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Topic 6 Urban

Transportation

A. Transportation and UrbanForm

B. Urban Land Use andTransportation

C. Urban MobilityD. Urban Transport Problems

Shruthi Thakkar

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1. Urban Movements Land use Specific movements are linked to specific urban

activities and their land use.

Involves the generation and attraction of anexplicit array of movements.

Factors: Recurrence, income, urban form, spatial

accumulation, level of development and technology.

Urban movements Obligatory: linked to scheduled activities (such as

home-to-work movements)

Voluntary: free to decide of their scheduling (suchas leisure).

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Main Purposes of Urban Trips

20%

15%

5%

3%

5%

49%

3%

WorkShopping

School

Business (Work)

Business (Personnal)

HomeOther

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Typical Urban Day Trips by

Modes, Origins and Destinations

Home Work

School(drop off child)

Restaurant

Shopping mall

8:00 AMCarpool

8:15 AMDrive alone

12:30 PMWalk

1:30 PMWalk5:30 PM

Drive alone

7:00 PMDrive alone

8:30 PMDrive alone

Passengers

Freight

7:00 AMGarbagepickup

1:30 AM

Delivery

2:30 AM

Return

10:30 PM

Delivery

10:45 PM

Return

10:00 AMParcelDrop off

10:05 AMParcelPickup

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Urban Transit Context

Dominantly an urban transportation mode. The great majority of transit trips are taking place in large cities.

Conditions fundamental to the efficiency of transit systems: High density and high mobility demands over short distances.

Shared public service: Benefits from economies of agglomeration related to high

densities. Economies of scale related to high mobility demands.

Transit systems Many types of services established to answer mobility needs. Variety of transit systems around the world.

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Private Vehicle and PublicTransport Market Share,

1990/91

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

80.0%

90.0%

100.0%

0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0%

Public Transport Market Share

PrivateVehicleMarketShare

Asian Cities

European Cities

American Cities

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Urban Transit Metro system

Heavy rail system, often underground in central areas, with fixedroutes, services and stations.

Uniform frequency of services (peak hours increase). Fares are commonly access driven and constant.

Bus system Scheduled fixed routes and stops serviced by motorized multiple

passengers vehicles (45 - 80 passengers). Services are often synchronized with other heavy systems (feeders). Express services (notably during peak hours).

Transit rail system Fixed rail (tram rail system and commuter rail system) Frequency of services strongly linked with peak hours. Traffic tends to be imbalanced. Separate fares and proportional to distance or service zones.

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Largest Subway Systems in the

World by Annual Ridership andMetropolitan Population, 2000

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Moscow

Tokyo

Mexico City

Seoul

New York City

Paris

Osaka

Hong Kong

London

Sao Paulo

Metropolitan Population (millions)

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

Subway Ridership (billions)

Population

Ridership

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2. Urban Transit Shuttle system

Privately (dominantly) owned using small buses or vans. Routes and frequencies tend to be fixed (can be adapted).

Service numerous specific functions: Expanding mobility along a corridor during peak hour. Linking a specific activity center (shopping mall, university

campus, industrial zone, hotel, etc.). Servicing the elderly or people with disabilities.

Paratransit system Flexible and privately owned demand-response system:

Minibuses, vans or shared taxis. Commonly servicing peripheral and low density zones.

Door-to-door service, less loading and unloading time, less stopsand more maneuverability in traffic.

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2. Urban Transit Taxi system

Privately owned cars or small vans offering an on-call,individual demand-response system.

Fares: Commonly a function of a metered distance/time.

Can be negotiated.

When competition is not permitted, fares are set up byregulations.

No fixed routes: Servicing an area where a taxi company has the right

(permit) to pickup customers. Rights are issued by a municipality.

Several companies may be allowed to compete on thesame territory.

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Components of an Urban

Transit System

X

XX

X

XX

X X

X

X X X

X

X

X

XX

X

XX

X

X

X

Metro station

Transfer

X

Transit rail station Bus stop

Express stop

Shuttle stop Paratransit Taxi service

boundary

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D Urban Transport Problems

1. Geographical Challenges Facing UrbanTransportation

2. Automobile Dependency

3. Congestion

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1. Geographical Challenges

Facing Urban Transportation Context

Most important transport problems often related tourban areas.

Urban productivity: Dependent on the efficiency of its transport system.

Move labor, consumers and freight between severalorigins and destinations.

Growing complexity of cities: Accompanied by a wide array of urban transportation

problems.

Some problems are ancient like congestion (Rome). Others are new like environmental impacts:

Notably CO2 emissions linked with the diffusion of theinternal combustion engine.

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1. Geographical Challenges

Facing Urban Transportation

Traffic congestion and parking difficulties.

Public transport crowding and off-peak

inadequacy.Difficulties for pedestrians.

Environmental impacts and energyconsumption.

Accidents and safety. Land consumption.

Freight distribution.

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2. Automobile Dependency Causes

Advantages of automobile use: Performance, comfort, status, speed, and convenience. Illustrate why car ownership continues to grow worldwide.

Factors of growth: Sustained economic growth (increase in revenue and quality of

life). Complex individual urban movement patterns. Peripheral urban growth.

Factors of dependency Underpricing and consumer choices:

Most road infrastructures are subsidized (considered a publicservice).

Drivers do not bear the full cost of car usage. Car ownership is a symbol of status Single home ownership.

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2. Automobile Dependency

Planning and investment practices:

Aims towards improving road and parking

facilities in an ongoing attempt to avoidcongestion.

Transportation alternatives tend to bedisregarded.

In many cases, zoning regulations impose

minimum standards of road and parkingservices and de facto impose a regulated cardependency.

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3. Congestion Congestion

Occurs when transport demand exceeds

transport supply in a specific section of thetransport system.

Each vehicle impairs the mobility of others.

Types:

Recurring congestion (specific times of the dayand on specific segments of the transportsystem).

Random events (accidents and weatherconditions).

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Recurring Congestion

0

12

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

-7

-6-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3Traffic

Congestion

Capacity

Unused Capacity

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CongestionPublic pressures

to increase

capacity

New

capacity

Movements aremore easy

Urban sprawl is

favored

The average

length of

movementsincreases

The number of

movements

increases

The Vicious Circle of

Congestion

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