√-¶nepw th\¬°mew 400 UnKn-bn-e-

[nIw NqSv Nne ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-Ibpw Pe-£maw cq£-am-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

CS-h-∏mXn Ime-ØmWv ][m-\-ambpw ag e`n-°p-∂-Xv.

Irjnbpw P\ Pohn-Xhpw

tIc-f-Øns‚ samØ hcp-am-\-Øns‚ 13% kw`m-h\ sNøp-∂Xv IrjnbmWv. s\√mWv

][m\ Irjn-sb-¶nepw s\¬IrjnbpsS hnkvXrXn Ipd™p hcp∂ ImgvN-bmWv \mw

ImWp-∂-Xv. sXßmWv At\Iw IpSpw-_-߃ Bi-bn-°p∂ as‰mcp Irjn. sImt°m,

Ipcp-ap-f-Iv, d∫¿, tXbne, Im∏n, Gew, C©n, ac-®n\n, hmg, ]®-°dn-Iƒ, ASbv° XpS-

ßn-bhbpw tIc-f-Øns‚ apJy hnf-I-fmWv Zo¿L-Ime hnf-Ifpw kok-W-\p-k-cn®v lrkz-

Im-e-hn-f-Ifpw ssiXy-Ime hnf-Ifpw Irjn sNbvXp-h-cp-∂p.

40

Im¿jn-I-Imew Imew hnf-Iƒ

H∂mw~hnf hncn∏v G]n¬ ˛ sk]v‰w-_¿ s\√v, hmg, ac®n-\n.....

C©n, ]®-I-dn-Iƒ....

c≠mw hnf ap≠-I≥ HIvtSm-_¿-˛-P-\p-hcn s\√v, hmg, ]®-I-dn-Iƒ

]p©-Irjn ]p© s^_p-h-cn-˛-am¿®v s\√v, hmg, ]®-I-dn-Iƒ

Ch IqSmsX a’y-Ir-jn, ]´p-\q¬ Irjn, tX\o® hf¿Ø¬, Imen hf¿Ø¬ XpS-ßn-b-

hbpw tIc-f-Øn¬ G¿s∏-´n-cn-°p∂ sXmgn-ep-I-fm-Wv.

`q]-IrXn ]tXyIXI-f-\p-k-cn®v ae-\mSv, CS-\m-Sv, Xoc-]-tZ-iw F∂n-ßs\ tIc-f-Øns‚

`q]-Ir-Xnsb hn -Pn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. ss]adn ¢mknse kmaqly imkvX ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ \n∂pw

_‘-s∏´ ]mT- m-K-߃ hni-I-e\w sNbvXv Xmsg ]d-bp∂ ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.

`q]-IrXn taJe Dƒs∏-Sp∂ Pn√/taJe ][m\ aÆn-\-߃ hnf-Iƒ

ae-\mSv

(7.5 ao‰-dn¬ IqSp-X¬ Db-cw)

CS-\mSv

(8˛7.5 ao‰-dn¬ IqSp-X¬ Db-cw)

Xoc-]-tZiw

(8 ao‰-dn¬ Xmsg Db-cw)

tIc-f-Øns‚ Im¿jnI taJe AXn-thKw am‰w h∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. CXp-aqew

KpWtam tZmjtam? ¢mkn¬ Hcp kwhmZw kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-I.

`qanbpw Pohn-tem-Ihpw

`qan ˛ B¥-cn-I-L-S\

\mw A[n-h-kn-°p∂ `qan-bpsS Ne-\-߃, A£mw-iw, tcJmw-iw, XpS-ßnbshb-°p-dn®v

]cn-kc ]T-\-Øn¬ \n∂pw a\-kn-em-°n-b-t√m. C\n \ap°v `qan-bpsS D≈-d, D]-cn-

XeØnse am‰-߃, A¥-co£w XpS-ßnbh-sb-∏‰n Ipd-®p-IqSn Adn-tb-≠-Xp-≠v.

`qan-bpsS LS-\, qan-bpsS A¥-¿- m-KØpw D]-cn-X-e-Øn-ep-ambn \S-°p∂ hnhn[ ]h¿Ø-

\-߃ F∂n-hsb∏‰n ]Tn-°p∂ imkvX-im-J-bmWv `qhn-⁄m-\nbw (Earth science) icm-

icn 6370 KM hymkm¿≤w D≈ pan-bpsS D≈n-te°v IS-∂p-sN∂v A¥¿`mK-sØ-°p-dn®v

a\-kn-em-°p-∂Xv Akm-[y-amWv. ImcWw 12 Intem-ao-‰¿ hsc XmgvN-bn-te°v t]mIm≥

amXta CXp-hsc a\p-jy\v Ign-™n-´p-≈p. `qIº Xcw-K-߃, Im¥nIi‡n, Kpcp-Xzm-

I¿jWw F∂nhsb∏‰n hni-I-e\w \SØn e`n-°p∂ kqNI-߃ D]-tbm-K-s∏-S-Øns°m-

≠mWv qan-bpsS A¥¿`m-K-sØ-∏‰n ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°p-∂-Xv. qIº Xcw-K-ß-fpsS Ne\w,

Jcw, Zmh-Iw F∂n a[y-a-ß-fn-eq-sS-bp≈ Ne-\-߃ F∂nh ]T\ hnt[-b-am-°n-bmWv

A¥¿`mK-sØ-°p-dn®v IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-߃ e`n-®n-´p-≈-Xv. `qan-bpsS A¥-¿-`m-KØp IqSn

k©-cn-°p∂ hnhn[ Xcw-K-߃ B¥-cnI ]mfn-I-fn-eqsS k©-cn-°p∂ Znibpw thK-

hpw, ]Xn-^-e-\hpw kokvtamKmw D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv [mc-W-I-fn-

41

se-Øp-∂-Xv. D≈-d-bn-te°v IS∂p t\m°mw.

Hcp A¿≤ tKmf-Øn¬ \n∂pw tI°p-t]mse

Hcp `mKw FSp-Øp-t\m-°mw.

`qan-bpsS D≈-dsb aq∂p `mK-ß-fmbn Xncn-

°mw.

$ `qh¬°w

$ am‚n¬

$ Imºv

D≈-d-]mfn Bgw D]-hn- mKw ][m\ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒaqe-I-߃

`qh¬°w icm-icn knbm¬ knen-°¨ ˛`qan-bpsS D]-cn-Xe XmgvN-°\p40. In.an Aeq-a-\nbw kcn®v L\w Htc Bg-Øn-e-√.

˛kap-Z- m-KØv L\w Ipdhv Xmgv∂ Xm]-\ne

kna kne-°≥ ˛h≥Icm`qKØv L\w IpSp-X¬a·njyw ]¿∆X `mKØv G‰hpw

IqSp-X¬ L\w˛Xm]-\ne h¿[n-°p-∂p.

am‚n¬ 40 apX¬ D]-cn-am‚n¬ Bt·b 2000C hsc Xm]-\ne, qh¬°Øn60 In.ao hsc ine-Iƒ \-Sp-Øv Jcm-h-ÿ-bn-emWv

2900 In.ao At[m-am‚n¬ s^tdm A¿≤-Zh cq]w 40000C hschsc sa·ojyw Dujvamhv

Imºv 2900˛4980 ]pd-°mºv \n°¬ ˛ 50000C hsc Dujvamhv(core) In.ao hsc Ccpºv ˛ NIEF F∂ t]cnepw Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂p

˛ A¿≤Zh-cq]w

4980- 6370 AI-Imºv L\-teml ˛ L\-tem-l-ß-fm¬ \n¿ΩnXw߃ ˛ Jcm-h-ÿ-bn¬ ImWp-∂p.

˛ a¿±w hfsc IqSp-X¬˛ Dujvamhw IqSp-X¬˛ 70000C hsc Dujvamhv

`qh¬°hpw D]-cn-am‚nepw tN¿∂v `mK-amWv entØm-kv^n-b¿. entØm-kv^n-bdn\S-

bn¬ `pIº Xcw-K-߃°v ]th-i\w Ipd™ AkvX-t\m-kv^n-b¬ GI-tZiw 200

In.ao hsc L\-ap≈ `mK-am-Wv. entØm-kv^n-b¿ 70 apX¬ 125 In.ao hscb Bg-ap≈

`mK-am-Wv. Jc cq]-Øn-ep≈ entØm-kv^n-b¿ A¿≤ Jcm-h-ÿ-bn-ep≈ AkvtXm-t\m-

kv^n-b-dn\p apI-fn¬ sX∂n-\o-ßp-∂p. entØm-kv^n-b¿ heXpw sNdp-Xp-amb \nc-h[n

^e-I-ß-fm-bmWv ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂-Xv. Cu ^e-I-߃ h≥I-c-Iƒ amXw Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-

hbpw IS¬Ød amXw Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-hbpw h≥I-cbpw IS¬ Xdbpw Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-h-

bp-abn aq∂p-X-c-ap-≠v.

42

^e-Im-Xn-cp-Iƒ

entØm-kv^n-b¿ ^e-I-߃ XΩn¬ ]Xn-]-h¿Øn®v AI∂p t]mIp∂ h≥I-cm-^-e-

Im-Xn-cp-I-fn¬ `wi Xmgvhc-Iƒ cq]w sIm≈p-∂p. IS¬ Xd-bpƒs°m-≈p∂ ^e-Im-Xn-cp-

I-fn-em-sW-¶n¬ Cßs\ hn≈-ep-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ AXn-eqsS inem-Zhw (am‹) apI-

fn-te°v Hgp-In-bmWv IS¬Ød cq]-s∏-Sp∂ kapZXS hym]\w \S-°p-∂p.

c≠p e-I-߃ ]c-kv]cw ASp-Øp-h-cp∂ kwtbm-P\ koa-I-fn¬ Xmsg-]-d-bp∂ ]h¿Ø-

\-߃ \S-°p-∂p.

c≠p IS¬Ønc mK-߃

tbmPn-°p-tºmƒHcp eIw am‚n-te°v

Xmgv∂n-d-ßp∂p

K¿Ø-߃ D≠m-Ip∂p.-

adn-bm\ K¿Øw

kwtbm-P\ koac≠p h≥Icm mK-߃

tbmPn-°p-tºmƒ

aS°p ]¿∆-X-߃ cq]w

sIm≈p∂p

LS-I-߃ IqSnbnSn®v Db-

cp∂p.

DZ: lnam-ebw

Hcp h≥I-cm- -e-Ihw

Hcp IS¯d eIw

tbmPn-°p-tºmƒ

IS¯d

am‚n-en-te°v Xmgp-∂n-d-

ßp∂p

i‡-amb qNe\-߃

D≠m-Ip-∂p.

`qI-º-߃

c≠p ^e-Im-Xn-cp-Iƒ XΩn¬ ]c-kv]cw sX∂n \oßp-∂-XmWv tOZ-I-koa Cßs\

kw`-hn-°p-tºmƒ `qcq-]-߃ krjn-Sv°-s∏-Sp-∂n-s√-¶nepw Nne-bn-S-ß-fn¬ `pI-º-߃

km[m-c-W-am-Wv. NnebnS-ß-fn¬ hn≈-ep-Iƒ D≠m-Ip-Ibpw `wi-ta-J-e-I-fmbn amdp∂p.

`pan-bpsS A¥¿`m-K-Øp≠m-Ip∂ GXv ALm-Xhpw ]I-º-\-߃°pw A]-I-S-I-c-amb

`qI-º-߃°pw Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p. `qan-bpsS A¥¿`m-KØp \S-°p∂ Ne-\-ß-fmWv \miw

hnX-°p∂ `qI-º-߃. `I-º-߃ Af-°m-\p≈ D]-I-c-W-amWv kokvtam-Km-^v. dnIvS¿

kvsIbn¬ F∂ boWn-‰n-emWv `qI-º-ß-fpsS XnhX Af-°p-∂-Xv. `qI-º-ß-fpsS ]`-h-

tI-µ-amWv t^m°-kv. ^e-I-߃ Xmgv∂n-d-ßp∂ `mK-ß-fn-em-Wv t^m°-kv. ChnsS

\n∂p-≠m-Ip∂ `qIº Xcw-K-߃ Xnc-›o-\-ambpw ew_ambpw k©-cn®v `pan-bpsS D]-cn-

X-e-Øn-se-Øp-∂p. `utam-]-cn-X-e-Øn¬ kv]¿in-°p∂ `mK-amWv F∏n-sk‚-¿. D]-cn-X-e-

Øn-se-Øn-bm¬ Nne-X-cw-K-߃ kam-¥-c-ambn k©-cn-°p-∂p. ]mY-anI Xcw-K-߃,

ZznXob Xcw-K-߃, ]X-e-X-cw-K-߃ F∂n-ßs\ aq∂p-Xcw `qI-º-X-cw-K-ß-fp-≠v.

$ `qI-º-Øns‚ e-ambn utam-]-cn-X-e-Øn¬ GsX√mw ]iv\-߃ D≠m-Ip∂p?

hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn®v Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-I.

$ ASp-Ø-Im-e-Øp-≠mb kp\manØnc-Isf Ipdn®v hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn®v B¬_w

Xbm-dm-°p-I.

A·n ]¿∆-X-߃

`qh¬°-Øn-ep≈ hn≈-ep-I-fn-eqsS \nc¥cw ]pd-Øp-h-cp∂ emh -X-WpØp-d™v D≠m-

Ip∂ `qcq-]-ß-fmWv A·n-]¿∆-X-߃. ^e-Im-Xn-cp-I-fmb Nne `q¿_e taJ-e-I-fn¬

IqSn A¥¿`m-K-Øp≈ Np´p-]-gpØ am‹ ]pdtØ°v han-°p-∂p. am‹-bpsS Af-hp-Ip-d-bp-

tºmƒ apIƒ `mKw AS¿∂p hoWv K¿Ø-߃ D≠m-Ip-∂p. ChnSw sh≈w \nd-™mWv

43

tI‰¿ XS-I-ß-fp-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. DZm-l-cWw HdntKm¨ XSmIw ˛ Ata-cn-°. ]k-^nIv kap-

Z-Øn¬ Np‰pw 280 ]cw A·n ]¿∆-X-ß-fpsS dnwKv Hm^v ^b¿ ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p.

