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SOAPS
Subject – the general topic, content, and ideas contained in the
text
Occasion – the setting (time/place) and current situation
Audience – the group of readers to whom the piece is addressed
Purpose – the reason behind the text
Speaker – the voice that tells the story
Asian Migration
• 16,000 years ago ice sheets covered Europe and North America
• Nomadic hunters from Asia crossed a land bridge searching for large game
• Ice Age 25,000 B.C. – 11,000 B.C.– Most came from 13,000-11,000B.C.
Creation Myths
• The Great Turtle• People coming from openings in the
earth• The Tuscarora –N. Carolina
discusses movement from the land of ice to lush forest where the sun begins
Later Migrations
• Navajos and possibly Apache came by water around 6,000 B.C.
• Last migration – the Inuits (Eskimos)
Sedentary/ Nomadic
• Grouped by agriculture or Hunting• Some mixture – Hunting / gatherers /
Fishing
Cahokia
• Located near present day St. Louis• Largest City in present day U.S.• Had 20,000 – 30,000 inhabitants• Complex society – Priest, noble-warriors,
and peasants who presented tribute• Great tradesmen• As city grew, the civilization declined
tuberculosis, etc.
The Great Snake
The Great Serpent Mound is a 1,330 foot long, three foot high prehistoric effigy mound located on a plateau along Ohio Brush Creek in Adams County, Ohio. Including all three parts, it extends about 1,370 feet, and varies in height from less than a foot to more than three feet.
Mississippian Culture
• Great empire broke down into smaller groups
• Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaw, Caddoes, and Wichita's.
• Lived in smaller groups, kept the mounds, tradesmen and farmers
The Iroquois
• A matrilineal society – women respected, man’s power comes from the mother family
• A mother and her brothers raised the children
• Small villages set up by clans, joined together through a loose confederation
People of the Southwest
• 600 – Present Day• Hohokam, Mogollans, Anasazis – irrigated
the Arizona and New Mexico drylands• Lived in large dwellings made of Adobe,
with no doors; most villages had 1,000 people
• Long periods of droughts led to the people to abandon the large villages and they moved into smaller versions of villages
Complex Societies in Mexico
• Olmecs – 200 – 800 C.E. – could be sub-Saharan African migration
• Mayans- a farming society with an elite class who lived off taxes, Astronomers, mathematicians, developed accurate calendars
• Built great temples which were central to the development of their City states
• Some lasted till the Spanish Invasion
The Aztecs• 1325 built the great city of Tenochtitlan(city of
200,00 people) on Lake Texcoco• Adapted customs from Mayans and others• Complex society
– Priest and Noble/Warriors– Communal farm land worked by freemen– Slaves and serfs worked on nobles land. The people
belonged to the land– Practiced human sacrifice
First Non Indians
• Romans?• Egyptians?• Chinese?• Olmec – African descent? Carved statuary
shows sub-Saharan features, always carved in obsidian
The Norsemen
• Around 1000A.D.• Maybe Newfoundland – some Viking
artifacts found all the way in Minnesota• Great travelers – Iceland, Russia, Sicily,
Normandy, Greenland settled.• Some Irish legends discuss sailing to a
western land
Why did Europe get interested in Exploration
• The Crusades• The spices of the East, silks, and
oranges• Marco Polo’s writings• What happened in 1454 that stopped
European easy access to the East?
Portugal – a power?• Leader – Prince Henry set up a school for
navigators• Circumvent the Italian/Muslim monopoly of
Mediterranean trade• Search for an alternate route to Asia • 1450 rounded the curve of Africa• 1488 found Cape of Good Hope - Dias• 1498 India Vasco da Gama
http://img.search.com/thumb/d/db/Bartolomeu_dia_cape_of_good_hope.jpg/200px-Bartolomeu_dia_cape_of_good_hope.jpg
1491 - 1492
• King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella complete Reconquista from Muslims.
• Granada last remaining outpost captured• Needed to recoup fortunes and spread
Christianity• Commissions Christopher Columbus to
find a western route to Asia
1492
• After 6 weeks at sea, Columbus sights land in the Bahamas
• Calls the new lands the West Indies• Returns to Spain sends a large expedition
to Hispaniola and establishes the first permanent European colony in the Western Hemisphere
Early 16th Century
• Amerigo Vespucci – maps the New World• Ponce de Leon – Governor of Cuba
explores Florida looking for the Fountain of Youth
• Vasco Nunez de Balboa – looks for riches in Panama. Crosses the Isthmus and is the first European to view the Western Pacific
• Europe now understands a new continent
Hernan Cortes
• The conquest of Mexico• Aztecs fall not to Spanish
technology, but by European disease and years of harsh rules of the other tribes of Mexico
http://www.ecuadorspanish.com/images/fotos/country/inca_gold_2.jpg
Led 3 expeditions before he conquered Peru and the Inca Empire with 167 men and 67 horses.
Protestant Reformation
• Martin Luther and the 95 Theses “Our baptism consecrates us all without exception and makes us all priest”
• Tired of indulgences• Henry VIII of England• John Calvin – predestination – certain
people are saved from the beginning ( Puritans and Presbyterians) No luxuries
http://www.ronaldbrucemeyer.com/rantpix/luther95.jpg
http://www.kingsmeadow.com/uploaded_images/John_Calvin_2_in_Library_1-708209.jpg