U.S. HISTORY IU.S. HISTORY ICHAPTER 10

WORLD WAR I and Beyond

(1914-1920)

U.S. History IU.S. History I

Chapter 10 Section 1

“From Neutrality to War”

3.1, 9.3, 9.4

What Caused WWI?What Caused WWI?

1. Nationalism/Competition

2. Imperialism/Militarism

3. Alliances

4. Chain Reaction

1. NATIONALISM1. NATIONALISM

– 1900: Pan-German MovementGermany & Austria’s idea to unite all

German speaking countries

– Pan-Slavic MovementRussia’s plan to bring all Slavic speaking

countries together

* Bosnia: Slavic speaking; annexed by Austria

2. IMPERIALISM2. IMPERIALISM

Russia vs. Austria: Balkans (Bosnia)Italy vs. Austria: Disputed bordersFrance vs. Germany: Alsace & Lorraine:

Germany Lost to France in 1871Germany vs. Russia: German expansion

Eastward***Bigger meant better!!

RESULT OF RIVALRY: MilitarismRESULT OF RIVALRY: Militarism

Militarism: Glorification of MilitaryHuge military buildup

– Conscription: Males of certain age “required” to serve in military

– Eg. Russia: 8,000,000 troopsGermany: Well trained armyBritain: Strong Navy

3. ALLIANCES3. ALLIANCES

1. Triple Alliance– Germany– Austria-Hungary– Italy

Italy later joined the allies because of disputes with Austria.

2. Triple Entente– France– Russia– Great Britain

4. CHAIN REACTION4. CHAIN REACTION 1. June 28th 1914:

Archduke Franz Ferdinand (Heir to Austrian Throne) murdered (Gavrillo Princip)

-Austria blamed Serbia -Declared war on Serbia

¶ 2. Russia declared war on Austria/Germany3. Germany declared war on Russia/France4. Germany invaded France through Belgium5. Great Britain declared war on Germany

EARLY STAGESEARLY STAGES

Central Powers– Germany– Austria-Hungary

Later joined by…- Ottoman Empire- Bulgaria

Allied Powers– France– Russia– Great Britain• 28 countries

• United States• ITALY: later

POLITICAL LEADERSPOLITICAL LEADERSALLIESALLIES

United States: Woodrow WilsonGreat Britain: David Lloyd George: (PM)Italy: Vittorio OrlandoFrance: Georges ClemenceauRussia: Czar Nicholas II

– *Would eventually be ousted as Czar during the Russian Revolution

– Vladimir I. Lenin would assume control

POLITICAL LEADERSPOLITICAL LEADERSCENTRAL POWERSCENTRAL POWERS

GERMANY: KAISER WILHELM II

Austria/Hungary: Hapsburg Dynasty

Ottoman Empire: Sultan Mehmed V Resat

*All three considered empires!

END OF DAY IEND OF DAY I

DAY IIDAY IIBegin…

““von”SCHLIEFFIN PLAN:1905von”SCHLIEFFIN PLAN:1905

Germany’s plan to win the war quickly on both the eastern and western fronts.– 1. Invade France Through Belgium– 2. Capture Paris– 3. Move resources to eastern front to invade

Russia before Russian army is mobilized: Would take Russia six weeks to mobilize army Did not count on Great Britain entering the war!

SCHLIEFFIN PLANSCHLIEFFIN PLAN

WARFARE IN THE WESTWARFARE IN THE WEST

Western Front: Fighting in FranceGERMANY: Moved into France and

pushed as far as the Marne River.(40Miles from Paris)

Oct. 1914: Germany Stopped and Pushed back into Belgium

Gen. Ferdinand Foch(France)– Ordered troops to “Dig-in”

Deadly Technology Leads to a Deadly Technology Leads to a STALEMATESTALEMATE

Allied and German troops dig a series of trenches that stretch 400 miles.– North Sea to

Switzerland

FERDINAND FOCH>

TRENCH WARFARETRENCH WARFARE Lasted 1914-1918

Instruments of DeathInstruments of Death“Old Ideas vs. New “Old Ideas vs. New

Technology”Technology” Machine Guns Heavy Artillery Poison Gas(Germany) Tanks Airplanes U-Boats

Casualties: Number of Soldiers killed, wounded, or missing

** Number Exploded

U-BOAT DIAGRAMU-BOAT DIAGRAM

U.S. NeutralityU.S. Neutrality

Woodrow Wilson wanted to remain neutralAmerican Opinions split on who to supportExpects U-Boats to warn civilian ships

before sinkingAlso, U-boats must rescue survivors*German U-boats continue to attack U.S.

Merchant ships without warning!

Neutrality Gives Way to Neutrality Gives Way to WarWar

Britain Blockaded Germany

Contra-band: Goods used to fight a war

German Submarines called “U-Boats” ruled the seas.

1915: Germany Declares War on British Isles

Sinks 1,000 ships in one month!!

Sinking of the LusitaniaSinking of the Lusitania

May 7, 1915 Lusitania sunk off

coast of Ireland by a German U-Boat

Was a civilian ship Sunk in 18 minutes 1,198 killed: Most were

women and children 128 Americans killed!