`qan-bpsS D≈-d-bn¬ \S-°p∂ sSIvtSm-Wn°v Ne-\-߃ AYhm A¥¿P\y Ne-\-ß-

fmWv `qI-º-߃, A·n ]¿∆-X-߃, aS°p ]¿∆-X-߃, `wi Xmgvhc-Iƒ XpS-ßnb

`qcq]-߃ `utam-]-cn-X-e-Øn¬ krjvSn-°p-∂-sX∂v a\-kn-em-°n-b-t√m. A·n ]¿∆-X-

߃ h≥tXm-Xn¬ Irjn \miw, ]cn-ÿnXn aen-\o-I-cWw F∂nh krjvSn-°m-dp-s≠-

¶nepw a\p-jy\v [mcmfw ]tbm-P-\-ßfpw \¬Ip-∂p-≠v.

$ `qK¿` Xm]Øn¬ \n∂pw sshZp-tXm¬]m-Z\w km[n-°p-∂p. (]yqK Imivao¿ _nbmkv

˛ lnam-eb)

$ NqSp \ncp-d-hIƒ Huj-[-aq-eyhpw hnt\mZ k©m-c-Øn\pw km[y-am-Ip∂p

$ aÆns\ ^e-`q-bnjvSam°p-∂p.

$ ]e-Xcw J\n-P-ßfpw Abn-cp-Ifpw e`n-°p-∂p.

$ t^mkv^dkv, s]m´mkyw XpS-ßnb eh-W-߃ Im¿jn-tIm-Xv]m-X-\Øv e`y-am-Ip-

∂p.

$ ......................

`qcq-]-߃

B¥-coI i‡n-Iƒ krjvSn-°p∂ Nne `pcq-]-߃ N¿® sNbvXp-h-t√. Ch IqSmsX

`utam-]-cn-X-e-Øn¬ hnhn[ am‰-߃ krjvSn-°m≥ Ignhp≈ _mlyP\y Ne-\-ßfpw

D≠v. Ch-bmWv ag, Hgp-Ip-P-ew, a™v, Im‰v kqcy-Xm]w XpS-ßn-b-h. CØcw _mly-i-

‡n-Iƒ krjvSn-°p∂ `qcq-]-ß-fmWv ]¿∆-X-߃, ]oT-`q-an-Iƒ, Xmgvhc-Iƒ, acp-`q-an-Iƒ,

XSm-I-߃, \Zn-Iƒ, a™p-aeIƒ, Kpl-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh. At\Iw h¿j-ß-fpsS ]Inb

hgn-bmWv \mw C∂p ImWp∂ ]e `qcq-]-ßfpw krjvSn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≈-Xv. A]-£bw A]-

c-Z-\w, \nt£-]w, F∂o ]nIn-b-Iƒ hgn-bmWv `utam-]-cn-X-e-Øn¬ hnhn[ `qcq-]-߃

krjvSn-°-s∏-´p-∂-Xv.

Iq‰≥ ]¿∆-X-ßfpw AKm[ K¿Ø-ßfpw krjvSn-°m≥ th≠n D]-cn-Xew ]ehn[ kΩ¿±-

߃°pw hnt[-b-am-Ip-∂p-≠v. I\Ø asÆm-en∏v aqew ]e-cq-]-ßfpw am‰w hcp-∂p. Ic-]-

tZ-i-߃ amdp∂Xpt]mse kap-Z-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-´nepw A·n ]¿∆X ^e-ambn ae-Ifpw

Xmgvhc-Ifpw krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v.

D]-cn-Xew, asÆm-en-∏n\pw ine-I-fpsS tXbvam-\-Øn\pw hnt[-b-am-Ip-∂-Xns‚ ^e-ambn

D≠m-Ip∂ Ah-in-jvS-߃ Im‰v, Hgp°p sh≈w, sFkv cq]-Øn-ep≈ Pew F∂n-h-bpsS

]h¿Ø-\-Øm¬ \o°w sNø-s∏´v as‰mcp ÿeØv \nt£-]n-°-s∏´mWv ka-X-e-߃

44

t]mep≈ `qcq-]-߃ D≠m-Ip-∂Xv. `uXnI ]Xn-`m-k-ßsf C\n ]d-bp∂ coXn-bn¬

Xcw-Xn-cn-°mw.

$ Ncn™ ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ ]mdbpw aWepw a™p-sa√mw Hen-®n-d-ßn-bp-≠m-hp-∂-h.

$ \Zn-I-fpsS Hgp-°p-aqew D≠m-hp-∂-h

$ Im‰ns‚ KXn-aqew D≠m-hp-∂h

$ sFkv Dcp-I¬, sFkv ae-I-fpsS Hgp°v F∂nh aqew D≠m-Ip-∂h

$ Xoc tZi-ß-fn¬ IS¬ Pew D≠m-°p-∂h

$ .........................................

hyXykvX `qcq-]-ßsf C\n ]cn-N-b-s∏-Smw.

`qcq]-ß-fpsS cq]-ß-fpsS cq]o-I-cWw

]¿∆-X-߃

B¥-cnI-ambn Db¿∂ Xm]-\n-e-bn-em-sW-¶nepw qan-bpsS D]-cn-Xew im¥-am-Wv. F¶nepw

`utam-]-cn-X-e-Øn¬ asÆm-en∏p XpS-ßn ]oT-`q-anIfpsS D¤hw hsc [mcmfw am‰-߃

h∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. kapZ \nc-∏n¬ \n∂pw 900 ao‰-dn-e-[nIw Db-cp-ap≈ `qcq-]-ß-fmWv

]¿∆-X-߃. am‹ ASn-™p-Iq-Snbpw `wi\-Øns‚ ^e-ambpw A]-£-b-Øns‚ ^e-am-

bp-sa√mw Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ ]¿∆-X-߃ cq]-s∏-Sp-∂p. lnam-ebw e-Im-Xn-cp-I-fn¬ Db¿∂p

h∂ aS°p ]¿∆-X-am-Wv.

]oT- q-an-Iƒ

Np‰p-ap≈ ]tZ-i-tØ-°mƒ Db-c-Øn¬ ImWp∂ hnim-e-amb ]c∂ ]tZ-i-ß-fmWv ]oT-

`q-an-Iƒ. Dbcw Ipd™v IpØ-s\-bp≈ Ncn-hp≈ ]oT- q-an-I-fp-≠v. Sn_-‰≥ ]oT- q-an°v 5000

an‰-dn-e-[nIw Db-c-ap-≠v. tIc-f-Ønse ][m\ ]oT-`q-an-I-fmWv hb-\m-Sv, s\√m-b-º-Xn,

aq∂m¿ F∂n-h. U°m≥ ]oT-`qan ]e L´-ß-fn-embn emh XWp-Øp-d-™p-≠m-b-h-bm-Wv.

ka-X-e-߃

A[nIw Ib-‰n-d-°-ß-fn-√mØ \nc-∏mbn, kapZ \nc-∏n¬ \n∂pw A[nIw Db-c-Øn-e-

√msX InS-°p∂ `p]-tZißfmWv ka-X-e-߃. Db¿Ø-s∏´ ka-X-e-ßfpw A]-c-Z\ ˛

\nt£] ]In-b-bn-eqsS cq]-s∏´ ka-X-e-ßfpw D≠v.

$ a‰p `qcq-]-ßsf Ipdn®v hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn®v Hcp B¬_w \n¿Ωn-°p-I.

`qan-bpsS A¥-co£w

`qan-bn¬ Poh≥ \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn¬ \n¿Wm-bI ]¶p-h-ln-

°p-∂Xv A¥-co-£-am-Wv. qansb BhcWw sNbvXv utam-

]-cn-Xew apX¬ iq\ym-Imiw hsc hym]n-®p-In-S-°p∂

hmXI ]mfn-bmWv A¥-co-£w. ss\S-P≥, HmIvkn-P≥,

Im¿_¨ Utbm-Ivsskkv F∂n-h-bmWv A¥-co£Ønse

][m\ LS-I-߃. `utam-]-cn-X-e-Øn¬ \n∂pw 600 In.an.

hsc hmbp-a-fiew hym]n®p InS-°p-∂p. Kpcp-Xzm-I¿jW

B¥-co£ kwc-N\

ss\S-P≥ ˛ 78%HmIvkn-P≥ ˛ 20.9%B¿K¨ ˛ 0.9%CO

2˛ 0.03%

H2, Ne, Cr, He O

3, aotY≥

F∂nh sNdnb Af-hn¬AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

45

_ew aqew `qan-tbmSv tN¿Øp \n¿Ø-s∏-Sp∂ A¥-co£ LS\

hnhn[ ]mfn-I-fm-bmWv ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. NnXhpw ]´n-Ibpw t\m°n

Ah-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-I.

8˛18 Intem-ao-‰dn\p-ap-I-fn¬ Pe-_mjv]w H´pw C√ F∂m¬

Hmtkm¨ A¥-co-£-Øns‚ D]-cn-X-e-Øn-em-Wv. C‘-\-ß-fpsS

Pze-\hpw A·n ]¿∆Xkvt^mS-\-ßfpw tN¿∂v A¥-co-£-Øn¬

[mcmfw Im¿_- Utbm-IvsskUv FØn-°p-∂p. Im¿_¨U-tbm-

IvsskUpw s]mSn]S-e-ßfpw A¥-co-£-Ønse Xm] ssIam-‰-

Øn¬ apJy ]¶p hln-°p-∂p. A¥-co-£-Øns‚ G‰hpw Db¿∂

hnXm\w GI tZiw 30000 ˛ 40000 In.ao hsc-bm-Wv. Db-c-a-\p-k-

cn®v a¿±w Ipd™p Ipd-™p-h-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ A¥-co-£-Xm-]-\ne apI-fn-te°v t]mIp-

t¥mdpw BZy Ipd™pw ]ns∂ IqSnbpw ho≠pw Ipd™pw IqSnbpw Ia-a-√msX amdn-h-cp-

∂p. ]´nI \nco-£-°p-I.

A¥-co-£-Øn¬ Hmtkm¨ ]mfn-bpsS ][m-\yw, Ah-bpsS timjWw hgn-bp-≠m-

Ip∂ tZmj-߃ F∂n-h-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn-°p-I. sk]v‰-

º¿ 16 s‚ Hmtkm¨ Zn\w BN-cn-°p-∂-Xns‚ ]m[m\yw N¿® sNbvXv Ipdn∏v

Xbm-dm-°p-I.

A¥co£ LS\

A¥-co-£-]mfn hym]vXn Xm]-hy-Xn-bm\w ]tbm\w

1. tSmt∏m-ÿn-b¿ icm-i-cn...... Dbcw IqSp-tºmƒ $ izk-\-Øn-\p≈ ]mW-hmbp

(Troposphear) 13 In.ao hsc Xm]w Ipd-bp∂p e`n-°p∂p

$ lcn-X-Kr-l-]-`mhw

$ taLw, ag, a™v \ocmhn,

sImSp¶m‰v, CSn-an-∂¬

km∂n≤yw

2. kvSmt‰m-kv^n-b¿ 15 In. ao‰-¿ apX¬ Dbcw IqSp-tºmƒ $ Hmtkm¨ km∂n≤yw

(stratosphear) 50 In.ao hsc Xm]w IqSp∂p $ UV civan-Isf BKn-cWw

sNbvXv `pansb kwc-£n-°p-∂p.

$ sP‰v hnam-\-߃°v bmX°v

tbmPn-®-Xv.

3. aotkm-kv^n-b¿ 50 In.ao apX¬ Dbcw IqS-tºmƒ $ D¬°-Iƒ Fcn™pXocp-∂p.

(mesosphear) 80 In.ao hsc Xm]w Ipd-bp∂p

900C hsc.

4. sX¿tam-kv^n-b¿ 100 apX¬ Dbcw IqSp-tºmƒ $ tdUn-tbm-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ

(Thermosphear) 600 In.ao hsc Xm]w IqSp-∂p ]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p-∂p.

$ hnZqc kwth-Z\ D]-K-lßfpsS

ÿm\w

5. FIvtkm-kv^n-b¿ 600˛1000 In.ao Xm]-\ne h≥ $ O2, N

2 amXw tijn-∏n®v

(Exosphear) hsc tXmXn¬ Ipd-bp∂p A¥-co£ IWn-I-Iƒ iq\ym

Imi-tØ°v \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂p.

46

A¥-co£w NqSp-]n-Sn-°p∂ hnhn[ coXn-Iƒ

sX¿tam-ao-‰¿ F∂ D]-I-cWw D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv A¥-co£ Dujvamhv Af-°p-∂-Xv.

kutcm¿Pw `qan-bn-te°v ]Xn-°p-tºmƒ A¥-co£w t\cn´v NqSm-Ip-∂n-√. `utam-]-cn-

Xew kutcm¿PsØ AKn-cWw sNbvXv A¥-co-£-Øn-te°p Xs∂ ]p\¿hn-In-cWw

sNøp-∂-Xn-eqsS Xmsg hnXm-\-Øn¬ \n∂pw apI-fn-te-°mWv NqSp-]n-Sn-°p-∂-Xv. A¥-

co£w NqSn-]n-°p∂ hnhn[ coXn-Iƒ GsX-√m-sa∂v t\m°mw.

1. kuc-hn-In-cWw (Solar Radiation)

kqcy-\n¬ \n∂pw t\cn´v kqcy-Xm]w XcwKcq-]-Øn¬ `qan-bnseØp∂ ]In-b-bm-Wn-Xv.

kuc-hn-In-c-W-Øn\v Xcw-K-ssZ¿Lyw Ipd-hm-Wv. sNdnb tXmXn¬ amXta Xm] ssIam‰w

\S-°p-∂p≈q.

2. kw\-b\w: (Conduction)

hmbp-X-∑m-X-I-fpsS ]h¿Ø-\-^-e-ambn Xm]w ssIam‰w sa®-s∏-Sp∂ coXn-bm-Wn-Xv.

A¥-co-£-Ønse Xmgv∂ hnXm-\-Øn¬ \n∂v hmbp NqSp-]n-Sn®v kº¿°-ap≈ `mK-ß-

fn¬ Xm]w ssIam‰w \S-°p-∂p.

3. kwh-l\w (Convection)

A¥-co£ hmbp NqSp-]n-Sn®v NqSp-ssI-am‰w sNø-s∏-Sp∂ ]Inb. hmbp NqSp-]n-Sn®v tatem v

Db¿∂v Xmgv∂ hnXm-\Øp \n∂pw Db¿∂ ]mfn-I-fn-te°v Xm] ssIam‰w \S-°p∂

]In-bmWv kwh-l-\w.

