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IPR International Reseatch Series

t]rHE

ANDGROVUTH OF POPULATIONOCCUPATIONAL CHANGES

IN JAPAN, 1920-1935

ByTEIJIRO UYEDA

JAPANESE COUNCILINSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS

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1930,

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TEIJIRO UYEDAPROFESSOR OF ECONOMICS, TOKYO UNrVERSITY OF COMMEReE

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laPanese Coancil Papers, 'No. 2

Inslilale of PaciJ17c Relalions Conference

Yosemile, Caliprnia Aagusl 15ih tio 29th, 1936

JAPANESE COUNCILINSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS NIHON KOKUSAI KYOKAI , 12, 2.CHOME, MARUNOUCHI

ToKyo --- 1936

This siady, which is subneiaed bjlhe laPanese Council of lhe Inslilule of

Ptscilfic Relations as a pteport on lhe

Research Pro7'ect on "Slandaras ofLiTing" underlafeen by lhe Inler-naxional Research Conenziaee of lheInslilale, is also presentea as a laPareese

Council Dala Paper for lhe Yoseueile

Conference. Neither lhe Insliliae nor

lhe lal)anese Coancil, hozueTer, asssflmes

responsibilityfor slaleneenls coretained z'n

lhe paper• This responsibility reslsorpon lhe author alone.

PRINTEDBY HOSOKAWA PRINTING CO., LTD.,TOKYO

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crucial pomt athe probability ef,ansometimes feared by foreignrapid increase of popunear future. The growingweakening since 1920, withbirth rate. Jt was also pointedin the late years was chie

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RR Conleren &held at Banff, 4•erdv,6Åí-.,,of.-vgpa`Ssagts&, pfgir.wwes' ewa a report on the

u'fauah,sc ew.gng an estimate of p&n,Gse-tcr"'tt'itt'ptwt'ge.tsktpgg-tttO',tlt",h,e,re..t91t,,t?.fi

inrlg,igtsk,j,dwa,.s,,e,..cifi.g.h..e. ,,to.tal nupaber, as was

observers, but in the certainty of a lation of productive age (15-59 years) iq the tendency of births had already been a decidedly downward movement in out that the increase of population fly due to the fall in the number of deaths,especially that of infantile mortality. It was forecasted that witha declining birth rate and a declining death rate, the populationwou!d continue to grow for some years, but it must at last cometo a'stage of very slow increase. But, on the other hand, thelarge child population already born must produce in the near futurea considerable increase of the working age population, i. e. thenumber of men and women who want to be employed in oneoccupation or another. According to the above mentioned esti-mate ofthe future population, the increase in number of suchpersons between 1930 and 195Q would amount to a stupendousnumber of 10,OOO,OOO. Therefore the vital problem for thenation was to provide employment for these additional workerswho would swell the ranks of the then existing number. As nonoteworthy agricultural 'development was expected in the country-side, where each household was cultivating only 2S acres on theaverage, it was submitted that no way to maintain the present stand-ard of living could be found except by industrialization. It will be interesting for some of our readers to reconsider atthis time, the points raised in the above brochure in the light offurther statistical materials published since 1933.

3

THE GROWTH OF POPULATION

The fourth guinguennial population census was taken on Oct. 1,1' g35, and the outline of its results has been published. Thetotal population of Japan proper on that date was 6g millions, e preceding census figure,showing an increase of4.8 millions on thor an annual average increase of 960,OOO. In comparison, wemay note that England's population in 1933 was only 84,oOOlarger than in 1932, and in 1934, 121,OOO larger than in thepreceding year. The population of Germany increased by 233,oooin 19' 33, and by 472,OOO in the exceptional year of The 1934.United States, with its total population as large as double that of

Japan's, made a natural increase of 1,100,ooo to 1,2oO,ooo inthese years. The Japanese situation during the last fifteen yearsmay be seen in the table below:

Year Population Increase 1920 55,963,053 - 1925 59,736,822 3,773,769 1930 64,450,O05 4,713,183 1935 69,254,148 4,804,143 That this growth was due to the fall of deaths rather than therise of births can be shown by the fo!lowing :

Year

19201925193019311932193319341935

Births

2,025,5642,086,0912,085,101'2,102,7842,182,7422,121,2532,043,7832,190,681

Birth Rate

36.19%j34.9232.3632.1732.9231.5529.9731.63

Deaths

1,422,Og6V•1,210,7061,170,8671,240,8911,175,3441,193,9871,234,6841,162,058

Death Rate

25 41 %o

20.2718.1718.9817J317.7618.1116.78

* The number of deaths in 1920 was infl"enza epidemic.

