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URINARY SYSTEM components:
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra
function
excretion of waste products
elimination of foreign substances
regulation of the amount of water in the body
control of the concentration of most compounds in the extracellular fluid
functional steps (related to anatomy)
filtration - glomeruli of the kidney
selective resorption and excretion - tubular system of the kidney
also functions as an endocrine organ secreting erythropoietin (cortical fibrocytes) and prostaglandin (modified medullary fibrocytes)
The Kidney
Nephron: basic functional unit Glomeruli and
the tubular system
The Glomerulus (or renal corpuscle)
the round(~0.2 mm in diameter) blind beginning of the nephron.
invaginated by a tuft of capillaries at the vascular pole of the glomerulus
Substances which leave the capillaries enter the renal tubule at the urinary pole of the glomerulus
the glomerulus
Bowman's capsule encloses the
glomerulus
two layers of epithelium
outer or parietal layer: form a simple squamous epithelium.
inner layer or visceral layer: podocytes; are extremely complex in shape
the glomerulus pedicles
Small foot-like processes of the cytoplasm of podocytes form a fenestrated epithelium around the fenestrated capillaries of the glomerulus
filtration slits
openings between the pedicles
filtration slit membrane
spans filtration slits
basal lamina
thick connective tissue between the podocytes and endothelium
glomerular filtration barrier
The basal lamina and the slit membranes
which prevents some large molecules from entering the capsular space between the outer and inner epithelial layers of Bowman's capsule
Mesangial cells
form the connective tissue that gives structural support to podocytes and vessels
Blood pressure
is the driving force in the formation of about 125 ml of glomerular filtrate per minute.
About 124 ml of the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed in the tubules of the nephron.
Tubules of the Nephron
can be divided into proximal and distal tubules, which in turn have convoluted and straight portions.
Intermediate tubules: connect the proximal and distal tubules. loop of Henle: Runs from the cortex of the kidney
towards the medulla (descending), then turns and runs back towards the cortex (ascending)
The proximal tubule is the longest section of the nephron (about 14 mm)
The convoluted part coils close to the glomerulus in the cortex.
diameter is ~65 µm.
Their walls are formed by a low columnar epithelium.
The eosinophilic cells of the epithelium have a wide brush border and are active in endocytosis.
They almost completely resorb substances of nutritional value from the glomerular filtrate
In the proximal tubules the volume of the glomerular filtrate is reduced by about 75
straight portion descends towards the medulla.
The Thin segment Of the Loop of Henle
intermediate tubule
flattened, only ~1-2 µm high epithelium; only ~15 µm wide
permeable to water but not to solutes (together with straight portion of Proximal tubule)
leads into the straight part of the distal tubule
Distal Tubule
straight part: formed by low cuboidal cells without a brush border (few short microvilli present but difficult to see)
diameter of the tubule expands to ~35 µm
Epithelial cells transport Cl (active) and Na ions (passive) out of the tubular lumen into the surrounding peritubular space (together with ascending loop of henle)
epithelium is impermeable to water.
macula densa: structure formed by the contact of distal tubule with glomerulus
Convoluted distal tubule: after the straight part
about 5 mm long
Cells are sensitive to the hormone aldosterone, which is produced in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal glands. Aldosterone stimulates the active resorption of sodium ions and the excretion of potassium ions.
Collecting ducts
formed from the merging of convoluted tubule via connecting ducts
epithelia are permeable to water but not to sodium ions in the presence of ADH
merge to form papillary ducts (of Bellini), which terminate on the tips of the renal papilla and empty into a distended, funnel shaped part (minor calyx) of the ureter.
The Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
includes the macula densa, extraglomerular mesangial cells and the juxtaglomerular cells surrounding the afferent arteriole (modified smooth muscle cells), which produce and secrete renin.
Excretory Passages renal pelvis: found
within the kidney; formed from the merging of the major calyces which in turn are formed by the merging of minor calyces.
urine flows through these structures to the ureter and is channelled to the bladder.
Excretory passages mucosa: transitional epithelium; is virtually
impenetrable to any components of the urine
lamina propria: dense connective tissue, with many bundles of coarse collagenous fibres.
muscularis: inner longitudinal and outer circular layer of smooth muscle cells .
In lower parts of the ureter and the bladder an additional outer longitudinal layer of muscles is added to the first two.
urethra
Initially lined by a transitional epithelium in males and females.
In males, it is replaced by a pseudostratified or stratified columnar epithelium below the openings of the ejaculatory ducts into the urethra.
The distal parts of the female urethra and the distal end of the male urethra are lined by a stratified squamous epithelium.
The lamina propria contains loose connective tissue.
Smooth muscle cells in the muscularis are mainly oriented longitudinally. They are surrounded, in the middle part of the urethra (below the prostate in males), by striated muscle cells of the sphincter urethrae