4. A`n-h-l\w (Advection)

Hcp ]tZ-iØp \S-°p∂ Im‰ns‚ NqS-\p-k-cn®v Xm] ssIam‰w \S-°p-∂p. Xnc-›o\ Xe-

Øn-ep≈ hmbp-]-hmlw aqew A¥-co-£-Øn¬ NqSm-Item XWp-°tem \S-°p∂ coXn-

bm-Wn-Xv.

5. `ua hnIn-cWw (Terrestrial Radiation)

`utam]-cn-Xew BKn-cWw sNøp∂ kutcm¿Pw apgp-h\pw Zo¿L-X-cwK cq]-Øn¬ A¥-

co-£-Øn-te°p Xs∂ Xncn®p ]Xn-^-en-°p-∂p. Cu L´-Øn¬ A¥-co-£-Ønse hnhn[

LS-I-߃ ]p\¿ hnIn-c-W-Øn-eqsS Xm]w BKn-cWw sNøp-∂-Xn-eqsS A¥-co£w NqSm-

Ip-∂p. A¥-co£w ][m-\-ambpw NqSp-]n-Sn-°p-∂-Xv Cu coXn-bn-em-Wv. utam-]-cn-X-e-Øn¬

Xm]w F√m-bn-SØpw Hcp t]mse-b-√. `qansb

Xm]-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ 3 Xm]nb taJ-

e-I-fm-°n-Xn-cn-®n-´p-≠v. NnXw \nco£n°q....

1. DjvW taJ-e, 2. antXmjvW taJe, 3.

ssiXy-ta-Je F∂n-h-bm-Wh. qa-[y--tc-J--bn¬

\n∂pw [ph-ß-fn-te°v t]mIp-t¥mdpw Ia-

ambn Xm]-\n-e-Ip-d-bp-∂p.

B¥-co-£Ønse Xm] _UvP‰v

`qan-bn¬ ]Xn-°p∂ icm-icn Dujvamhv Gsd-Ipsd ÿnc-am-bn-cn-°pw. `qan-bn¬ FØn-tN-

cp∂ kuc-hn-In-c-W-Øn-s‚bpw A¥-co£Ønte°v Xncn-®p-t]m-Ip∂ `ua-hn-I-cn-W-

47

Øns‚bpw Afhv Xpey-am-b-Xn-\m¬

BWv CXv km[y-am-Ip-∂-Xv. utam-]-

cn -X-e-Ønse am‰-߃°pw Ime-

Øn\pw A\p-k-cn®v sNdn-b-am-‰-߃

A¥co-£Xm]w Xncn-®p-t]m-Ip-∂-

Xn¬ D≠m-Ipw. Xm] _UvP‰ v

UbKmw \nco-£n-°p-I. 51% kuc-hn-

In-cWw `qan-bpsS D]-cn-Xew BKn-

cWw sNøp-∂p. CXp-hgn NqSmb ua-

]-cn-Xew ]Xn- -en-∏n-°p∂ Xm]w Zo¿L-X-cwK cq]-Øn¬ Xncn®v A¥-co-£-Øn¬ FØp-

∂Xv A¥-co-£-Ønse Im¿_ -tam-tWm-IvsskUpw Pe t_mjv]hpw BKo-cWw sNøp-

∂p. A¥-co-£w NqSm-hp-∂p. A¥-co£ Xm]\ne-bn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ am‰-߃ hmbp-hns‚

Ne-\-߃°v Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p.

A¥-co£ Ne-\-߃

`qa[y-tcJm ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ ]I¬ ssZ¿Lyw IqSpX¬ Bb-Xn-\m¬ A¥-co£w NpSm-hp-

Ibpw NqSmb hmbp Db¿∂v \n›nX Db-c-ØnseØptºmƒ XWp-°p-∂-Xns‚ ^e-ambn

Ccp-h-i-Øp-ap≈ [phßfn-te°v \oßp-∂p. F∂m¬ [ph-]-tZiØv ]I¬ ssZ¿Lyw

Ipd-hm-b-Xn-\m¬ Ipd™ Xm]-\n-e-bn¬ Bbn-cn-°pw. Db¿∂p s]mßnb hmbp XWpØv

kmµ-X-IqSn Xmtg°v hcn-Ibpw D]-cn-X-e-Øn-eqsS ho≠pw `pa-[y-tc-J-bn-te°v ]h-ln-

°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ Hcp Ne\ hyh-ÿ-bmWv A¥-co£ hmbp-hn-\p-≈-Xv. qan-bpsS `aWw

aqehpw hnhn[ `mK-ß-fnse a¿±-hy-Xymkw aqehpw hmbp-hns‚ Ne-\-Øn\v Znim-am-‰-

߃ D≠m-Ip-∂p. `qansb Ah-cWw sNbvXn-cn-°p∂ hmbp k©-b-Øns‚ `mc-amWv

A¥-co£ a¿±w. Hcp \n›nX ÿeØv \n›nX ka-bØv A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂-hm-bp-hns‚

`mc-amWv A¥-co-£-a¿±w. _mtcm-ao-‰o¿ D]-tbm-Kn®v an√n-_m¿ F∂o bq-Wn-‰n-emWv A¥-

co£ a¿±w Af-°p-∂-Xv. Htc A¥-co£ a¿±w A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂ ÿe-ßsf \Ωn¬

tN¿Øp hcbv-°p∂ km¶¬]nI tcJ-I-fmWv kΩ¿Z tcJ-Iƒ (Isobars)

$ A¥-co£ Dujvamhv

$ kap-Z-\n-c-∏n¬ \n∂p≈ Dbcw

$ A¥-co-£-Ønse \ocm-hn-bpsS Afhv

$ `qan-bpsS `aWw

XpS-ßn-bh A¥-co£ a¿±Øn¬ G‰Ipd-®n¬

D≠m-°p∂ LS-I-ß-fm-Wv. a¿±w IqSnb ]tZ-

i-Øp-\n∂pw a¿±w Ipd™ ]tZ-i-tØ-bv°p≈

hmbp-hns‚ Xnc-›o\ Ne-\-amWv Im‰p-Iƒ,

ew_-Zn-i-bn-ep≈ hmbp-hns‚ Ne-\-amWv hmbp-

]-hm-lw. NnXw \nc-£n®v BtKm-f-hm-X-߃

GsX√mw F∂v Is≠ØpI.

48

Ipdn∏v Xømdm°pI

$ Zn\m-¥-co-£-ÿn-Xnbpw Imem-h-ÿbpw

$ ImenI hmX-߃

$ a¨kq¨

$ IS¬Im-‰v, Ic-°m-‰v,

$ BtKm-f-Xm-]\w

]IrXn Zpc-¥-߃

A¥-co£ LS-\, kwc-N-\, a¿Z taJ-e-Iƒ, Im‰p-Iƒ, Xm]\ ]In-b-Iƒ XpS-ßnbh

a\-kn-em-°n-b-t√m. Ch-bpsS F√mw kzm[o-\-Øm¬ A¥-co-£-Øn¬ \nc-h[n ]Xn-`m-

k-߃ \S-°p-∂p-≠v. A¥-co-£-Øn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ hmbp-]-hm-l-ßfpw am¿±hyXn-bm-\-ßfpw

]f-bw, hcƒ®, A¥-co£ Xm]-\w, AXn-ssi-Xyw, XpS-ßnb \nc-h[n ]IrXn Zpc-¥-

߃°pw AXp-aqew Dcpƒs]m-´¬, A¥-co-£-Np-gn, IS¬t£m-`w, sImSp-¶m-‰v, XSp-ßnb-

hbv°pw Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p. Abn¬ NneXv ]cn-tim-[n-°mw. NqSmb A¥-co-£-hmbp apI-fn-

te°v Db-cp∂ kwh-l\ ]hmlw aqew Xm] \ne-bnepw a¿±-Ønepw hyXymk-ap-≠m-°p-

∂p. Cu ]Xn-`mkw taL-ß-fpsS cq]o-I-c-W-Øn\pw Npg-en-Im‰v cq]o-I-c-W-Øn\pw Imc-

W-am-Ip-∂p. Icbpw ISepw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ mK-߃ hyXymÿ ka-b-ß-fn¬ hyXyÿ coXnbn-

emWv NqSm-Ip∂sX∂v I≠-t√m. Npg-en-Im‰v cq]-s∏-´-t∏mƒ h¿Øp-f`m-K-ß-fn¬ hmbp

AXns‚ tIµ-`m-K-tØ°v ]h-ln-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ hfsc IqSnb hnkvX-c-Øn¬ Npg-en-Im-

‰n-Sn-°m\pw ag-bp-≠m-hm-\pw km[y-X-bp-≠v. IS-en¬ cq]w-sIm-≈p∂ i‡-amb Im‰p-Iƒ

Icn-bn-se-Øp-tºmƒ Ah-bpsS KXn XS- -s∏-Sp-tºmƒ h≥ \mi-߃°v hgn-sbm-cp-°p-

∂p. _wKmƒ Dƒ°-S-enepw Ad-_n-°-S-enepw \yq\-a¿±w cq]w sIm≈p∂ aqew ÿnc-

ambn CØcw ]Xn-`m-k-߃ D≠m-bn-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. tIc-f-Øn¬ hoin-b-Sn® "HmJn'

CXn\pZml-c-W-am-Wv. 2018 BKÃv amk-Øn-ep-≠mb ]f-b-ag as‰mcp Zpc-¥-amWv tIc-f-

Øn\v \¬In-b-Xv. tIc-f-Øns‚ Ncn-X-Øn¬ [mcmfw ÿeØv Dcpƒs∏m-´-en\v Imc-W-

am-bn.

$ _wKmƒ Dƒ°-S-en-¬ Ing-°≥ Xoc-tZ-i-ß-fnepw Ad-_n-°-S-en¬ ]Sn-™m-d≥

Xoc-ß-fnepw Npg-en-Im-‰m-Sn-®p-≠mb Zpc-¥-߃ kw_-‘n® hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn-

°p-I. "Imemhÿm hyXn-bm-\hpw ]IrXn Zpc-¥-ßfpw' F∂ hnj-b-Øn¬

Hcp skan-\m¿ kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-I.

$ "]f-b-sI-Sp-Xn-Ifpw AXn-Po-h-\hpw' UnPn-‰¬ B¬_w Xbm-dm-°p-I.

$ Npg-en-Im-‰p-Iƒ°v t]cn-S¬ ˛ C∂v A¥m-cm-jvS-X-e-Øn¬ Xs∂ am¿K \n¿tZ-

i-߃ \ne-hn-ep-≠v. ASpØ Ime-Øp-≠mb Npgen Im‰p-I-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ tiJ-

cn®v Ah°v t]cn-Sp∂ coXnbpw cmPy-_-‘hpw Is≠Øn Ipdn-∏p-X-bm-dm-°p-I.

A¥-co£ Npgn-bn¬s∏ v hnam\ Zpc-¥-߃ D≠m-Ip-∂Xv ASp-Ø-Im-e-Øp-≠m-Ip∂ ][m\

kw`-h-ß-fm-Wv. A¥-co£ hmbp-hns‚ ew_ Xe-Øn-ep≈ ]hmlw hnam\ bmX°v

]e-t∏mgpw XS- -߃ D≠m-Ip-Ibpw A]I-S-߃°v Imc-W-am-Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂p-≠v. hmbp

]hm-l-ß-fn¬s∏Sp∂ hnam-\-߃°v `b-¶c Ipep°w A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂p. tamiw Ime-hm-

ÿ-bn¬ hyma-K-Xm-KXw \n¿Øn h°m-dp-≠v.

49

`qI-º-߃, A·n ]¿∆-X-߃

F°m-eØpw Hm¿Ω-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Zpc-¥-ß-fn¬ H∂mWv Unkw-_¿ Inkvakv cmXn-bn-ep-

≠mb kp\man Zpc-¥w. kpamX Zzo]p-I-fn-ep-≠mb `pIºw hfsc AI-e-bp≈ C¥y≥

Xoc-Øp-hsc B™-Sn®v `oa≥ Xnc-ame, h≥\miw hnX-®mWv AS-ßn-b-Xv. IS-en-\-Sn-bn-

≠mb `qI-º-ß-fmWv CØcw Zpc¥ßƒ°v Imc-W-am-Ip-∂-Xv. `qI-º-Øns‚ ^e-ambn

`qXew Ipepßn sI´n-S-߃ XI¿∂pw Dcpƒ s]m´nbpw hm≥ \miw D≠m-hm-dp-≠v. tIcfhpw

CXn\v km[y-X-tb-dn-b-ta-J-e-bm-Wv. CXp-t]mse temI-Øns‚ ]e-`m-K-ß-fnepw P\

PohnXw XS- -s∏-Sp-Øp∂ ]IrXn Zpc-¥-߃ \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. qan-bpsS A¥¿`m-

K-Øp-≠p-Ip∂ ^eI Ne-\-ß-fmWv CØcw ]Xn-`m-k-߃°v Imc-W-am-Ip-∂-Xv. A·n

]¿∆X kvt]mS-\-ßfpw ASp-Ø-Im-eØv ]e-ÿ-e-ß-fnepw D≠m-bn-´p-≠v.

""]IrXn Zpc-¥-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw AXn-Po-hn-°mw.'' hnhn[ ]IrXn Zpc-¥-߃

GsX√mw F∂v ]´nIs∏Sp-Øp-I. Hmtcm-∂n¬ \n∂pw c£-s∏-Sp∂Xn\pw AXn-

Po-hn-°m\pw Zpc¥ \nhm-cW ]h¿Ø-\-߃ F¥v? Fßs\? F∂-Xns\

Ipdn-®pap≈ hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn-°p-I. N¿® kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-I.