Throughout the whole period,dropping quickly.

exceptionally iarge, owing to the

the infantile mortality has been

4

INCREASE OF JAPANESE POPULATION (In ten thousands)

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DEATHS UNDER 1 YEAR PER 1,OOO BIRTHS

Year Number Year Ngmber Year Number 1920 166 1925 142 1930 124 1921 168 1926 137 1931 132 1922 166 1927 142 1932 118 1923 163 1928 138 1933 121 1924 156 1929 142 l934 125 The actual population in 1935 was larger by about one millionthan my e$timate made three years ago. The annual births re-mained at an averabcre of 2,100,OOO per year, as was assumed inmaking the estimate, although on a slightly rising tendency. Butthe number of deaths made a larger drop than that which hadbeen assumed.

PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN- (In Thousands)

Educational year

19201921192219231924192519261927192819291930193119321933

Ordinary Grade(Compulsory course)

Entrance

(a)

Åqb)

(C)

(d)(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)

1,4081,4221,4041,3891,3631,3251,4481,5531,5441,5591,6001,6041,6941,711

Leaving

(a)

(b)(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)(g)

(h)(i)

1,1021,1551,1781,2161,2211,2681,2ss1,2851,2761,2611,2321,3581,4631,462

Higher Grade

Entrance

(a) 570(b) 605(c) 639(d) 673(e) 706(f) 706(g) 757(h) 759(i) 760(j) 753(k) 750(1) 736

(m) 827(n) 900

Leav'ing

(a)

(b)(C)

(d)

(9)

(f)

(g)(h)

(i)

(j)

(k)

(1)

(m)

340400421448-473•499514545570575581581584662

iTVote: The Educational Year begins on April 1 and ends on March 51 of the•following year. As the compulsory course covers six years,'children, who entered school in 1920 (marked a), left it on March 51, 1926, i.e. at the end of the Educational Year 1925 (marked a). ' The growth of the population belonging to the productive ageduring the last five years is not exactly known as yet, but it iscertain to have grown considerably. The foregoing figures of

6

school children show that the number entering schools made avery rapid increase between 1925 and 1927, with the conseguentincrease in the number of children ieaving schools in 1931-1933.This is due to the great rise in annual births about 1920, as child-ren are sent to schools at the age of sik yea'i s and a six-year courseof learning is prescribed. At present, about 1,4oo,ooo boys andgirls finish their compulsory education every year. Their entranceinto the labour market is being stemmed to an extent by the grow-ing practice of attending the higher grade primary schools, whichrequire two additional years of learning. '

MIGRATION FROM VILLAGESTQCITIES

The two outstanding features of the Japanese population atpresent are: (1) rapid increase, and (2) migration from rural tourban parts of the country. The progress of the latter movementis also revealed in the census report of 1935. 0ut of the increaseof4,8oo,ooo, which was made during the last five years, 200/owas absorbed by Tokyo Prefecture alone, 16o/a by Osaka, and24c/o by the five other urban prefectures, makinga total of 6oo/ofor these seven prefectures. On the other hand, almost all themainly agricultural prefectures showed only a small increase, andin some of them even 4n absolute decrease was seen, notwith-standing the fact' that they had a higher birth rate than the urbandistrictS. Even in Hokkaido and the north-eastern provinces,where land is sparsely populated in comparison with other partsof the.country, agriculture is only absorbing its natural increaseand no inflow of population has been noted. The Japanesecountryside is not being depopulated, but a large part of thenatural increase of its inbabitants is being absorbed by cities, es-pecially by the larger cities.' There are two centres of populationin the country, one in the east, including Tokyo and Yokohama,and the other in the west, including Osaka, Kobe, and Kyoto.About a half of the additional population went to expand thesetwo centres, each ofthem taking 25o/S, and about loo/e went toother large cities such as Nagoya and Fukuoka. The populationof Tokyo City is now 5,875,OOO and that of Osaka has reached2,989,OOO. In all, there are thirty-four cities with more than1oO,OOO inhabitants, their aggregate inhabitants reaching about six-

teen millions.

7'

.

TokyoKanagawaOsalÅqa.

HyogoKyotoAichi `Fukuoka

.

.

.

.

.

.

