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Topic 6 Urban
Transportation
A. Transportation and UrbanForm
B. Urban Land Use andTransportation
C. Urban MobilityD. Urban Transport Problems
Shruthi Thakkar
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1. Urban Movements Land use Specific movements are linked to specific urban
activities and their land use.
Involves the generation and attraction of anexplicit array of movements.
Factors: Recurrence, income, urban form, spatial
accumulation, level of development and technology.
Urban movements Obligatory: linked to scheduled activities (such as
home-to-work movements)
Voluntary: free to decide of their scheduling (suchas leisure).
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Main Purposes of Urban Trips
20%
15%
5%
3%
5%
49%
3%
WorkShopping
School
Business (Work)
Business (Personnal)
HomeOther
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Typical Urban Day Trips by
Modes, Origins and Destinations
Home Work
School(drop off child)
Restaurant
Shopping mall
8:00 AMCarpool
8:15 AMDrive alone
12:30 PMWalk
1:30 PMWalk5:30 PM
Drive alone
7:00 PMDrive alone
8:30 PMDrive alone
Passengers
Freight
7:00 AMGarbagepickup
1:30 AM
Delivery
2:30 AM
Return
10:30 PM
Delivery
10:45 PM
Return
10:00 AMParcelDrop off
10:05 AMParcelPickup
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Urban Transit Context
Dominantly an urban transportation mode. The great majority of transit trips are taking place in large cities.
Conditions fundamental to the efficiency of transit systems: High density and high mobility demands over short distances.
Shared public service: Benefits from economies of agglomeration related to high
densities. Economies of scale related to high mobility demands.
Transit systems Many types of services established to answer mobility needs. Variety of transit systems around the world.
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Private Vehicle and PublicTransport Market Share,
1990/91
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
90.0%
100.0%
0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0%
Public Transport Market Share
PrivateVehicleMarketShare
Asian Cities
European Cities
American Cities
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Urban Transit Metro system
Heavy rail system, often underground in central areas, with fixedroutes, services and stations.
Uniform frequency of services (peak hours increase). Fares are commonly access driven and constant.
Bus system Scheduled fixed routes and stops serviced by motorized multiple
passengers vehicles (45 - 80 passengers). Services are often synchronized with other heavy systems (feeders). Express services (notably during peak hours).
Transit rail system Fixed rail (tram rail system and commuter rail system) Frequency of services strongly linked with peak hours. Traffic tends to be imbalanced. Separate fares and proportional to distance or service zones.
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Largest Subway Systems in the
World by Annual Ridership andMetropolitan Population, 2000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Moscow
Tokyo
Mexico City
Seoul
New York City
Paris
Osaka
Hong Kong
London
Sao Paulo
Metropolitan Population (millions)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Subway Ridership (billions)
Population
Ridership
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2. Urban Transit Shuttle system
Privately (dominantly) owned using small buses or vans. Routes and frequencies tend to be fixed (can be adapted).
Service numerous specific functions: Expanding mobility along a corridor during peak hour. Linking a specific activity center (shopping mall, university
campus, industrial zone, hotel, etc.). Servicing the elderly or people with disabilities.
Paratransit system Flexible and privately owned demand-response system:
Minibuses, vans or shared taxis. Commonly servicing peripheral and low density zones.
Door-to-door service, less loading and unloading time, less stopsand more maneuverability in traffic.
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2. Urban Transit Taxi system
Privately owned cars or small vans offering an on-call,individual demand-response system.
Fares: Commonly a function of a metered distance/time.
Can be negotiated.
When competition is not permitted, fares are set up byregulations.
No fixed routes: Servicing an area where a taxi company has the right
(permit) to pickup customers. Rights are issued by a municipality.
Several companies may be allowed to compete on thesame territory.
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Components of an Urban
Transit System
X
XX
X
XX
X X
X
X X X
X
X
X
XX
X
XX
X
X
X
Metro station
Transfer
X
Transit rail station Bus stop
Express stop
Shuttle stop Paratransit Taxi service
boundary
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D Urban Transport Problems
1. Geographical Challenges Facing UrbanTransportation
2. Automobile Dependency
3. Congestion
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1. Geographical Challenges
Facing Urban Transportation Context
Most important transport problems often related tourban areas.
Urban productivity: Dependent on the efficiency of its transport system.
Move labor, consumers and freight between severalorigins and destinations.
Growing complexity of cities: Accompanied by a wide array of urban transportation
problems.
Some problems are ancient like congestion (Rome). Others are new like environmental impacts:
Notably CO2 emissions linked with the diffusion of theinternal combustion engine.
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1. Geographical Challenges
Facing Urban Transportation
Traffic congestion and parking difficulties.
Public transport crowding and off-peak
inadequacy.Difficulties for pedestrians.
Environmental impacts and energyconsumption.
Accidents and safety. Land consumption.
Freight distribution.
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2. Automobile Dependency Causes
Advantages of automobile use: Performance, comfort, status, speed, and convenience. Illustrate why car ownership continues to grow worldwide.
Factors of growth: Sustained economic growth (increase in revenue and quality of
life). Complex individual urban movement patterns. Peripheral urban growth.
Factors of dependency Underpricing and consumer choices:
Most road infrastructures are subsidized (considered a publicservice).
Drivers do not bear the full cost of car usage. Car ownership is a symbol of status Single home ownership.
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2. Automobile Dependency
Planning and investment practices:
Aims towards improving road and parking
facilities in an ongoing attempt to avoidcongestion.
Transportation alternatives tend to bedisregarded.
In many cases, zoning regulations impose
minimum standards of road and parkingservices and de facto impose a regulated cardependency.
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3. Congestion Congestion
Occurs when transport demand exceeds
transport supply in a specific section of thetransport system.
Each vehicle impairs the mobility of others.
Types:
Recurring congestion (specific times of the dayand on specific segments of the transportsystem).
Random events (accidents and weatherconditions).
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Recurring Congestion
0
12
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
-7
-6-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3Traffic
Congestion
Capacity
Unused Capacity
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CongestionPublic pressures
to increase
capacity
New
capacity
Movements aremore easy
Urban sprawl is
favored
The average
length of
movementsincreases
The number of
movements
increases
The Vicious Circle of
Congestion
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