5, 6, 7, 8 ¢m p-I-fnse `pan imkvX ]mT-`m-K-߃ hni-I-e\w sNbvXv ]T-\-t\-

´-߃, ][m\mib-߃, t_m[\ X¥-߃ ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-߃ F∂nh ]´n-

I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

Reference: 1. Htc-tbmcp~`qan, KSSP

2. Irjn-]mTw ˛ R tlen.

3. SALT A[ym-]I ]T-\-k-lmbn, DIET Palakkad

4. Teacher Text - Std. 5, 6, 7, (S.S)

5. temI-cm-jvS-߃ DCB Vol.1

6. k¿∆-hn-⁄m\ tImiw ˛ tIcf Kh¨sa‚ v Vol. 3

7. C¥ym-N-cnXw ˛ F. io[-c-ta-t\m≥

8. tIcf NcnXw ˛ F. io[-c-ta-t\m≥

9. tIcf NcnXw ˛ tIcf lnkv‰dn Atkm-kn-tb-j≥

10. tIc-fob \thm-∞m\w ˛ tUm. ]n.F-^v.-tKm-]-Ip-am¿

50

]m¿´v 3

kmº-ØnI imkvXw

km[-\-ß-fp-tSbpw tkh-\-ß-fp-tSbpw DXv]m-Z-\-hpw hnX-c-Whpw D]-t`m-Khpw N¿®

sNøp∂ imkvX iJ-bmWv kmº-Øn-I-im-kvXw. 1776 ˛ ¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn® ‘The wealth

of Nations’ F∂ IrXn-bn-eq-sS-bmWv Cu imkvXw hf-¿∂-Xv. XpS¿∂v Hmtcm Ime-

L´Ønepw kmº-ØnI imkvXsØ Ipdn-®p≈ ImgvN-∏mSv hyXym-k-s∏-´p-h-∂-Xn-\m¬

AXns‚ \n¿h-N-\-Ønepw hyXymkw ImWmw.

[\sØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n

t£asØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n

Zu¿e-`y-Xsb ASn-ÿm-\-am°n

Bkw-kvan-Øv, B¿^Uv am¿j≥, entbm-W¬ tdm_n≥k¨ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS \n¿∆-N-\-

߃ t\m°p.

1. Economic is the Science of Wealth - Adasmith - (1776)

2. Economic is the study of making in the ordinary beusiness of Life - (Alfred marshel (1980)

3. Economic is the science which studies human behaviours as a relation between ends ands

scarce means whihc have alternatives uses - Lionel Robbinsons (1931)

$ \n¿∆-N-\-Øn¬ h∂ am‰-߃ N¿® sNbvXv \nß-fp-S-tS-Xmb Hcp \n¿∆-N\w

Xøm-dm-°p-I.

kmº-ØnI imkvX-]-T-\-Øn-eqsS km[m-\-c-W-°m¿°v k¿°m-cns‚ \b-tc-J-Iƒ a\-

kn-em-°m\pw Bh-iy-߃ A\-h-[nbpw hn`-h-߃ ]cn-an-Xnbpw BIp-tºmƒ e`y-amb

hn`-h-߃sIm≠v Fßs\ Bh-iy-߃ \nd-th‰mw F∂pw [mc-W -e-`n-°p-∂p. kmaqly

]iv\-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm\ ImcWw kmºØnI ]iv\-am-b-Xp-sIm≠v kmº-ØnI imkvX-

Øn-ep≈ Adnhv kmaqly ˛ cmjvSnb ]h¿Ø-I¿°v ]iv\ ]cn-lm-c-Øn\pw kmº-

ØnI \b-cq-]n-I-c-W-Øn\pw klm-b-I-am-Ip-∂p.

AS-ÿm\ kmº-ØnI ]iv\-߃

a\p-jys‚ Bh-iy-߃ A\-¥-am-Wv. Hcq Bh-iy-w ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°p-tºmƒ ASpØ Bhiyw

h∂p-tN-cpw. CsXmcp BtKmf ]Xn-`m-k-am-Wv. CXv hy‡n-Iƒ°v amX-a-√, kaq-l-Øn--

t‚bpw cmPy-Øn-s‚bpw Imcy-Ønepw CXp-Xs∂bmWv Ahÿ. hn`-h-߃ Zp¿e-`-am-Ip-

Ibpw Bh-iy-߃ A[n-I-am-Ip-Ibpw sNøp-tºmƒ ap≥K-W-\m-Iaw \n›-bn-°-Ww.

CsX√mw ASn-ÿm\ kmº-ØnI ]iv\-߃°v Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p. Fs¥√mw Nn¥n-t°-

≠n-hcpw?

$ F¥v Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°Ww?

$ Fßs\ Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°Ww?

$ B¿°p-th≠n Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°Ww?

F∂ ASn-ÿm\ kmº-ØnI ]iv\-߃ N¿® sNøp-I.

51

kmº-ØnI ]h¿Ø-\-߃

\ap°p Np‰pw \nc-h[n kº-Øp-ev]m-Z\ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ \S-°p-∂p≠v. NneXv ]IrXn

hn`-h-߃ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xm-Wv. NneXv hyh-kmbnI ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsS ]pXnb

Dev]-∂-߃ D≠m-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. NneXv tkh\ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ \SØn kº-Øpev]m-Zn-

∏n-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv. Chsb bYm-Iaw ]mY-an-Iw, ZzZzo-bw, XrXobw F∂n-ßs\ taJ-e-

Ifm°n Xncn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. \nß-fpsS Np‰p-]m-Sn¬ \n∂v DZm-l-c-W-߃ Is≠Øn \n¿∆-

N\w ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.

]mY-anI taJe : ..........................................

ZzoXob taJe : ..............................................

XrXnb taJe : ......................................

kmº-ØnI ]h¿Ø-\-ßsf Xcw Xncn®t√m F¥mWv Dev]m-Z-\-]-Inb? a\p-jy\v kwXr-

]vX-I-c-amb PohnXw \bn-°p-∂Xn \nc-h[n km[-\-ßfpw tkh-\-ßfpw Bh-iy-am-Wv.

Ch \n¿Ωn°p∂ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fmWv Dev]m-Z\ ]Inb. Ch-bn¬ k¶o¿W-amb ]¶v

hln-°p∂ LS-I-ß-sf Dev]m-Z\ LS-I-߃ F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p. temI-Ønse kºZv hy-

hÿ \n¿W-bn-°p-∂-Xv Dev]m-Z\ _‘-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv.

Dev]m-Z\ LS-I-߃ IqSn-tN-cp-tºm-gmWv Dev]m-Z\w \S-°p-I. GsX-√m-amWv Dev]m-Z\

LS-I-߃? ]´nI \nco-£n-°p-I.

LS-I-߃ ]Xn- ew khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

1. `qan ]m´w ˛ e`yX ÿnc-amWv

˛ Ne-\-tijn C√

˛ hnhn[ Bh-iy-߃°v D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.

2. A[zm\w Iqen sXmgn-em-fn-bn¬ \n∂pw th¿s∏-Sp-Øm-\m-hn-√.

`mhn-bn-te°v A[zm\w Icp-Xn-h-°m-\m-hn√

Ne-\mflI-amWv ]cn-io-e-\-Øn-eqsSsa®-s∏-Sp-Ømw.

3. ape-[\w ]eni A[zm-\-Øn\v ]I-c-ambn ]h¿Øn-°mw.

tXbvam\w D≠m-Imw.

4. kwLm-S\w em`w \jvS km[y-X-Iƒ Gs‰-Sp-°p∂p, \n›nX hcp-am\w

C√. F√m sNe-hp-Ifpw hln-°p-∂p.

$ Dev]m-Z\ ]In-b-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-∂-Xns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Hmtcm LS-I-tØbpw

hni-Z-ambn N¿® sNøp-I. DZm-l-c-W-߃ Is≠-Øp-I.

DXv]m-Z\ coXn-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ b¥-߃°v ]m[m-\y-ap≈ Dev]m-Z-\sØ aqe-

[\ Xoh-sa∂pw sXmgnemfn-Iƒ°v IqSp-X¬ ][m\yw e`n-°p∂ Dev]m-Z\ coXnsb

A[zm\ Xoh-sa∂pw Xcw Xncn-°m-dp≠v

kºZv hyhÿ:

Hcp cmPy-Ønse hn`-h-߃ D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn F¥v Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°-Ww, Fßs\ Dev]m-

52

Zn-∏n-°-Ww, B¿°p th≠n Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°-Ww? F∂p Xocp-am-\n-°p∂ hyh-ÿsb kºZv

hyh-ÿ-sb∂v ]d-bp-∂p. ]mY-anI ˛ ZznXob ˛ XzXob taJ-e-I-fn¬ \n∂v. kºXv hyh-

ÿ°v kw`m-h\ e`n-°p-∂p-≠v. Adn-hs\ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈ taJ-esb B[p-\nI

kmº-ØnI imkvX-Øn¬ NXp¿Ønb taJe (\mem-Xp-ta-J-ebmbn ]c-K-Wn-°p-∂p-

≠v.) hnh-c-߃ tiJ-c-Whpw kmt¶-XnI hnZy-bn-eqsS hnX-c-Whpw Kth-jW ]h¿Ø-

\-߃ sXmgn¬, hnZym-`ymkw XpS-ßnbh Cu taJ-e-bn¬ D]tbmKs∏SpØp∂p. F√m

taJ-e-Ifpw ]c-kv]cw _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.

tZinb hcp-am\w

F√m taJ-e-I-fn¬ \n∂pw Hcp h¿jw Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ km[-\-ß-fp-tSbpw tkh-\-ß-fp-

tSbpw aqeyw ]W-Øn¬ IW-°m°n In´p∂XmWv Bcm-Py-Øns‚ tZinb hcp-am-\w.

C¥ybn¬ samØ B`y-¥c Dev]m-Z-\-am-bmWv IW-°m-°p-∂-Xv. (National Income, Gross

Domestic Productions) B[p-\nI Ime-L-´-Øn¬ cmPy-Øns‚ GDP bnte°v kw`m-h-\-sN-

øp-∂Xv `qcn-`m-Khpw XrXob taJ-e-bmWv. kmº-ØnI hf¿®-bp-≠m-hp-tºmƒ PohnX

KpW-\n-e-hmcw h¿≤n-°p-∂p. ]mY-anI taJ-e-bn-emWv C∂pw IqSp-X¬ t]¿ tPmen-sN-

øp-∂-Xv. taJ-em-hn-lnXw t\m°p-∂p.

$ ]mY-anI taJe ˛ 56.8% t]¿

$ ZzoXnb taJe ˛ 18.7 % t]¿

$ XrXob taJe ˛ 24.8 % t]¿

\ΩpsS kwÿm-\sØ DXv]m-Z\ bpWn-‰p-Iƒ ]´n-I-bm-°p-I. Ah-bpsS DS-a-ÿX kw`-

‘n® hnh-chpw tiJ-cn-°pw. AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Dev]m-Z\ bqWn-‰p-Isfw Xcw-Xn-

cn®p t\m°p-I.

ÿm]\w DS-a-ÿX em`w D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂v.

ae-_m¿ kna‚ vkv

`mcXv s]tSm-fnbw

Sm‰m-Ão¬

dne-b≥kv C≥U-kvSokv

KSFE

CIAL

BSNL

kzmImcy ÿm]-\-߃ em`w t\SpI F∂ e£y-tØmsS ]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. s]mXp-ta-

Jem ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ em`w P\-ß-fpsS t£a-Øn-\mbn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

Kh¨sa‚ns‚ ][m\ hcp-am\ tkmX-kp-I-fmWv k¿°m¿ ÿm]-\-߃. CXp IqSmsX

\nIp-Xn-I-ƒ, ]ng-I-ƒ, hmS-I-Iƒ, ^okp-Iƒ, ]en-i, hmbv]-Iƒ F∂n-h-bmWv

Kh¨sa‚ns‚ hcp-am-\w. Hmtcm h¿jhpw Kh¨a‚p-Iƒ hcp-am-\hpw sNehpw \n›-

bn®v _UvP‰v D≠m-°n-bmWv kmº-ØnI BkqXWw \S-Øp-∂-Xv.

$ Cu h¿jsØ tIcf _UvP‰v hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn®v Kh¨sa‚ns‚ hcphp sNevhv

kw_-‘n®v N¿® \sS-Øp-I.

53

]m¿´v 4

cmjvS-X¥w

\ΩpsS `c-W-L-S\

\ΩpsS `c-W-L-S-\-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Ht´sd Bi-b-߃ ss]adn hn`mKw kmaq-ly-imkvX ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ß-fn¬ N¿® sNø-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. C¥y≥ c-W-L-S-\-bpsS]tXy-I-X-Iƒ F∂ Xe-s°-´n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂hFs¥m-s°-bmWv?

$ enJnX `c-W-L-S\

$ temIØv \ne-\n∂ F√m `c-W-L-S-\-I-fp-sSbpwanI® `mK-ßsf kzoI-cn-®Xv

$ ]m¿e-sa‚dn kº-Zmbw

$ auen-Im-h-Im-i-߃ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂Xv

$ `c-W-L-S-\m-t`-Z-K-Xn°p km[y-X-bp-≈Xv

$ kmaq-ly-Xp-ey-X, P\m-[n-]-Xyw, atX-X-cXzw ChDb¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°p-∂Xv

$ kwbp‡ hyhÿ

$ \nb-a-hmgvN

$ kzX-¥- \o-Xn--\ymbhyhÿ

$

$

]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°q. ]q¿Øn-bm-°nb ]´nI A[ym-]n-I-bpsS klm-b-tØmsS sa®-s∏-Sp-Ømw.

C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\

1950 P\p-hcn 26\v \ne-hn¬ h∂p.

22 `mK-߃

395 B¿´n-°n-fp-Iƒ

12 ]´n-I-Iƒ

`c-W-L-S-\-bpsS `mKw H∂n¬ C¥y≥ bqWn-b≥, AXns‚ `q]-tZiw F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®mWv ]Xn-]n®n-´p-≈Xv. `mKw c≠n¬ ]ucXz hni-Zmw-i-ß-fpw. `mKw aq∂n-emWv auen-Im-h-Im-i-߃ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. B¿´n-°nƒ 12 apX¬ 35 hsc auen-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fpsShni-Zmw-i-ßfpw `c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-amb ]cn-lmc am¿§-߃°p≈ Ah-Im-i-ßfpw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

auen-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fpsS khn-ti-jX F¥mWv?

Fßns\ \n¿h-Nn°mw?