'

INCREASE OF POPULATIONACCORDI]SIG TO PREFECTURES

(1930-35)

• . . 960,OOo . . . 220,OOO. • . .. 757,OOO . . . 276,OOO . . . 149,OOO . . . 29S,OOO . . . 226,OOO

Shizuoka . . Hiroshima. . Hokkaido . .

Nagang • ' Kochi . . Saga . . . VV'hole Country .

This populationyears, but was onetaken. Evetyyear,up in villages leaveing employment inage composition ofby anthat of rural prefecturesfact will be bestprefectures (See page 9).

The migrationmeans, of course,census of 1935 didwould it be possible tothe report on theonly published as late asable to compareof industrialization

orin other wordsthe end of the In 1930, the total

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

movement is not a feature experienced when thousands of bbys their homes, and trade, industry, urban prefectures,abnormally large proportion by its abnorm411y small shown by diagrams

of the' population changes in occupation for not include an refer to it at this results of the occupation December the results of 1930 which has taken during the decade Great War. number of persons

8

20.0% 4.6 15.8 5.8 3.1 6.2 4.7 (60.2 9/o )

142,OOO 3.0 112,OOO 2.4 255,OOO 5.3 -3,OOO -3,OOO -5,OOO

4,801,OOO 100.0 ofo

limited to the latest all previous censuses were and girls born and brought go to cities and towns, seek- and domestic services. The therefore is characterizedof the young -generation, and proportion. This showing the two types of

from rural to urban districts these people. Ourmqulry lnto occupatlons, nor time even if it had, for ' census of 1930 wasof last year. Still, we are now

and 1920, and see the extentplace between these two dates,

that immediately followed

t engaged in all occupa-

AGE COMPOSITION (1•925)

Japan Ppopep

8075

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9

tions aniounted to 29,299,OOO, of which 18,739,OOO were maleand 10,560,OOO female. Agriculture comes first with 14,081,OOOor 48o/o of the total number. Fishery, which may be counted asa rural occupation, employed 2o/a. Industry and mi'ning em-ployed 21o/o between them, commerce and transportation 2oo/S,public services and liberal professions 7%, and domestic services3o/a (Table 1). Thus, it rr)ust be said that Japan is stillapre-dominantly agricultural country, nearly a half of her inhabitantsbeing supported by farming. In fact, the entire structure of thenational economy is based upon the old style households ofpeasantry, which number about 5,5oo,OOO. But, when we try tolook into the development of things and compare the conditionin 1930 with that in 1920, the comparative importance of agricul-ture is found to be declining. The number engaged in agriculturewas 14,081,OOO in 1930, and 14,127,OOO in 1920. The farming population not only did not increase, but insteadshowed a slight decrease in this interval, while the total popula-tion increased by 8,100,ooo, and the number engaged in all oc-cupations rose by 2,o38,OOO. Thus, the percentage of agriculturestood at 51o/o, in 1920, but fell to 48% in 1930. This meansthat agricultural families were unable to support the natural in-crease of their members. All their sons and daughters,,exceptthose who succeeded to their parents' places, left farms to obtainemployment in other occupations. Probably, the eldest son ofa family would stay at home and get married, as it is his duty tolook after the aged members as well as tend the ancestral altars.But younger bfothers would go to cities in order to be trained ascarpenters, mechanics, or shopkeepers, and their sisters to be hiredin cotton mills, silk mills, or in domestic services. The outflowof the younger generation of workers from agriculture to com-merce and industry may be conveniently observed from the attach-ed diagrams showing the age composition of the persons engagedin the three groups of occupations (See page 11).

THE CHANGES IN INDUSTRY ANDCOMMERCE During the ten years, the number of persons engaged in in-dustry increased by about half a million or about 100fo, andthose engaged in commerce by one million and a half or 5oo/o(Table 1).

10

-.

AGE COMPOSITION I•N THREE MAJOR OCCUPATIONS (In Ten thousands)

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11

.

It is to be noted that the increase in commerce, which includes in addition to the wholesale and retail ofmerchandise, the finance and insurance business, hotels, restaurants, bath houses, theatrical and cinema entertainment (Table 3), was exceptionally large in contrast with the conditions in other occupations. This fact caused somealarm among many observers, as commercial occupations are oftenconsidered unproductive. And it is certain that a large part ofthecommercial business, especially shop-keeping, was not in a satis-

factory condition at the time of taking the census. Manypeople entered those trades, not because they were profitable, butsimply because they did not reguire as much special training asdemanded in other occupations. But when the process of indus-trializatio'n and urbanization is going on, it should be taken forgranted that distributive services should expand. Besides, mechani-zation and rationalization can be carried out to Iess degree in com-merce than in industry, mining, and transportati-on.