SUSSEX PLEDGESUSSEX PLEDGE

Germany sinks the SussexIt was a French passenger shipWilson was furiousGermany and the United States sign the

Sussex Pledge– Germany agrees to warn merchant ships and

save passengers– **Wilson re-elected on “neutrality” ticket

THE ZIMMERMANN NOTETHE ZIMMERMANN NOTE

Intercepted by British Written by Arthur Zimmermann: German

Ambassador to Mexico “If Mexico would join Germany against the U.S.,

Then Germany promised to restore New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona to Mexico

*** Germany then proceeds to target American Merchant ships “Without Warning”

““The Yankees are Coming!”The Yankees are Coming!”

April 6, 1917: The United States declares war on Germany

Wilson: “This will be a war to end all wars.”

U.S. History IU.S. History I

Chapter 10 Section 2

“The Home Front”

3.1, 3.7, 3.9

CommitmentCommitment Once the United States decided to commit

to WWI, ALL citizens had to contribute 1. Soldiers: Selective Service Act: Draft Conscientious Objector: Moral beliefs

forbids one to fight 2. Money: Bernard Baruch: WIB 3. Supplies: Conserve 4. Public Opinion: George Creel: President

– Committee on Public Information: “Educate” Public

5. Loyalty: Espionage Act: “Treasonable” Newspaper Articles and Speeches Banned

*Schenck v. U.S.: Upheld against speech *Abrams v. U.S.: Upheld against print

RECRUITMENT POSTERSRECRUITMENT POSTERS

FINANCIAL POSTERSFINANCIAL POSTERS

Anti-German PostersAnti-German Posters

The Great MigrationThe Great Migration

Many African Americans Moved north for war industry jobs (Chicago…etc)

Many Mexican Immigrants enter the U.S. for war jobs (Los Angeles)

U.S. History IU.S. History I

Chapter 10 Section 3

“Wilson, War, and Peace”

3.1, 3.3, 3.4

Convoy SystemConvoy System Troop transports that

were traveling across the Atlantic Ocean would be surrounded and protected by American and British warships to ensure that they made it safely to Europe

1917: Vladimir Lenin: Over threw Czar Nicholas II: Russia Surrendered

American Troops Distinguish American Troops Distinguish ThemselvesThemselves John J. Pershing:

American Commander The U.S. impact on the

war was almost immediate

U.S. troops broke the stalemate on the western front

U.S. troops push Germans through the Argonne Forest

Dense Natural Barriers

The “Great War” Ends!The “Great War” Ends!

By Oct. 1918: The tide of the war had been turned and Germany wanted peace

Wilson offered “14 point” peace plan

November 11th, 1918 Armistice signed “The 11th hour of the 11th

day of the 11th month” 1918

*8,000,000 Soldiers killed

Pictures of DestructionPictures of Destruction

Verdun Palace: Before and after

Destruction… ContinuedDestruction… Continued

Esnes: French Village

WILSON’S PEACE PLANWILSON’S PEACE PLAN“Fourteen Points” Peace w/o “Fourteen Points” Peace w/o

VictoryVictory 1. Ban Secret Treaties 2. Guarantee Freedom of the Seas 3. Remove International Tariff Barriers 4. Reduce Armaments 5. Adjust Colonial Claims (Respect Colonial

Peoples) 6. Territory Changes Based on Self-Determination 7. Formation of a League of Nations *Other Points Dealt with Border Adjustments and

the freeing of captured territories Henry Cabot Lodge: Did not support plan

America Rejects TreatyAmerica Rejects Treaty

June 28, 1919: Treaty of Versailles Germany… 1. Lost Colonies (Alsace and Lorraine) 2. Lost Coal Mines 3. Forced to reduce army 4. Navy crippled 5. Germany had to pay $33 Billion in reparations

– *Very Strict Terms*– “Irreconcilables”: Isolationists (did not like treaty)– Reservationists: Did not like wording in League of

Nations Plan

U.S. History IU.S. History I

Chapter 10 Section 4

“Effects of the War”

3.1, 4.3, 9.3

Flu “Pandemic” Grips the NationFlu “Pandemic” Grips the Nation Influenza: 1918-1919:

Unusually strong strain of flu hits the world: Began in Spain and was taken home by soldiers of WWI

550,000 Americans Killed by flu: 116,000 died in WWI!

50,000-100,000,000 People die world-wide!

15,000,000 killed during WWI!

Women and African Americans Women and African Americans Confront New RealitiesConfront New Realities

1919: Chicago: Race Riots Erupt after a black man is drowned by whites

Women told to go back homeInflation: Rise in cost of goods was highU.S. in a Recession

The Red ScareThe Red Scare

Red = Color most commonly associated w/communism

Red Scare: Fear of CommunismPalmer Raids: Thousands of “suspected”

communists and immigrants were rounded up and deported from U.S.

ACLU formed to “protect” civil liberties

Sacco and Vanzetti ExecutedSacco and Vanzetti Executed

Nicola Sacco (Right) Bartolomeo Vanzetti Two Italian

immigrants, and known anarchists who were convicted of murder and executed on weak evidence

Many protested

Americans Embrace NormalcyAmericans Embrace NormalcyWarren G. Harding: Elected President in

1920 and promised to return the country to “Normalcy”

1920: U.S. most powerful and wealthy nation in the world

Creditor Nation: Other nations owed the U.S. more than it owed them

Americans adjust to role as the “Quiet Giant”