54

XpS-°-Øn¬ D≠m-bn-cp∂ auen-Im-h-Im-i-߃ F√mw Ct∏m-gp-apt≠m?

auen-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ `c-W-L-S\m `mK-߃ d^¿sNbvXv apI-fn¬ D∂-bn-®n-´p≈ kwi-b-߃°v ]cn-lmcw Ipdn-°mw. \ΩpsS auen-Im-h-Im-i-߃ F∂ t]cn¬Hcp ]k-t‚-j≥ Xbm-dm-°mw. auen-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´v h∂n-´p≈ `c-W-L-S\m t`Z-K-Xn-Ifpw hn[n-Ifpw C‚¿s\‰v km[yX ]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn Cu Bh-iy-Øn-te°v hni-I-e\w sNøm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. hyXykvX Kq∏p-Iƒ°v hyXykvX `mK-߃ hoXn-s®-Sp-°mw ]k-t‚-j-\m-°mw. Ah-X-c-WsØ XpS¿∂v ka-K-amb Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ Ub-dn-bn¬tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ømw.

\n¿tZ-i-I-X-Øz-߃ auen-Im-h-i-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Fßn-s\-bmWv hyXy-kvX-am-Ip-∂Xv? cmjvS\b-Øns‚ \n¿tZ-i-I-X-Øz-߃ F∂ `mKw ]cn-tim-[n-°mw. Ipdn∏p Xbm-dm-°mw.

`c-W-L-S\

`mKw IV A bnep≈ auenI I¿Ø-hy-߃ C¥y-bnse Hmtcm ]ucs‚bpw I¿Ø-hy-ambncn°p-∂-h-bm-sW∂v hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. XpS-°-Øn¬ 10 FÆ-ambncp∂p Ct∏mƒ11 Bbn-´p-≠v.

cmjvS-\-b-Øns‚ \n¿tZ-i-I-X-Øz-߃

$ `c-W-L-S\ `mKw IV ¬.

$ B¿´n-°nƒ 36 apX¬ 51 hsc.

$ cmPysØ Hcp t£a-cm-jvS-ambn Db¿Øm≥ Dt±-in-®p-≈h.

$ Cu `mK-Øn¬ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ tImS-Xn°v \S-∏m-°m-hp-∂-X-√.

$ Xpey-\o-Xnbpw kuP\y \nb-a-k-lm-bhpw Kma-]-©m-b-Øp-Iƒ kwL-Sn-∏n-°¬,sXmgn -en\pw hnZym -`ym -k-Øn -\p -ap≈ Ah-Im -iw, PohnX \ne-hm -chpwBtcmKy\nebpw sa®-s∏-Sp-ج, IpSn¬ hyh-kmb t]m’m-l-\w, elcn ]m\ob\ntcm-[-\w, GIo-IrX knhn¬ \nb-aw, Irjn, arK-kw-c-£W kwLm-S-\w, PpUo-jy-dnsb FIvkn-Iyq-´o-hn¬ \n∂p th¿Xn-cn-°¬ F∂nh Ch-bn-epƒs∏-Sp-∂p.

`c-W-L-S-\-bpsS `mKw II ]uc-XzsØ°pdn-®mWv hni-Z-am-°p-∂-Xv. CXn¬ 5 apX¬ 11hsc B¿´n-°n-fp-I-fp-≠v. B¿´n-°nƒ 11 ]Imcw ]uc-Xz-Øn-\p≈ Ah-Imiw ]m¿e-sa‚n\v\nbaw hgn Ia-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ A[n-Imcw \¬Ip-∂p-≠v. ]ucXz hyh-ÿ-Iƒ `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ \n∂pw a\- n-em°n ¢mkn¬ N¿®-sN-øq.

C¥y-bn¬ C∂v \ne-\n¬°p∂ `c-W-Iaw s^U-d-en-k-Øn-eq-∂n-bp≈XmW-t√m. tIµ--c-W-Iq-Shpw kwÿm\ c-W-Iq-S-ßfpw XΩn¬ IrXy-amb A[n-Imc hn -P\w \ne-\n¬°p-

∂-Xns\ kw_-‘n®pw AXns‚ khn-ti-j-X-I-sfbpw sk°‚-dn, lb¿sk-°‚dn Xe-ß-fn¬ \mw N¿® sNbvXn-´p-≠v.

C¥y≥ s^U-d-en-k-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Ipdn-°m-tam.

1. kphy-‡-amb A[n-Imc hn`-P\w

2. GI-]u-cXzw

3. tIµhpw kwÿm-\hpw s]mXp-`-c-W-L-S-\°p hnt[bw

4. kwÿm-\m-Xn¿Øn-Iƒ tZio-b-Xm-Xv]cy ]Imcw ]p\¿ \n¿Æ-bn°mw

55

5. AJn-te¥ym k¿∆o-kp-Iƒ

6. ASn-b-¥-cm-hÿ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

(]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I)

C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS al-Xzhpw kq£va-X-bp-amWv C¥y≥ s^U-d-en-k-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\w. C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS `mKw V BWv C¥y≥ `c-W-I-a-Øns‚ \n¿tZ-i-߃ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xv.

`c-W-L-S-\-`mKw V s‚ \n¿t±-i-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Xmsg kqNn-∏n-°p∂ Imcy-ßsf kw_-‘n®p N¿®-sNbvXp Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°p-I.

(i) cmjvS-]Xn

sXc-s™-Sp∏p coXn

Imem-h-[nbpw A[n-Im-c-ßfpw

(ii) tIµ-a¥n k` ˛ cq]o-I-c-Ww, LS\, Npa-X-e-Iƒ

(iii) ]m¿e-sa‚ v cq]o-I-cWw cmPy-k-`, temI-k` Ch-bpsS LS\

kam-\-co-Xn-bn¬ `mKw VI (C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-\) ]cn-tim-[n®v kwÿm\ Kh¿W¿, \nb-a-\-coXn A[n-Im-c-߃,

(i) kwÿm\ a¥n-k-`-Iƒ

(ii) kwÿm\ \nb-a-\n¿ΩmW k`Iƒ

F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®pw eLp-Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°p-I.

Xt±i kzbw- -cWw

kwÿm\ k¿°m-cn\p Xmsg \ΩpsS kwÿm-\Øv \ne \n¬°p∂ A[n-Imc tIµ-߃/`cW kwhn-[m-\-߃ GsXm-s°-bmWv?

\nß-fpsS sF.Sn.-C. ÿnXn sNøp∂ Xt±i kzbw-`-cW (]©m-bØv/ap\n-kn-∏m-en‰n/tIm¿∏-td-j≥) ]tZiw GXm-Wv?

]mtZ-inI kzbw c-WsØ \ΩpsS c-W-L-S\ Fß-s\-bmWv hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂Xv? CXn-\mbn \S∂ \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-W-]-c-amb \o°-߃/t`Z-K-Xn-Iƒ GsXm-s°-bm-Wv... kvIqƒ¢mkp-I-fn¬ \mw \nc-¥cw N¿® sNbvXn- p-≈-h-bmWv ]©m-b-Øo-cmPv/\K-c-]m-enI kwhn-[m-\߃

`c-W-L-S-\m-t -Z-K-Xn-Iƒ

73, 74 `cW LS-\m-t`-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ

73˛mw t`Z-KXn ]©m-b-Øo-cm-Pp-ambn _‘-s∏-´-Xm-Wv. ]©m-b-Øns‚ A[n-Im-c-߃,

56

DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-߃, hyXykvX kwh-cW hyh-ÿ-Iƒ F∂nh CXp-ambn _‘-s∏´v \ne-hn¬ h∂p. 112˛mw sjUyqƒ Iq´n-t®¿Øp. 74˛mw t`Z-KXn ap\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-I-fpsS A[n-I-m-c߃, DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-߃ F∂nh hyhÿ sNbvXp.12˛mw sjUyqƒ Iq´n-t®¿Øp (1992emWv). Date of commencement 73 - 24.04.1993, 74 - 01.06.1993. `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ `mKw IX]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ `mKw IX - A ap\n-kn-∏m-en-‰p-Iƒ F∂nh hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

\ne-hn¬ C¥y-bn-ep≈ ]©m-b-Øo-cmPv ˛ kwhn-[m-\-߃ GsXm-s°-bmWv? Pn√mtªm°v, Kma ]©m-bØv kwhn-[m-\-ß-fpsS s]mXp ]h¿Ø-\-co-Xn-Ifpw A[n-Im-c-ßfpw sXc-s™-Sp-∏p coXnbpw kw_-‘n®v A`n-apJw kwL-Sn-∏n-°mw.

aq∂p Xe-ß-fp-ambpw _‘-s∏´v sht∆sd kwL-Sn-∏n-°m≥ ]mtbm-KnI XS- -߃ Ds≠-¶n¬ H‰ A`n-ap-J-ambn (XnXe kwhn-[m-\-Ønse GsX-¶nepw Hcw-K-hp-ambn) kwL-Sn-∏n-®m-¬ aXn-bm-Ipw. A∏¿ ss]a-dn-¢m-kp-I-fnse So®¿ sSIvÃp-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ A`n-apJ kwLm-S-\w, tNmZym-hen \n¿ΩmW hni-Zmw-i-߃ F∂nh e`n-°pw. \nß-fpsSA[ym-]n-I-bpsS klm-b-tØm-sSbpw anI® tNmZym-hen Xbm-dm°n A`n-apJw kwL-Sn-∏n-°mw. A`n-apJ dnt∏m¿´n¬ hni-Zmw-i-߃ hn´p-t]m-ImsX i≤n-°-Ww.

ZznXe XnXe kwhn-[m-\-߃

ZznXe kwhn-[m\w

Pn√m ]©m-bØv kanXn ˛ Kma-]-©m-bØv kanXn

XnXe kwhn-[m\w

Pn√m ]©m-bØv kanXn ˛ tªm°v ]©m-bØv kanXn ˛ Kma-]-©m-bØv kanXn

Ccp-]Xv e£w P\-ß-fn¬ Ipdhv D≈ kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ ZznXe ]©m-bØv kwhn-[m-\hpw kwÿm\ßfn¬ XnXe kwhn[m\hpamWv \nehnep≈Xv.

Pn√m-]-©m-bØv

XnXe ]©m-bØv kwhn-[m-\-Ønse G‰hpw Db¿∂ kan-Xn-bmWv Pn√m ]©m-bØv

tªm°v ]©m-bØv

dh\yq tªm°p-Isf ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv tªm°v ]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-®n-´p-≈Xv

Kma-]-©m-bØv

˛ ]©m-b-Øo-cm-Pns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Xew ˛ A©p-h¿j Imem-h[n.

˛ P\-߃ t\cn´v Kma-]-©m-b-Øw-K-ßsf Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂p.

˛ amk-Øn¬ Hcn-°-se-¶nepw tbmKw tNcpw.

˛ F√m Xocp-am-\-ßfpw thm´n-\n-Spw.

Kma-k-`-bn¬ \n߃ ]s¶-Sp-Øn-´pt≠m? Hcp h¿j-Øn¬ FX ]mh-iy-am-Wv Kma-k`tNcm-dp-≈Xv? ap≥Iq´n Adn-bn-®-tijw Hcp Kma-k-`m-tbmKw \nco-£n-°mtam? CXn\pkm[n-°mØ ]£w Hcp Kma ]©m-b-Øw-K-sØ-tbm, ]©m-bØv skI-´-dn-sbtbmkµ¿in®v Kma-k-`-bpsS hni-Zmw-i-߃ tiJ-cn-°mw.

Kma-k`

tIcf ]©m-b-Øo-cmPv \nb-a-Ønse khn-ti-j-ÿm\w \¬Ip∂ kwhn-[m-\-amWv Kma-k-`. P\m-[n-]-Xy-`-c-W-I-a-Øn¬ km[m-cW P\-߃°v `c-W-Øn¬ t\cn´v ]¶m-fnØw

57

e`n-°p∂ GI kwhn-[m-\w. Hcp Kma-]-©m-b-Øns‚ hm¿Up-Iƒ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bmWvKma-k-`. Hcp hm¿-Unse apgp-h≥ kΩ-Xn-Zm-b-Icpw Kma-k-`-bnse AwK-ß-fmWv _‘-s∏´ Kma-]-©m-b-Øw-K-am-bn-cn-°pw I¨ho-\¿. Kma ]©m-bØv ]kn-U‚ v A≤y-£bpwaq∂p-am-k-Øn¬ Hs∂∂ IW-°n-emWv km[m-c-W tbmKw tNcm-dp-≈-Xv. ]tZ-isØBh-iy-߃, hnI-k\ km[y-X-Iƒ F∂nh N¿® sNbvXv Xocp-am\w FSp-°p-∂p. hnhn[t£a-]-≤-Xn-I-fpsS KpW-t`m-‡m-°sf \n›-bn-°p-∂Xpw Kma-k-`-bm-Wv.

P\m-[n-]Xyw

P\-ß-fpsS C—bv°v ]mapJyw \¬Ip∂ cW kwhn-[m-\-amWv P\m-[n-]Xyw. P\-߃°p-

th≠n P\-ß-fm¬ sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp∂ `cW kwhn-[m-\-am-Wn-Xv. F¥mWv P\m-[n-]-

Xy-Øns‚ ta∑-Iƒ?

$ P\ ]¶m-fn-Øw.

$ ]Xn-]£ _lp-am\w

$ hnhn[ P\-hn-`m-K-ßsf Hcpan-∏n-°p∂p

$ Pß-fpsS AwKo-Imcw

$ kam-[m\]c-ambn `c-W-am‰w

$ ..............................................

XpS-ßnb Ht´sd ta∑-Iƒ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sm-\p-≠v. F¶nepw Nne t]mcm-bva-Ifpw D≠v.

`cW XpS¿® e`y-am-Im-Xm-Ip-tºmƒ Zo¿L-Ime \b-ßfpw ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw \S-∏n-em-°m≥

Ign-bn-√. Agn-a-X°pw Imep-am‰w t]mep≈ ]h-W-X-Iƒ°v km[y-X-bp≠v. sXc-s™-

Sp∏v ]Inb sNe-th-d-b-Xm-Ip-∂p. XpS-ßnb tZmj--ß-sfms° ]dbm-sa-¶nepw C∂v \ne-

hn-ep≈ `cW kwhn-[m-\-ß-fn¬ sa®-s∏-´-XmWv P\m-[n-]-Xyw. ]Xy£ P\m-[n-]-Xy-sa-

∂p ]tcm£ P\m[n]Xy-sa∂pw c≠p-X-c-Ønep≠v. P\-߃ t\cn-´p-Xs∂ \nba \n¿am-

Whpw `c-Whpw \S-Øp∂ ]Xy£ Pm\m-[n-]Xyw P\-kw-Jym-h¿≤-\-hns‚ ImeØv

sNe-th-dn-b-Xm-hpw. d^-d-≠w, C\n-jym-‰n-hv, sπ_n-ssk-‰v, do°mƒ XpS-ßnb am¿K-ß-

fm¬ ]Xy-£-P-\m-[n-]Xyw \S-∏n-em-bn-´p-≠v. Imcy-\n¿∆-lW hn`m-K-Øns‚ kzm`m-h-a-

\p-k-cn®v ]m¿e-sa‚dn P\m-[n-]-Xy-sa∂pw ]kn-U≥jy¬ P\m-[n-]-Xy-sa∂pw as‰mdp

Xc-Ønepw Xcw Xnc-°m-dp≠v C¥y-bn¬ ]Xn-\n[y kz`m-h-a-\p-kn-cn®v ]tcm£ P\m-

[n-]-Xy-amWv \ne-hn-ep-≈-Xv. Ata-cn-°-bn¬ ]kn-U-\≥jy¬ P\m-[n-]XyamWv \ne-hn-

ep-≈-Xv.