The total' number engaged in industry increased by 41o,ooO.But the number of female workers absolutely decreased by 134,OOO, and it was only outnumbered by an increase ofmale workersreaching 544,Ooo (Table 2). "Industry" as classified in thecensus includes sixteefl subdivisions, ranging from large-scale mod-

ern industries such as shipbuilding and cotton mills to oldfashioned handicrafts of diverse kinds. Spinning and weavingemploy 25% of all the workers, building trades 16%, food anddrinks 8%, tailoring, etc. 8%, wood and bamboo works 119/o,metal works 6o/e, engineeripg 40fo, ships and vehicles 39/o, etc.The outstanding features are, of course, the predominant part play-ed by textile groups and the comparatively unimportant position ofmetal and engineering industries. But some of them absorb largernumbers than others, and there are trades in which employment isdecreasing, irrespective of their pfesent proportions. Generallyspeaking, changes are clearly reflected in the advance of the modernand the retreat of the old trades. For example, engineering, ship- .building, making ofvehicles, and chemical industries each occupieda large share in the increase, while wood and bamboo working andhide working showed remarkable decreases. A notable fact is thedecrease in the number of female workers in spinning and weaving,inspite of the enormous expansion that has been made by thatline of industry in the ten-year period. The production index forspinning, with 1919 as a base-year, jumped from 91 in 1920 to

•12

162 in 1930;and that for weaving from 100 in 1920 to 150 in193o. But the number of females in these industries dropped by1.8 g/e . This is clearly due to the technical ,improvements achieved.

The transformation from hand loom weaving to the electric powerloom has been largely carried out in these years. Spinning Millsalso have undergone a notable technical improvement, side byside with the extension of factory regulations, including the aboli-tion of night work and the raising of the minimum age, althoughthe so-calied rationalization schemes came in the years followingthe census. The decrease of women and children and the inÅëreaseof men workers, accompanied by some sort of mechanization,were a feature in many industries, and this fact is clearly shown in

the census report.

SCALE OF INDUSTRIES'

It may be interest.ing for some readers if we could produce astatistical estimate of the position of small industries in the' national

industrial structure, as it has often been raised in recent discussions

concerning the advance of Japanese exports in world markets.We do not have complete statistics of all industrial plants classifiedaccording to their size, as given in the German "Betriebsstatistik,"but it is ,not altogether impossible to make an approximate esti-mate. The Ministry of Commerce and Industry annually publishesthe-statistics of ft ctories and workshops employing and more fivepersons. So, by deducting the number of persons mentionedthere from the total of the industrially occupied persons shown inthe census returns, we may obtain a rough number of personsworking in small industries, employing 1-4 persons. The resultsobtained by this device are as follows:

I. NUMBER ENGAGED IN SMALL INDUSTRIES UNDER 5 PERSONS

Total of Industrially occupied (A)Those employed in Factories (B)

AminusB . . . •PercentageofB . . .

1930

4,432,5302,087,1692,345,361 52.9tt

1920

4,565,2302,025s1922,540,038 55•60/o

See the notes of the next page.

13

II. NUMBER ENGAGED 10

IN SMALLPERSONS

INDusTRIEsUNDER

AminusB(C). . . '.Those engaged in Factories of 5-9 Persons (D) . - r ••(C pius D) . .. . .Percentage of C plus D • •

1930

2,345,361

270,7512,616,112 590/o

1920

2,540,038

320,2232,860,261 63 t,i

III. NUMBERENGAGED 50

IN SMALLPERSONS

iINDUSTRIESUNDER

C plus D plus those engaged in Factories of 10-49 Persons .

Percentage . . . .

1930

3,102,656 70%

1920

3,203,169 7O o/S

Noles: (A) represents the total industrially occupied, excluding those occupied in Building Industries (735,O18 for 1920, 875,880 for 1930). Those counted as uneniployed in 1950 are also deducted. The number engaged in factories, as appeared in the original oracial reports of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry does not include owners of factories. In the above table, their num- ber is assumed as being the same as the number of factories and were added to the originai figures.

Thus, it is roughly estimated that in 1930, 52o/a of thetotal industrially occupied werc,working at small workshops under5 persons, 59% at those under 10 persons, 70oA at those under50 persons. This result agrees with the presumption ofsomeobservers, that more than half of the Japanese industrial populationbelong to small industries. The percentages calculated may becompared with those of the German "Betriebsstatistik," which

are as follows: ' Smali Plants Medium Plants Large Plants Year (1-5 Persons) (6-50 Persons) (Over 51 Persons) 1882 55.1% 18.6% 26.3% 1895 39.9 23.8 36.3 1907 29.4 25.0 45.6 1925 22.3 • 22.8 54.9 The extent of, small industries in this country is incomparablylarger than in Germany of today;the resemblance is greater to theGerman situation fifty years ago. The comparison betweeri the figures for 192o and those for

14

'

1930 cannot be absolutely accurate, as the method of classificationused in the two censuses was not exactly the same. Some occupa-tions classified as " industry " in 1920 were removed to the " com-

merce" group in 1930, and changes thus brought about are notnegligible. There are vast numbers of shops crowding cities andtowns in Japan, which still bear the features of the old fashionedhandicraft system; small masters working at materials with orwithout the help of apprentice boys, sell their products directly toconsumers living in the vicinity. Small traders, who supply suchcommon goods of every day use as rice, cakes, lofu (bean curd),etc. are half commercial and half industrial, as they must applysome kind of processing to the materials before distributing themto their customers. Thus, the alterations in the method of classi-fication cause some discrepancies in the results of a census. But,without being too fastidious about statistical exactness, we do notbelieve that the proportion of small industries in the wholeindustrial population has diminished much during the decade,1920-30. Even the small diminution from 55.60/o to 52.9c/o asshown in the above analysis, may not have actually happened.0ur general conclusion is, therefore, that those employed in smallindustries of this country not only occupy more than half of thepeople industrially employed, but that their number is not yet onthe decline.

THECONNECTION BETVUEEN AGRICULTURE AND URBAN OCCUPATIONS

In view of the high rate of natural increase in the agriculturalpopulation and the constant process of migration to urban dis-tricts, it will be considered guite natural that an intimate connec-tion should exist between the two groups ofoccupations. Weare not yet in a position to make a fu11 report on this point, as onlyscanty materials have been gathered, but some fragmentary inquir-ies that have been already made are enough to show four kindsof movements in this connection : (1) Rural workers stay in their homes, but are employed in- dustrially there, or go to work at factories every day, or (2). They go to work in towns only to spendapart ofthe year, or

15

(3) They go to reside there for the purpose of working in an industry for a few years, or (4) They migrate permanently. First, the combination of farming with some sort of industrialwork has been a feature in Japanese viliages since the TokugawaEra. All weaving, except the making of expensive stuffs whichbelonged to specially trained workmen, used to be done bypeasants' wives and daughters under the domestic system. This isstill to be found in some cases, but since the introduction of electricpower looms this kind of worlÅq is mostly done in small factories invillages to which girls go to werk every day, some times quite farfrom their homes, to which they commute on bicycies. Thereare also cases, where young men attend work in factories in townswhile living with their parents, In these cases, workers themselvesdevote their whole time to industry, but their family is supportedby the combination of farming and industry. Second, there are some seasonal industries which are tradition-ally helped by rural workers, coming up every year at a certain timefor that purpose. Examples are to be seen in the brewing of safee

(rice wine), making of tea, canning of fishes, etc. In most cases,they go to work in the industry during the months which are notduring the farming season. Third, a large number of young men and women go to work infactories for a few years. It is well known that Japanese cottonmills are operated by girls who have come from farming families,and who reside in dormitories attached to the factories during theirperiod of employment. These girls usually go back to their villagehomes with small savings before being married, although some o,fthem settle down in the towns, Fourth, most of the men workers coming to the towns do sowith the object of gaining a life long occupation, and if they suc-ceed they ge{ mafried and start a new family there, very often call-

ing young wives from their native villages. But when tracle isdepressed in the towns, many of them go back to their parents a'smembers of the unemployed. In such cases, the Japanese familysystem functions as a means of reiief, but this means, of course, aheavy burden on farming households which are poor enough with-out such additional burdens. VÅqZhen this kind of counter cUrrent •migtation takes place on a large scale, the whole nation will beforced into a greatly distressed predicament.

16

PERSONS TABLE

EMPLOYED IN

1

ALL QCCUPATIONS

TOTAL . . . .Agriculture . . .Aquatic Production . ,Mining&Quarrying .Manufacturing Industries .