$ ]Xy£ ˛ ]tcm£ P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ ta∑-Ifpw t]mcm-bvIfpw N¿® sNbvXv

Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-I.

$ P\m-[n-]Xy `cW kwhn-[\w \ne-hnep≈ cmPy-߃°pw P\m-[n-]-tXy-Xc `cW

kwhn-[m-\ ap≈ cmPy-߃°pw DZm-l-c-W-߃ Is≠-Øp-I.

tIµ kwÿm\ _‘-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ cW kwhn-[m-\sØ bqWn-‰n-dn-sb∂pw

s^U-d-se∂pw th¿Xn-cn-°p-∂p. tIµ Kh¨sa‚ v amX-ap≈ `cWw bqWn-‰-dn-sb∂pw

tIµhpw kwÿm-\-ßfpw A[n-Im-cw hn`-Pn®v `cWw \S-Øp∂ kwhn-[m-\sØ s^U-

d¬ kwhn-[m\w F∂pw ]d-bp-∂p.

58

C¥y≥ s^U-d¬ kwhn-[m\a\p-k-ln®v A[n-Im-csØ aq∂m°n Xncn-®-cn-bp-∂p.

^vtfmNm¿´v ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-∂p.

C¥y≥ s^U-d¬ kwhn-[m\w

bqWn-b≥ enÃv tÉv enÃv I¨I-d≠v enÃv

]Xn-tcm[w

$ ..........................................

$ ..........................................

$ ..........................................

Ia-k-am-[m\w

$ ..........................................

$ ..........................................

$ ..........................................

hnZym-`ymkw

$ ..........................................

$ ..........................................

$ ..........................................

Ah-Im-i-߃

Pm\m-[n-]Xy Kh¨sa‚p-Isf CXc Kh¨sa‚pI-fn¬ \n∂pw hyXy-ÿ-am-Ip∂ ][m-\-

L-S-Iw, Ah Dd-∏p-\¬Ip∂ ]ucm-h-Im-i-ß-fmWv. C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-\-b-\p-k-cn®v P\-

߃°v Dd-∏p-\¬°p∂ Nne Ah-Im-i-߃ t\m°pI.

$ Pohn-°m\p≈ Ah-Imiw

$ hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-\p≈ Ah-Imiw

$ A`n-]m-b-ÿm-X¥yw

$ kwL-S-\m-kzm-X¥yw

$ ............................................

Hcp ]uc\v sa®-s∏´ PohnXw \bn-°m-\p≈ ijnbpw Ignhpw B¿Pn-

°p-∂-Xn\v cmjvSw Dd∏p \¬Ip∂ hyh-ÿ-I-fmWv Ah-Im-i-߃. Hmtcm ]uc\pw

`cWLS-\-bn-epƒs∏-SpØn Dd-∏p-\¬Ip∂ ]´n-I-bmWv Ah-Imi ]Xn-I. a\p-jy-hw-i-

Ønse HcwKw F∂ \ne°v F√m-h¿°pw Htc-t]mse e`y-ambncnt°≠ Ah-Im-i-ß-

fmWv a\p-jym-h-Im-i-߃. 1948 se km¿∆-tZ-inb a\p-jym-h-Imi ]Jym-]-\-Øn¬ sFIy-

cm-jvSk` F√m AwK-cm-jvS-ßfpw AwKo-I-cn-°-W-sa∂v Bh-iy-s∏-´p. a\p-jy-hm-Im-i-

߃ Dd∏p hcp-Øp-hm\pw ewL-\-߃ XS-bp-∂-Xn-\p-ambn tZinb Xe-Ønepw kwÿm\

Xe-Ønepw a\p-jy-h-Imi IΩn-j-\p-Iƒ ]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-≠v.

$ a\pjymhImiw s]mseXs∂, _meyØn¬ imcocnIhpw am\knIhpamb hnImkw

Dd∏phcpØp∂Xn\mbn Ip´nIfpsS AhImißfpw `cWLS\ Dd∏p \¬Ip∂p≠v.

_memhImi kwc£WØn\pw tZinb˛kwÿm\Xe IΩoj\pIƒ

]h¿Øn°p∂p≠v. kvXoIs°Xnscbp≈ hnthN\߃ Ahkm\n∏nt°≠Xpw

59

F√m \nebnepw ]pcpj\p Xpeyamb AhImi߃ Dd∏phcptØ≠Xpw ]cnjvIrX

kaqlØns‚ ISabmWv. kvXoIfpsS AhImi߃ Dd∏phcpØphm\mbn 1979˛¬

kvXo hnthN\ D∑qe\ DSºSn sFIycmjvS k` H∏phbv°pIbp≠mbn. CXns‚

`mKambn tZiob˛kwÿm\ Xeßfn¬ h\nXmIΩnj\pIfpw ]h¿Øn°p∂p.

GsX¶nepw AhImißfpsS \ntj[ap≠mbm¬ kwc£n®pIn´phm\mbn

IΩnjt\bpw tImSXnItfbpw kao]n°mhp∂XmWv.

$ tZiob˛kwÿmXeßfn¬ a\pjymhImiw, kvXoIfpsS AhImiw, Ip´nIfpsS

AhImiw F∂nh Dd∏phcpØp∂Xn\mbn IΩnj\pIƒ ]h¿Øn°p∂p≠v.

ChbpsS LS\, NpaXeIƒ, Ct∏mgsØ IΩnj≥ AwK߃, Dd∏phcpØp∂

AhImi߃ F∂nh kw_‘n® hnhc߃ tiJcn°pI. AXns‚bSn-

ÿm\Øn¬ Hcp ]m\¬ N¿® kwLSn∏n°pI.

$ ]pcpj≥ Xpeyamb F√m AhImißfpw kvXoIƒ°pw e`yamtWm? Cu

hnjbØn¬ Hcp kwhmZw kwLSn∏n°pI.

P\m[n]Xyhpw sXcs™Sp∏pw

P\m[n]Xy Kh¨sa‚pIƒ P\m`nemj߃ \S∏nem°p∂Xn\v ]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂p.

P\m`nemj߃ Adnbp∂Xn\mbn \n›nX Imebfn¬ sXcs™Sp∏pIƒ \S°Ww.

sXcs™Sp∏p ]InbbneqsS `qcn]£w t\Sp∂ I£n°p/I£nIƒ°p Kh¨sa‚p

cq]oIcn°mw. \ΩpsS \m´n¬ A©ph¿jIme-bfhnemWv ]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚pItfbpw

kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚p-I-tf-bpw, tIµ-K-h¨sa‚n-t\bpw thms´-Sp-∏n-eqsS sXc-s™-Sp-

°p-∂-Xv. kzX-¥-ambn ]h¿Øn-°p∂ sXc-s™-Sp∏v IΩn-j-\mWv Ce-£s‚ \S-Øn∏v

Npa-Xe. ]mtZ-inI `cW kwhn-[m-\-Øn-te°v Ce-£≥ \S-Øp-∂Xv kwÿm\ Xnc-

s™-Sp∏p IΩn-j-W-dm-Wv. kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚n-\p≈ Fw.F¬.-F.amsc sXc-s™-SpØv

a¥n-k` cq]o-I-cWØn\-h-kcw Hcp°p-∂Xn\pw tIµ-K-h¨sa‚ v cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈

Fw.]n.-amsc sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ Npa-Xe tIµ Ce-£≥ IΩn-j-\m-Wv. 18 hb p

XnI™ apgp-h≥ ]uc-∑m-tcbpw Dƒs∏-SpØn thm´¿]-´nI Xøm-dm-°¬ XpSßn ^e-]-

Jym-]\w hsc Ip‰-a‰ coXn -bnepw kzX-¥-ambpw sXc-s™-Sp∏p \S-]-Sn -Iƒ

kwLSn∏n°p∂Xv Ce-£≥ IΩn-j-\m-Wv. cmjvSob ]m¿´n-I-fmWv sXc-s™-Sp-∏n\v P\-

߃°p t_m[-h¬°-cWw \S-Øp-∂Xpw ÿm\m¿∞n-Isf a’-cn-∏n-°p-∂Xpw. tZiob

Xe-Ønepw kwÿm-\-X-e-Ønepw AwKo-Im-c-ap≈ cmjvSob ]m¿´n-Iƒ ]h¿Øn-°p-∂p.

Ce-£≥ IΩn-j-\mWv cmjvSob ]m¿´n-Iƒ°v AwKo-Imcw \¬Ip-∂-Xv.

$ tIµ-˛-kw-ÿm\ Xe-Øn¬ Ce-£≥ \SØn ^e-]-Jym-]\w \S-Øp-∂-Xn-

\p≈kwhn-[m-\-ßfpw Ah-bpsS Npa-X-e-Ifpw At\z-jn-®-dn-bp-I.

$ "P\m-[n-]-Xy-kw-hn-[m-\-Øn¬ cmjvSob ]m¿´n-bpsS ]¶v,' (tZiob ]m¿´n-Iƒ,

kwÿm-\-]m¿´n-Iƒ) F∂ hnj-b-Øn¬ Hcp kntºm-knbw kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-I.

d^d≥kv

1. C¥y≥ `cWLS\ tIµk¿°m¿ ˛ aebmfw ]cn`mj

2. C¥y≥ `cWLS\ ˛ tUm.ss]en

60

]m¿´v 5

kaqlimkvXw

kaqlØnse Iq´mbvaIfn¬ ]ca][m\amWv IpSpw_w. a\pjyhf¿®bpsS Hcp L´Øn¬

cq]saSpØXmWv IpSpw_w. P\\w apX¬ a\pjy≥ Bibn°pIbpw CSs]SpIbpw

sNøp∂ ASnÿm\ kmaqly ÿm]\amWnXv. a\pjys‚ F√m hnime Iq´mbvaIfpsSbpw

ASnÿm\ LSIw Hcp ImeØv IpSpw_ambncp∂p. ]mNo\ kaqlØnse tKmXw,

hwiw F∂nhbpsS coXnIƒ ]cntim[n®m¬ CXv hy‡amIpw. a\pjys‚ kmaqloIcW

]Inbbn¬ kp][m\ ]¶mWv IpSpw_w \n¿∆ln®php∂Xv. am\h NcnXØnse Xs∂

G‰hpw hg°tadnb kmaqly ÿm]\w IqSnbmWv IpSpw_w. kaqlØns‚ Xs∂ G‰hpw

efnXhpw ]mYanIhpamb cq]amWnXv. km¿∆XnI kmaqly ÿm]]\amb IpSpw_w

_‘ßfpsS Hcp hyhÿbmWv. kvIqƒ ¢mkpIfn¬ \mw IpSpw_hpambn _‘s∏´

Ht´sd Imcy߬ N¿® sNbvXn´p≠v. IpSpw_Øns‚ khntijXIsf

]´nIs∏SpØmtam...

km¿∆XnIX

sshImcnI ASnØd

]cnanX hen∏w

IpSpw_w Iq´pØchmZnØzw

tIµ ÿm\w

kmaqlnI \nb¥Ww

XmXvImenIX kpÿncX

s]mXpt]cv (\maIcWw)

temIØv hnhn[ ImeL´Øn¬ hyXykvXcoXnIfnemWv IpSpw_w DSseSpØXv

hyXykvX hnhlcoXnIfmWv IpSpw_ _‘ßfpsS cq]s∏Sen\v ImcWambsX∂v

IcpXp∂p. IpSpw_Øns‚ s]mXpLS\bpw _‘ßfpsS kz`mhhpw F√m°meØpw

Hcp t]msebmbncp∂n√. tIcfØn¬ t]mepw Cu ImWp∂Xn¬ \n∂pw hyXykvXamb,

acpa°Ømbm[njvTnXamb kºZmbØnep≈ IpSpw_ hyhÿbmbncp∂p

D≠mbncp∂Xv. acpa°Ømb ]Imca√mØ Iq´pIpSpw_ hyhÿbpw Nne ]tZißfn¬

\ne \n∂ncp∂p. F∂m¬ C∂v "AWpIpSpw_'ßfmWv \nehnep≈Xv C∂sØ

AWpIpSpw_߃ A—≥, AΩ Ht∂m ct≠m a°¬ F∂ coXnbnemWp≈Xv. F∂m¬

Hcp ]cºcmKX Iq´pIpSpw_Øn¬ aqt∂m AXne[nItam Xeapdbn¬ s]´hsc ImWmw.

kzØv mKw shbv°mXncn°p∂Xpw Iq´mbn ssIhiw shbv°p∂Xpw A\p`hn°p∂Xpw

]cºcmKX Iq´pIpSpw_Øns‚ s]mXp coXnIfn¬ s]Sp∂p. Hcp IpSpw_Øns‚ c≠p

Xeapdbn¬ s]´h¿ Hcpan®v Xmakn°p∂ hnkvXrX IpSpw_߃ CXn¬ \n∂pw

hyXykvXamWv. CØcw IpSpw_ßfn¬ s]mXpsh `mcym`¿Øm°∑m¿, a°ƒ,

g

g

g

g

g

g

g

g

g

g

61

`mcybpStbm `¿Ømhns‚tbm amXm]nXm°ƒ F∂nhcmWp≠mIpI. kvIqƒ

¢mkpIfnse kmaqlyimkvX ]mT]pkvXI߃ hyXykvX IpSpw_hyhÿIsf ]T\

hnt[bam°p∂p≠v.