Commerce. . . .Transport & CommunicationPublic 6e Profesional Service

Domestic Servan'ts . .Other Workers. . •

(g

Is

1930Total

29,299,827

14,081,608

565,480 314,540 5,819,631

5,707,178

4,745,387

4,857,820

912,261 2,OOI,592

793,628 65,700

Male

18,739,500

7,691,075

512,813 270,034 4,374,716

4,273,285

3,260,199

3,361,632

874,3,38

1,610,455

86,977 58,893

Female

10,560,327

6,390,533

52,667 44,s06 1,444,915

1,433,915

1,485,188

1,496,188

37,923 391,137 706,651 6,807

19 2' O

Total

27,261,106

14,127,448

533,761

424,464

] 5,296,855

l 3,204,103

922,625

1,568,290

655,197 528,363

Male

16,986,907

7,749,087

496,828

327,918

3,728,697

2,173,464

882,977 1,219,098

70,849 337,989

Female

10,274,199

6,378,361

36,933 96,546

1,568,158

1,030,239

39,648 3'49,192

584,548 190,374

Difference

Total

2,038,721(-) 45,840

31,719(-) 105,924

522,776( 410,343 1,541,284[ 1,653,717

(-) 10,364

433,502 138,431(-) ta52,663

Male

1,752,593(-) 58,O12

15,985(-) 57,884

646,O19 544,586 1,086,735

1,188,168

(-) 8,639 391,357 16,123(-) 279,096

Female

(-)

(.)

(-)

(-)

(-)

286,128

12,172

15,754 52,040123,245

134,243

454,549465,549

1,725

41,945

122,303

183,567

Percentages and Indices

TOTAL . . . .Agricuiture . . .Aquatic Production . .Mining & Quarrying .

Manufacturing Industries .

Co mmerce . . . .Transport & CommunicationPublic & Professional Service

Domestic Servants . .Other Workers. . .

'

(S

(S

.

Percentage of the Total

Total'i'

100.0

48.2

1.9

1.0

20.0

19.6

16.2

16.6

3.1

6.6

2.7

O.2

Male

100.0

41.2

2.7

1.4

233 22.8

17.4

17.9

4.7

83 O.5

03

Female

100.0

60.5

O.5

O.4

13.9

13.8

14.1

14.2

O.4

3.5

6.7

O.1

Proportion

Male

%64.0

54.7

90J85.7

75274.9

68.7

69.2

95.8

80.8

11.0

89.6

Female

%36.0

45.3

9.3

14.5

24.8

35.1

31.3

30.8

4219.2

89.0

10.4

Percentage of the Total

Total

}}

100.0

51.8

2.0

1.6

19.4

11.8

5.4

5.6

2.4

1.9

Male

100.0

45.6

2.9

1.9

22.0

12.8

52 7.2

O.4

2.0

Female

100.0

62.1

O.4

O.9

153

10.0

O.4

3.4

5.7

1.9

Proportion

Male

%62.3

54.9

93.1

77.3

70.4

67.8

95.7

77.7

10.8

64.0

Female

%27.7

45.1

6.9

22.7

29.6

52.2

4.3

22.3

89.2

36.0

Difference1920 =100

Tota!

(.)

(.)

(((.)

(.-)

7.48

O.32

5.94

2590 9.87

7.75

48.10

51.61

1.12

27.63

21.13

87.57

Male

(-)

(-)

(.)

(-)

10.32

O.75

3.22

17.65

17.33

14.61

50.00

54.67

O.98

32.10

22.76

82.58

Female

(-}

(-)

(-)

(-)

(.)

2.78

O.1942.60

53.92

786 8.56

44.10

45.17

4.35

12.01

20.9596.42

Notes: 1.

2.

With regard to Manufacturing Industries and Commerce, figures marked B appeared in che Census Reports. But owing beto alterations in the method of ciassification, some corrections are needed if the results of the two censuses are tocompared. The figures marked A have been obtained as the result of corrections attempted to be made by the authorof this paper.As to Other VC'orkers, figures for 1920 include casual labourers (441,448; i. e. 277,120 males & 164,328 females), whoare distributed among various occupations for 1930.

TABLE 2

PERSONS EMPLOYED IN INDUSTRY

TO [IAL . . . . . . . . . .Kiln lndustries . . . . . . . .Metal Manufacture. . . . . . . .Machine&Tool Manufacture . . . . .Shipbuilding&Vehicle Manufacture . . . .Watch, Weights & Measures, Scientific & Musical Instruments, and Precious .Stones ManufactureChemical lndustry. . . . . . . .Textile lndustry, . . . . . . . .Clothes&Apparel. . . . . . . .Paper-industries, Type-manufacturing & Printing .

Leather, Bone, Horn, Shell & Feather Manufacture .

Wood, Bamboo, Grass & Vine Stalks Manufacture .

Salt Manufacturlng . . . . . . .Manufacture of Food & Drink Provisions . . .

Civil Engineering, Building. . .• . . .Work in connection with Gas, Electricity, Water & Other Natural UtilitiesOther lndustries . . . . . . .. .

1930Total

5,707,198

170,470

381,366

231,740

188,675

55,222

160,919

1,455,255

467,553

270,963

32,043

640,260

21,933

488,464

942,153

128,440

71,742

Male

4,273,283

143,044

363,977

220,543

185,596

52,121

129,104

521,425

297,195

234,681

• 27,731

572,171

18,313

388,638

935,411

124,598

58,735

Female

1,433,915

27,426

17,589

11,197

3,079

3,101

31,815

933,850

170,358

36,282

4,312

68,089

3,620

99,826

6,742

3,842

13,O07

1920Total

5,296,855

176,294

452,086

194,612

159,272

48,641

133,906

1,381,O06

446,532

218,069

43,073

651,695

24,553

501,548

727,108

92,313

66,147

Male

3,728,697

146,6s6

434,669

178,O02

136,021

45,706

103,569

429,645

271,277

171,085

36,OOI

525,854

20,237

369,982

719,784

89,538

50,661

Female

1,568,158

29,608

17,417

16,610

3,251

2,935

30,337

951,361

175,255

46,984

7,072

125,861

4,316

131,566

7,324

2,775

15,486

Difference

Total

(-)

(-)

(-}

{-)

{-}

(-)

410,345

5,824

70,720

37,128

40,405

6,581

27,O13

74,249

21,021

52,894

11,030

11,435

2,620

13,O04

215,045

36,127

5,595

Male

(-)

c-)

c-}

(-)

544,586

3,642

70,692

42,541

49,575

6,415

25,535

91,780

25,918

63,596

8,270

46,337

1,924

18,656

215,627

35,060

8,074

Female

(-) 134,243

(--) 2,182

{-) 28(-) 5,413

c-) 172 166

1,478

(--} 17,531

c-) 4,897

(-) 10,702

c-) 2,760

(--) 57,772

(--) 696(H-} Sl,740

(-} 582 1,067

c-) 2,479

Percentages and Indices

TOTAL . . . . . . . . . .Kiln lndustries . . ;• . . . . .Metal Manufactulre. . . . . . . .Machine&ToolManufacture . . . . .Shipbuilding&VehicleManufacture . . . .Watch, Weights & Measures, Scientific & Musical Instruments, and Precious Stones ManufactureChemical lndustry. . . . . . . .Textile lndustry . . . . . . . .Clothes&Apparel . . . . . . .Paper-industries, Type-manufacturing & Printing .

Leather, Bone, Horn, Shell & Feather Manufacture .

Wood, Bamboo, Grass & Vine Stalks Manufacture .

Salt Manufacturing . . . . . . .Manufacture of Food & Drink Provisions . . . .

Civil Engineering, Building . . . . . .Work in connection with Gas, Electricity, Wacer & Other Natural UtilitiesOther lndustries . . . . . . . .

Percentage of the Total

Total

100.0

3.0

6.7

4.1

3.3

1.0

2.8

25.5

8.2

4.7

O.6

11.2

O.4

8.6

16.5

23 1.3

Male

100.0

5.5

85 52 43 1.2

3.0

12.2

7.0

5.5

O.6

13.4

O.4

9.1

21.9

2.9

1.4

Female

100P

1.9

1.2

O.8

O.2

O.2

2.2

65.1

1L9

2.5

O.3

4.7

03 7.0

O.5

O.3

O.9

Proportion

Male

74.9

83.9

95A

952

98.5

94A

80.2

35.8

63.6

s6.6

86.5

89.4

83.S

79.6

99.5

97.0

81.9

Female

l25.1

16.1

4.6

4.8

15 5.6

19.8

64.2

36.4

13.4

13.5

10.6

16.5

20.4

1.7

3.0

18.1

Percentage of the Total

Total

100.0

3.3

8.5

3.7

2.6

O.9

2.5

26.1

8.4

4.1

O.8

12.3

o.s

9.5

13.7

1.7

1.2

Male

100.0

3.9

11.7

4.8

S.6

1.2

2.8

IL5

7.5

4.6

1.0

14.1

O.5

9.9

19.S

2.4

1.4

Female

100.0

1.9

1.1

1.1

O.2

O.2

1.9

60.7

112

3.0

O.5

8P O.3

8.4

O.5

O.2

1.0

Proportion

Male

70.4

85.2

96.0

91.5

97.7

94.0

77331.1

60.7

78.5

83.6

80.7

82.4

75.8

99.0

97.0

76.6

Female

29.6

16.8

4.0

8.5

23 6.0

22V68.9

39.3

21.5

16.4

!9.3

17.6

26.2

1.0

3.0

23.4

Difference (1920=100)