]gbIpSpw_hpambn XmcXayw sNøptºmƒ AWpIpSpw_w H‰s∏´Xpw \n lmb

kz`mhØnepap≈XmsW∂v A`n]mbap≠v. as‰s¥ms° ]iv\ßfmWv

AWpIpSpw_ hyhÿbnep≈Xv?

$ Ip´nIsf i≤n°m≥ Bfn√

$ Ip´nIƒ°p Ifn°q´pImcpsS Zu¿e`yw

$ h¿[n°p∂ sNehpIƒ

$ Ht∂m ct≠m t]cpsS amXw hcpam\w

$ klmbn°m≥ Bcpan√

$ B[p\nI kmt¶XnI hnZy Db¿Øp∂ ]pXnb]iv\߃

ho´n¬ \n∂pw Iuamc°mcpsS Hfnt®m´w; aqØIp´n°v Cfb Ip´ntbmSp tXm∂p∂

]IbpsS A\¥c ^eßfpambn _‘s∏´v am[ya dnt∏m¿´pIƒ... F∂nhsb

AWpIpSpw_ IaØns‚ ]›mØeØn¬ ]cntim[n°mtam? Is≠ØepIƒ

A[ym]nIbpsS \n¿tZi]Imcw t\m´p_p°n¬ Ipdn°mw...

$ Iq´pIpSpw_ hyhÿ, AWpIpSpw_ hyhÿ F∂nhbpsS KpW tZmj߬ IqSn

Is≠ØpI. s]mXpN¿®sb XpS¿∂v Xmsg X∂n´p≈ tImfw ]qcn∏°mw.

AWpIpSpw_w Iq´pIpSpw_w

KpW߃

tZmj߃

]ckv]cw NpaXeIƒ ]¶psh®v Hcp kvXobpw ]pcpj\pw, AhcpsS Ip´nItfmsSm∏tam,

Ip´nIƒ C√msXtbm H∂n®p Pohn°p∂Xns\bmWv km[mcWbmbn IpSpw_w F∂p

]dbp∂Xv. F∂m¬ B[p\nI ImeØv IpSpw_k¶¬∏w Cu \nc¿∆N\Øn\∏pdØv

FØn \n¬°p∂p. a\pjy≥ tKmXßfmbn Pohn°m≥ XpSßnb BZnaImew

apX¬t°bp≈ H∂mWv IpSpw_w. kzImcykzØns‚ ]cºcmKXamb ]¶pshbv]v

CXns‚ Hcp ][m\ e£yambn hnebncpØs∏Sp∂p. IpSpw_ PohnXØn¬ aX]chpw

tKmX]chpw kmaqlnIhpamb Ht´sd CSs]SepI¬ D≠mIpw. hnhmlw CXns‚

BZy]SnbmWv. aXßfpw tKmXßfpw `qanimkvXLSIßfpw hnhml coXnbpsS

hyXykvXIƒ°p ImcWamIp∂p. CXv XpS¿∂v IpSpw_ coXnIfpsS hyXykvXXIƒ°pw

62

ImcWamIp∂p. IpSpw_w GXp Xs∂bmbmepw Hcp \nb¥WtIµw AXnep≠mIpw

AXv ]pcpj\mImw, kvXobmImw, an°t∏mgpw ]pcpj∑mcmbncn°pw A[nImctIµ-

ambncn°pI. F¥psIm≠mbncn°mw Cu coXn \nehn¬ h∂Xv? Krl\mY\p]Icw

Krl\mYbmbmtem... Xmhgn kºZmbw i‡ambncp∂ Nne kaqlßfn¬ Krl\mY

\bn°p∂ IpSpw_߃ D≠mbncp∂p. \nßfpsS tdj≥ Im¿Uv ]cntim[n°q....

$ Krl\mYbm°nbncn°p∂Xns‚ sa®ßƒ Fs¥√mw? N¿® sNøpI.

tKmX-k-aq-lw, Kma-k-aq-lw, \K-c-k-aqlw

hb-\m-Sv, CSp-°n, ]me-°mSv Pn√-I-fpsS Nne-ta-J-e-I-fn¬ tIµo-I-cn®v tKmX-k-aq-l߃

Bbn Hcp hn`mKw Pohn®p hcp-∂p. CØ-c-Øn¬ C¥y-bpsS ]e kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw P\-

߃ Pohn-°p-∂p-≠v. s]mXp-hn¬ ssS_¬ hn`m-K-ß-fmbn Ch¿ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. tKmX

kaq-l-߃ Ah-cp-tS-Xmb BNm-c-ßfpw A\p-jvTm-\-ßfpw Pohn-X-co-Xnbpw \ne-\n¿Øn

t]mIp-∂p-≠v. F¶nepw B[p-\nI hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ ^e-ambpw a‰p-hn-`m-K-ß-fp-am-bp≈

IqSn-t®-cepw aqew Nne am‰-ßfpw Pohn-X-co-Xn-bn¬ h∂n- p-≠v. AXp-t]mse kwÿm\Øv

]e taJ-e-Ifpw tIµo-I-cn®v KmaoW PohnXw \bn-°p∂ kaq-l-ßfpw ImWmw. ]c-º-

cm-KX Kma-ß-fn¬ BZy-Im-e-ß-fn¬ Iq´p-Ip-Sw_w hyh-ÿbv°v Gsd ]m[m-\y-ap-≠m-bn-

cp-∂p. KmaoW Iq´p-Ip-Spw-_-߃°pw Ah-cp-tS-Xmb Ipe-sØm-gnepw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

Irjnbpw A\p-_-‘ sXmgn-ep-I-fp-amWv Kma-k-aq-l-ß-fn¬ apJyw.

$ ssIsØm-gn-ep-Iƒ

$ I∂p-Imen hf¿Ø¬

$ Ic-Iu-ie hkvXp-°-fpsS \n¿amWw

$

XpS-ßn-b-hbpw Kmaoa P\-X-bpsS D]-Po-h-\-am¿K-am-Wv. Irjnbpw hnf-sh-Sp-∏p-ambn _‘-

s∏-´mWv ]e KmaoW BtL-j-ßfpw \S-°p-∂Xv. C¥y, C∂p Kma-ß-fpsS \mSm-Wv.

F∂m¬ tIcfw KmaoW Pohn-X-Øn¬ \n∂pw \Kc Pohn-X-Øns‚ L´-Øn-te°v amdn-

sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. Kma-߃ ] -Wß-fmbpw \K-c-ß-fmbpw amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w

Nne-\-K-c-߃ h≥ \K-c-ß-fm-bpw amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. Cu kml-N-cy-Øn¬ tKmX

kaq-lw, Kma-k-aq-lw, \Kc kaqlw F∂n-h-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Is≠Øn Xmc-Xay

]´nI Xøm-dm-°p-I.

tKmX-k-aqlw Kma-k-aqlw \K-c-k-aqlw

$ BNm-c-߃

$ sXmgn¬

$ `£-W-coXn

$ hkvX-[m-cWw

$ hmk-Krlw

$ 5, 6, 7, 8 ¢m pIfnse kmaqly imkvX]mT]pkvXIw ]cntim[n®v kaql-

imkvXhpambn _‘s∏´v N¿® sNøp∂ ]mT`mKßfpsS ][m\mib߃,

]T\t\´ßƒ, aqey߃, at\m`mh߃ Is≠ØpI.

1

bqWn‰v 4

kmaq-ly-im-kvXhpw kmt¶-XnI hnZybpwBsI kabw : 10 aWn-°q¿

A[ym-]\ ]In-I-bn¬, hnh-c-hn-\n-ab kmt¶-XnIhnZybv°v hfsc ]m[m-\y-ap-≠v.

]T\]In-b-bpsS KpW-ta∑ Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øn-sb-¶n¬ amXsa KpW-ta-∑bp-≈ hnZym`ym-kw

e`y-am-Ip-∂-Xn\v Ign-I-bp-≈p. ICT Hcp ]T\ t_m[\ klm-bn-bmbn D]-tbmK∏sSp-Øp-

∂-Xn-eqsS ]T\w e-]-Z-am°p--∂-Xn\v Ign-bpw. sslsSIv ¢mkp-apdn--Ifpw UnPn-‰¬ kwhn-

[m-\-ßfpw tIc-f-Ønse hnZym-eb--ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v henb am‰w h∂p-sIm-

≠n-cn-°p∂ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ A[ym-]I hnZym¿Yn-Ifpw AXn-\-\p-k-cn®v ICT D]-tbmKw

^e-]-Z-am-Ip∂Xn\p≈ tijn-Iƒ B¿Pn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. kmaq-ly-im-kvX-]-T-\-Øn¬ hnh-

c-hn-\n-ab kmt¶-XnI hnZybpw A\p-_‘ ]T-\-km-a-Kn-Ifpw t_m[\ ]In-b-bn¬

Fßs\ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp--Øm-sa∂ hni-I-e-\--amWv Cu bqWn-‰n-eqsS \S-Øp-∂-Xv.

]T-\-t\- -߃:

$ ]mTy]≤Xn hn\n-abw ^e-]-Z-am-°p-∂-Xn¬ kmt¶-XnI hnZy-bpsS ]m[m\yw tcJ-

s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

$ ]mTy-]-≤Xn hn\n-a-b-Øn\v ICT km[y-X--Iƒ Is≠-Øn- ]-´nIs∏Sp-Øp-Ibpw Ah

D]-tbm-Kn-°m-\p≈ tijn-Iƒ B¿Pn°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

][m\ Bi-b-߃

$ hnhc hn\n-ab kmt¶-XnIhnZy-bpsS ]m[m\yw.

$ kmaqlyimkvX ]T-\-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp∂ kmt¶-XnIhnZy-Iƒ

$ ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-߃, km[y-X-Iƒ

$ sh_vt]m¿´-ep-Iƒ, sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ, tªmKp-Iƒ

$ tkm^v‰p-sh-b-dp-Iƒ ˛ km[y-X-Iƒ

$ ........

ICT bpsS ]m[m\yw

Zriy imhy ]T-\m-\p-`-h-߃ Hcp-°n-sIm≠v cmPy-m¥c ]T\\ne-hmcw Hmtcm Ip´n°pw

Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-I-sb∂ e£y-tØmsS tIcf k¿°m¿ Xe-Øn¬ tIcf C≥^m-kvS-IvN¿

B‚ v sSIvt\m-fPn t^m¿ FUyp-t°-j≥ (KITE) F∂ Iº\n ]h¿Øn-®p-h-cnI-bm-Wv.

hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ th≠ ASn-ÿm\ kuI-cy-߃ Hcp-°p-I-, A[ym-]-I¿°v ]cn-io-e\w

\¬Ip-I, hnhn[ UnPn-‰¿ I≠-‚ v Xbm-dm-°p-I, C˛-K-thW≥kv \S-∏n-em-°pI XpS-ßnb

]h¿Ø-\-߃°v KITE t\XrXzw \¬In--h-cp-∂p. ICT bpsS A\-¥-km-[y-X-Iƒ ]tbm-P-

\-s∏-Sp-Øp∂Xn\mbn ss]adn ¢mkp-I-fn-e-S°w ICT Hcp ]tXyI hnj-b-ambn Ip´n-Iƒ

]Tn-®p-h-cp-∂p. CØ-c-Øn¬ amdp∂ ¢mkp-ap-dn-Iƒ°v A\p-Kp-W-am-bn, t_m[\ imkvX-

Ønepw ]T-\-]-In-b-bnepw ss\]pWyw t\Snb A[ym-]I hnZym¿Yn-I-fmWv \mfsØ

A[ym-]-I-cmbnhtc-≠-Xv. H∂mw ska-Ã-dn¬ hnh-c-hn-\n-ab kmt¶-XnI hnZy-bpsS km[y-

X-Ifpw ]m[m-\yhpw hni-Z-ambn N¿® sNbvXn-cp-∂-t√m. ChnsS kmaq-ly-imkvX ]T-\-

Øn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-t°≠ ICT km[y-X-I-fmWv ]cn-tim-[n-°s∏-tS-≠-Xv.

2

a\p-jys‚ kmaq-lnI ]ptcm-K-Xnsb kzm[n-\n-°p∂ Bi-b-߃, hy‡n-Iƒ, kw`-h-߃

ÿm]-\-߃ XpS-ßn-b-hsb Ipdn-®p≈ ]c-kv]-c-_-‘n-Xhpw a\p-jy-tI-µo-Ir-X-hp-amb

]T-\-amWv kmap-ly-im-kvX-Øn¬ \S-°p-∂-Xv. kmaq-ly-imkvX ]T-\-Øn-eqsS kaq-lsØ

apt∂m-´p-\-bn-°pI F∂ DØ-c-h-ZnXzw Gs‰-Sp-°p-hm≥ hy‡nsb ]m]vX-cm-°p-I-bm-Wv.

AtXm-sSm∏w P\m-[n-]-Xy-t_m-[w, aX\nc-t]-£-Nn-¥, tZiobt_m[w, kl-I-c-W-a-t\m-

`m-hw, kwL-t_m-[w, ]Xn-I-c-W-tijn XpS-ßnb aqey-߃ hf-cp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. CXn-

\mbn sshhn-[y-am¿∂ ]T\ X¥-ß-fn-eqsS Ip´n-Iƒ IS-∂p-t]m-tI-≠n-h-cpw. Ah-tbsX√m-

sa∂v ap≥]m-T-`m-KØp N¿® sNbvXp-h-t√m.

$ skan-\m¿

$ Kq∏p-N¿®

$ kwhmZw

$ A`n-apJw

$ ^o¬UvSn∏v

$ t]mPIvSv

$ B¬_-߃ Xbm-dm-°¬

$ ............

hnhn[ ]T-\-t_m-[\ X¥-߃ ^e-]-Z-ambn kwL-Sn-∏n-°-W-sa-¶n¬ AXn-\m-h-iy-amb

Bkq-XWw, \n¿h-l-Ww, hne-bn-cpج F∂nh \S-°-Ww. CXns‚ Hmtcm L´-Ønepw

kmt¶-XnI klm-bhpw D]-I-c-W-ßfpw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠n-hcpw. Fs¥√mw D]-I-c-

W-ß-fpw kma-Kn-I-fp-amWv kmaqly-imkv-X]T-\-Øn¬ Bh-iy-am-bn-hcpI? ]´nIs∏Sp-

Øp-I.

$ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-߃

$ d^-d≥kv ]pkvX-I-߃

$ ]Xamkn-I-Iƒ

$ Zriy ˛ am[y-a-߃

$ NcnX-tc-J-Iƒ, \mW-b-߃

$ `q]-S-߃, A‰ve-kp-Iƒ

$ NcnX kvamc-I-߃

$ ]g-b-Ime D]-I-c-W-߃, kma-Kn-Iƒ

$ NnX-߃, t^mt´m-Iƒ

$ kn\n-a. \mS-Iw.......

$ ........

XpS-ßnb \nc-h[n kma-Kn-I-fmWv Bh-iy-am-bn-h-cp-∂-Xv. Ch-bn¬ ]eXpw t\cn v ImWm\pw

tIƒ°m\pw ]‰nb ]mY-anI tkmX- p-I-fmbn e`y-am-°m≥ ]e-t∏mgpw \ap°v Ign-bn-√.

3

Adn-hns‚ taJe Pn√ ˛ kwÿm\w ˛ cmPyw ˛ temIw ˛ ]]©w F∂n-ßs\ hnim-e-

ambn hym]n®p InS-°p-I-bmWv. Cu kml-N-cy-Øn¬ ]mY-anI tkmX-kp-I-fpsS km[y-X-

Iƒ ]cn-an-X-am-IpIbpw ZznXnb tkmX-kp-Iƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-tØ≠Xmbn hcpIbpw

sNøp∂p. hnh-chn-\n-ab kmt¶-XnI hnZy-bpsS A\-¥-km-[y-X-I-fmWv ChnsS D]-tbm-K-

s∏-Sp-tØ-≠n-h-cn-I. t_m[\ ]InbbpsS Bkq-X-W-Øn¬ A[ym-]n-Ibv°pw sshhn-[y-

am¿∂ tiJ-cW ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS mK-ambn hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ°pw ICT klmbw Bh-iy-am-

bn-h-cp-∂p.

e`y-amb tªmKp-Iƒ, sh_v ssk‰p-Iƒ GsX-√m-sa∂v enÃp sNøp-I.

$ kaK t]m¿´¬ (Samagra itschool.gov.in)

$ imkvX-k-lmbn (Sasthra Sahayi.blogspot.in)

$ sat‚gvkv tIcf (Mentors Kerala.blog.com)

$ Fkv.-F-kv. Kpcp-tªmKv (ssgurublogsport.com)

$ _tbm-hn-j≥ tªmKv (bio-vision-s.blospot.com)

$ tIcf \nb-a-k` sh_vssk‰v (www.niyamasabha.org)

$ temI-k` (loksabha.nic.in)

$ cmPyk` (rajyasabha.nic.in)

$ Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn sh_vssk‰v (scertkerala.gov.in)

$ Imem-h-ÿ-h-Ip∏v (www.imd.gov.in)

$ .....................

ka-K-t]m¿´-en-eqsS kv°qƒ ]mT-]pkvX-I-ßfpw ]T-\-hn-`-h-ßfpw UnPn-‰¬ Bbn-e-`n-

°pw.

CXp-t]mse F√m Kh¨sa‚ v ÿm]-\-߃°pw s]mXp-P-\-ßfp-ambn kwh-Zn-°p-∂-Xn\v

sh_vsk-‰p-I-fp-≠v. Csh-b√mw kmaqln-I-imkvX A[ym-]-I¿°pw hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ°pw hnh-

ctiJ-c-W-Øn\v D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ømw. kwÿm-\-Øn-\-IØpw ]pd-Øpw cmPym-¥-c-X-e-Øn-

epap-≈- \nc-h[n ÿm]-\-߃, ayqkn-b-߃, NcnX kvamc-I-߃, sFIy-cm-jvSk`, tIµ-

K-h¨sa‚ v, kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚p-Iƒ XpS-ßnbbpsS sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ kµ¿in®v hnh-

c-߃ B[n-Im-cn-I-am-bn-Øs∂ tiJ-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. hnhc-߃ Uu¨temUv sNbvXp]-

tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ ssk_¿ \nb-a-߃ ]men-°p-∂-Xn\v i≤n-°p-a-t√m.

tiJ-cn® hnh-c-ß-fpsS t]mk-knwKv

C‚¿s\‰ns‚ klm-bhpw e`y-Xbpw Dd-∏m-b-tXmsS \K-c-Km-a hyXymkan√msX tIc-f-

Ønse hnZym-e-b߃ Ch-sb√mw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-h-cp-∂p-≠v. kmt¶-XnI hnZy-I-fpsS

e`y-X-bpw hym]-\hpw, Iºyq- ¿, em]vtSm-∏v, B≥tUmbvUv t^mWp-Iƒ XpS-ßnbhbpsS

km¿h-XnI e`y-Xbpw GXv A[ym-]-I¿°pw Xs‚ ¢mkp-Iƒ, UnPn-‰¬ klm-b-tØmsS

aƒ´n-ao-Unb kwhn-[m\Ønte°v am‰n-sIm≠v ]T\ ˛ t_m[\ ]In-b-bn¬ Ip´n-I-fpsS

Xm¬∏cyw \ne-\n¿Øp-hm\pw ]T\w ^e-]-Z-am-°p-hm\pw Ign-bp∂ kml-Ncyw \ne-hn-

ep-≠v. hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn-°p-I, tiJ-cn® hnh-c-ßsf ¢m n\v ]‰n-b-co-Xn-bn¬ t]mkkv

4

sNøp-I, kmt¶-XnI D]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS klm-b-tØmsS Ip´n-I-fn-se-Øn-°pI F∂n Imcy-

߃ hfsc ][m-\-am-Wv. DZm-l-c-W-ambn inem-bp-K-sa∂ Bibw hn\n-abw sNøp-tºmƒ

]mNn\ inem-bp-Kw, a[y-Im-e-in-em-bp-Kw, \ho\ inem-bpKw F∂o Ime-L-´-ß-fnse a\p-

jy-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ sXfn-hp-Iƒ tiJ-cn-°-Ww. Ch-sb√mw Hcp ]k-t‚-j-\mbn Zriy- -i_vZ

klm-b-tØmsS hn\n-abw sNøp-tºmƒ Gsd ^e-]-Z-am-Ipw. t\cn´v tiJ-cn-°p∂ hnh-c-

߃ Xs‚ ¢mkn-te°v D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp∂ hn[w am‰w hcp-Øm-\p≈ tijn Hmtcm A[ym-

]I hnZym¿Ynbpw B¿Pn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. UnPn-‰¬ km[y-X-Iƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ

Ah Ip´n-I-fp-ambn kwh-Zn-°p-∂-Xn\pw ⁄m\ \n¿an-Xn-°p≈ Ah-k-c-߃ D]-tbm-K-

s∏-Sp-Øm\pw i≤n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

5, 6, 7 ¢mkp-I-fnse kmaply imkvX ]mT-`m-K-߃ hni-I-e\w sNbvXv Hmtcm ]mT-`m-K-

Øn\pw tbmPn® ICT km[y-X-Iƒ Is≠Øn ]´nIs∏Sp-ØpI Kq∏Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ N¿®

sNøp-I.

A∏¿ ss]adn ¢mknse GsX-¶nepw kmaqly imkvX-]m-T-`m-KsØ Bkv]-Z-am°n Hcp

UnPn-‰¬ ]k-t‚-j≥ Xbm-dm°n Tryout \S-Øp-I.

Ia- ¢mkv bqWn‰v hn\n-a-b-sN-tø≠ ]T-t\m-]-I-cW ICT UnPn-‰¬

\º¿ Bi-b-ta-Je km[yX km[yX

1 6 a[y-Ie Iebpw kmln-Xyhpw 8˛18 hsc \q‰m≠p

C¥y ImesØ \n¿Ωn-Xn-Iƒ,

hy‡n-Iƒ, kmlnXyw

NnX-߃

]bp‡ tkm^v‰v shb-dp-Iƒ ˛ kmap-ln-I-imkvX ]T-\-Øn¬

¢mkv apdn-I-fpsS AXn¿h-c-ºp-Iƒ°-∏p-dØv FhnsS \n∂pw GXp ka-bØpw ]T\ hn`-

h-߃ e`n-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ kml-Ncyw C∂p-≠m-bn-cn-°p∂psh∂Xv Cu cwK-Øp-≠mb

henb am‰-am-Wv. C‚¿s\-‰ns‚ hym]-\-tØm-sS-bmWv CXv km[y-am-b-Xv. CsXm-sSm∏w

5

Xs∂ ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-XmWv ]bp‡ tkm^v‰p-sh-b-dp-Ifpw B∏p-Ifpw (Apps), HmUntbm

hoUn-tbm-I-fpw. kmaq-ln-I-im-kvX-]-T-\-Øn\v D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp∂ tkm^v‰p-sh-b-dp-

Iƒ GsX-√m-sa∂v BZyw a\-kn-em-°mw. D_≠phnepw hnt‚m-knepw CØcw hn`-h-߃

e`y-am-sW∂v H∂mw ska-Ã-dn¬ ]cn-Nbs∏-´-t√m.

sÃt√-dnbw (Stellarium)

Hcp sUkvIvtSm∏v πm\-t‰m-dnbw tkm^v‰vshb-dmWv sÃ-t√-dnbw. GXp Znh-k-sØbpw

GXp kb-a-sØbpw BIm-isØ \nco-£n-°p-hm≥ CXn-eqsS km[n-°p-∂p. \£-X-K-W-

ß-f-S°w 21 tImSn \£-X-ß-fpsS hnh-c-߃ Cu tkm^v‰v thb-dn¬ e`y-am-Wv. kuc-bp-

Y/]]© \nco-£-W-Øn\v Cu tkm^v‰vshb¿ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ømw.

am¿_nƒ: (Marble)

`qan-sbbpw Nµ-s\bpw ]q¿W-cq-]-Øn¬ \nco-£n-°m-\p≈ UnPn-‰¬ t•m_mWv am¿_nƒ.

`qan-sbbpw `qan-bpsS A¥-co-£-sØbpw hni-Z-ambpw Hmtcm-`mKw kqw sNbvXpw (]c∂

]X-e-am-bpw) \ap°v ImWm-\m-hpw. IqSmsX A£mw-i-tc-Jmw-i-߃, h≥I-c-Iƒ, kap-Z-

߃ F∂nh \nco-£n-°p-hm\pw Cu tkm v‰v shb¿ D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. Nµs‚ D]-cn-Xehpw

Xm]ob taJ-e-Ifpw \nco-£n-°mw. ss]adn ¢mknse GsX√mw ]mT-`m-K-߃ hn\n-abw

sNøm≥ B tkm^v‰v shb¿ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-sa∂v ]cn-tim-[n®v Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-I.

‘XR map’

UnPn-‰¬ t•m_p-X-s∂-bmWv Cu tkm^v‰v shb¿. cmPy-ß-fp-sSbpw hnhn[ ÿe-ß-fp-

tSbpw hni-Zmw-i-߃ tiJ-cn-°m\pw Cu tkm v‰p-sh-b-dp-Iƒ D]tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ømw. Hmtcm

cmPy-hpw skeIvSv sNbvXm¬ `qan-im-kvX-]-chpw Ncn-X-]-c-hpamb hnh-c-ß-fpw tZiob

]Xm-I, tZiob Km\w XpS-ßnbhbpw Cu am∏nse en¶n¬ e`y-am-Wv.

Sun clock

ka-b-ta-J-e-I-ƒ, `qan-bpsS `aWw aqew D≠m-°p∂ am‰-߃ F∂nh \nco-£n-°p-hm≥

]cym-]vX-amb tkm^v‰vshb-dm-Wn-Xv.

K. Geography

Cu tkm^v‰v shb-dn-eqsS kuc-bq-Yw, ]cn-I-a-Ww, `aWw XpS-ßnb taJ-e-I-fpsS hn\n-

a-b-Øn-\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-s\m∏w kqcy-K-l-Ww, Nµ-Kl-Ww, XpS-ßnbh \nco-£n-

°m\pw km[n-°pw. Nne tkm^v‰p-sh-b-dp-Iƒ IqSn D_-≠p-hns‚ ]pXnb ]Xn-∏n¬ e`y-

amWv. Ah-tb-sX-√msa∂v \nß-fpsS A[ym-]-IcpsS klm-b-tØmsS ]cn-tim[n°pI.

Iºyq-´¿ em_n¬ \n∂pw Ah-bpsS D]-tbm-Khpw a\- n-em-°m-a-t√m.

$ "kmaqly imkvX-]-T-\-Øn¬ ]bp-‡-tkm^v‰v shb-dp-I-fpsS hnhn[ km[y-X-Iƒ'

F∂ hnj-b-Øn¬ N¿® kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-I.

tkm^v‰p-sh-b-dp-Iƒ IqSmsX \nch[n UnPn-‰¬ kma-Kn-Ifpw B∏p-Ifpw CD, DVD XpS-

ßn-b-hbpw e`y-am-Wv. Ch an°Xpw Uu¨temUv sNbvXpw hmßnbpw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-

Øm-\m-hpw. Ah GsX-√m-sa∂v ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

6

$ World Clock

$ Google Map

$ GPS

$ Digital compas

$ Digital Atlas

$ Digital Maps

$ .............

$ ...............

\nß-fpsS sams_¬ t^mWn¬ GsX√mw B∏p-Iƒ Uu¨temUp sNbvXp D]-tbm-Kn-

°m-sa∂v Is≠-Øq.

Iºyq- ¿, samss_¬ t^m¨ F∂n-h-bn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-ambn ]h¿Øn-°p∂ \nc-h[n kma-

Kn-Iƒ e`y-am-Wv. Ah-bpsS D]-tbmKw a\- n-em°n GsX√mw bqWn-‰p-I-fpsS hn\n-a-b-

Øn\v D]tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-sa∂v Is≠-Øp-I.

kmaqly imkvX-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ GXm\pw Zriy ˛ imhy km[y-X-I-fmWv Cu bqWn-

‰n-eqsS \n߃ ]cn-N-b-s∏-´-Xv. C\nbpw [mcmfw km[y-X-Iƒ D≠m-Imw. Ah-sb√mw

Is≠Øn D]tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºm-gmWv A[ym-]nI F∂ \ne-bn¬ Ign-hp-Iƒ sa®-s∏-Sp-

Øm\pw Hcp \√ A[ym-]n-I-bmbn amdm\pw \n߃°v Ign-bp-∂Xv.