Total

c-)

(-}

{-)

(-)

{-)

(-)

7.8

3315.6

19.1

35.5

13.5

202

5A 4.7

24.3

25.6

1.8

10.7

2.6

29.6

39.1

8.5

Male

c-)

(-)

{-)

(-)

14.6

2.S

16.3

23.9

36.4

14.0

24.7

21.4

9.6

37.2

23.0

8.8

9.5

5.0

30.0

39.2

15.9

Female

c-}

(--)

c-)

(--)

(-)

(-)

(-}

(-)

c-)

(--)

(-}

{.)

{-)

c-}

8.6

7.4

O.2

32.6

s.3

5.7

4.9

1.8

9.7

22.8

39.0

45.9

16.1

24.1

7.9

38.5

16.0

.

-de

PERSONS T,ABLE

EMPLOYED3

IN COMMERCE

TOTAL. . .. . . . . .. .Selling of Merchandise . . . . . . . .Brokerage&Agency . . . .'. . . .Banklng&Insurance . . . . . . . ,Renting & Storage Business . . . . . . .Cinemas, Theatres & Houses ofEntertainment Sc Amusement

Hotels, Restaurants, & Bath-houses, etc. . , . .Other Business . . . . . . . . .

19 3, O

Total

4,857,820

3,269,422

165,888 177,951 21,096 79,4671,133,311

10,685

Male

3,361,632

2,536,698

152,416

159,950 18,933 52,976 430,740

9,919

Female

1,496,188

732,724 13,472

18,OOI 2,163

26,491

702,571 766

1920Total

3,204,103

2,121,93?

209,392 130,534 17,053 21,578 691,983 11,624

Male

2,173,464

1,572,279

192,926 117,847 14,406 14,829 250,884

10,293

Female

1,030,639

549,66o 16,466 12,687 2,647 6,749 441,099 1,351

Difference

Total

1,653,717

1,147,483

c-) 43,504

47,417 4,043

57,899 4til,328

c-) 939

Male

1,188,168

964,419(r) 40,sio

42,103 4,527 38,147

179,856

(-) 374

Female

(-}

c-•)

(-)

465,549

183,064

2,994

S,314

484 19,742

261,472

565

Percentages and Indices

TOTAL. . .. . . . . .. .Selling ofMerchandise. . . . . • . •Brokerage&Agency . .•. . . . . .Banking&Insurance . . . . . . . .Renting&Storage Business. . . . . . .Cinemas, Theatres & Houses ofEntertainment & AmusementHotels, Restaurants, & Bath-houses, etc. . . . .Other Business . . . . . . . . .

Percentage of Total

the

Total

100.0

67.3

3.4

37 O.4 1.6

23.3

O.2

Male

100.0

75.5

4.5

4.8

O.6

1.6

12.8

O.3

Female

100.0

49.0

O.9

1.2

02 1.8

47.0

O.1

Proportion

Male

69.2

77.6

91.9

89.9

89J66.7

38.0.

92.8

Female

30.8

22.4

8.1

10.1

10.3

33.3

62.0

7.2

Percentage of Total

the

Total

100.0

66.2

6.5

4.1 O.5

O.723.5

2.3

Male

100.0

72.3

8.9 5.4

O.7 O.7 115 O.5

Female

100.0

53.0

1.6

1.2

O.3 O.742.8

O.1

Proportion

Male

67.8

74.1

92.1

90.2

84.5

68.7

36.3

88.5

Female

32225.9

7.9

9.8

15.5

31363.7

11.5

Difference (1920 == 100)

Total

51.6 54.1(-) 20.8

36.3

23.7 268.3 63.8

(-) 8.1

Male

547 613(--) 21.0

35.7 31.4 257.2 71.7(--) 3.6

Female

45.2 33.3{-) 182 41.9(-) 18.5

292.5 59.5(-) 42.4

l

's