Battle of SaratogaOn October 17, 1777, following a defeat at the second Battle of Saratoga, British General John Burgoyne surrendered to American General Horatio Gates at Saratoga, New York. The surrender, depicted here in a painting by John Trumbull, encouraged France to join the American side and was thus a turning point in the American Revolution.

Chapter 2 Section 1 The Revolutionary EraMain Idea – America declared independence from Great Britain in 1776and won the Revolutionary War in 1783

Reading Focus – 1.What events led to the American Revolution?2.Why did the colonists declare independence?3.What key events took place as the Revolution continued?4.How did Americans achieve victory?

Key Terms and People – - Stamp Act - Boston Massacre - Battle of Lexington - Thomas Jefferson - George Washington - Common Sense - Declaration of Independence - Battle of Saratoga - Treaty of Paris

The Declaration of Independence is the document in which American colonists proclaimed their freedom from British rule. The Second Continental Congress, with representatives of the 13 British colonies in America, adopted the declaration on July 4, 1776. The document included an expression of the colonists’ grievances and their reasons for declaring freedom from Britain. The Declaration of Independence’s eloquent rhetoric and political significance rank it as one of the world’s great historical documents.

I. The Road to Revolution – Britain wanted to have absolute control over the colonies.

A. British Laws anger the colonists – GB taxed the colonists due to the cost of the French and Indian war against the French

B. Sugar Act – GB taxed sugar to the colonists – “taxation without representation”1. Stamp Act – Tax on paper goods, GB placed a tax

directly on the colonists2. Quartering Act – Colonists must provide food and

housing for British soldiers in the colonies3. Townshend Act – allowed for illegal search and seizure

in homesC. Continued Unrest – GB repealed the Townshend act as not to

anger the colonists.1. Tea Act – Taxed tea and caused the Boston Tea Party2. Intolerable Acts – the taxes were so harsh or intolerable

Boston Tea PartyAs a protest against a tax placed on imported tea by the British crown, a group of American colonists, led by Samuel Adams, staged the Boston Tea Party. On December 16, 1773, the colonists, some dressed as Native Americans, boarded three British ships and tossed the tea cargo into Boston Harbor.

D. Boston Massacre- March 5, 1770 – 5 colonists were killed when British soldiers fired into a angry mob of protesters of the Tax ActsE. The First Continental Congress – 1774 – delegates from 12 colonies met in Philadelphia to find a solution to British Law and taxes

1. Declaration of Rights – protesting Britain’s actions, assembled a militia (minutemen) colonial soldiers who would fight for the rights of the colonists.

F. Battles of Lexington and Concord – April 1775 – These two battles marked the beginning of the Revolutionary War. GB won at Lexington but were defeated at Concord and pushed back to Boston.

Minutemen Fight the BritishAmerican minutemen, who were far outnumbered by British troops, employed a successful strategy that included persistent sniping from hidden areas in the Battle of Lexington and Concord in 1775. The strategy forced British troops to retreat from the countryside to strongholds in Boston, Massachusetts.

II. Declaring Independence – Second Continental Congress then met after the battles of Lex and Con. Mixed feeling toward GB because many were still loyal to the crown. (1) rejected all British taxes (2) Created the Continental Army (George Washington – commander)

A. The Battle for Boston – 2 key battles1. Battle of Bunker Hill (Breeds Hill) – GB won but the battle gave

the colonists confidence in fighting Britain2. Battle of Dorchester Heights – Washington forced GB out of

Boston and the colonist gained control of the city.

Battling Forces at Bunker HillIn this first major battle of the American Revolution, the outnumbered American militia flew a red, white, and blue flag bearing the pine tree emblem of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. With weapons at the ready, Colonel William Prescott, shown here striding behind the firing line, had them hold their fire until the British were in close range.

B. The Declaration of Independence – the colonists looked a peace resolution (Olive Brach Petition) GB said no

1. Common Sense - Thomas Paine wrote a pamphlet that condemned GB and King George III

2. Colonists – wanted the right to rule themselves3. Declaration of Independence – pg 38-41 – the formal break with Britain

and their rule. (3 main ideas)a. Men should possess (inalienable rights) to life, liberty, and pursuit of happinessb. King George had passed unfair lawsc. The colonists had the right to break away from GBd. July 4, 1776 – congress approved the document

George IIIBritain’s King George III governed during the time of the American Revolution. Besides losing the American colonies, the war nearly bankrupted his country. He took an active role in the British government and new territories were acquired to replace the loss of the American colonies. In his later years he suffered from bouts of insanity.

III. The Revolution Continues – NY, NJ, and PN was where the majority of the was to be fought.

A. Defeats and Victories – GB defeated the colonists and took control of NY.1. Winter war – European tradition not to fight2. Washington – did not follow the rules – defeated the British at3. Trenton and Princeton – major wins for the colonists

B. British setback at Saratoga – turning point in war for the colonists as they defeated the British and took control of NY

C. Winter at Valley Forge – low point for the colonists, harsh and cold1.Washington – kept his men’s morale up and prepared them for the

spring.

Washington at Valley ForgeThe Continental Army’s encampment at Valley Forge in Pennsylvania during the winter of 1777-1778 was the bleakest time of the American struggle for independence. Hunger and disease compounded the problems of inadequate shelter and lack of adequate winter clothing. More than 2500 men died of typhus, dysentery, and pneumonia. Washington made repeated appeals for aid and supplies, but the Congress was unable to move the states to provide them.

D. People in the Revolution – 1. Redcoats – British Soldiers2. American Loyalists – American colonists who supported the King and fought with the British. Why?3. Continental Soldiers – those colonists who fought for American

Independence4. African Americans – were first denied the right to fight in the

Continental Army by Washington, but later approved by Washington to fight for the Patriots.

5. Patriots – American Colonists

American Soldiers of the Revolutionary WarThese 18th-century American soldiers are wearing typical uniforms of the time. Their weapons include spears, swords, and bayonet-topped muskets.

IV. An American Victory – Victory at Saratoga pushed the fighting to the south and west.

A. War in the West and South – Britain lacked the manpower and supplies to fight a war so far away from their homeland

B. Victory at Yorktown – The last major battle of the Revolutionary War.1. General Cornwallis (GB) surrendered at Yorktown ending the

Revolutionary War.2. Treaty of Paris – signed document ending the war. Sept 3, 1783.

Page 38-41 Read Declaration of Independence Lord Cornwallis SurrendersOn October 19, 1781, Lord Cornwallis, commander of the British forces in America, surrendered to American General George Washington in Yorktown, Virginia. The surrender signaled the end of actual fighting in the American Revolution, although the Treaty of Paris, which officially ended the war, was not signed until 1783.

Chapter 2 Section 2 Creating a New GovernmentMain Idea – After the Revolution, American leaders struggled to form a national government and eventually wrote the Constitution.Reading Focus – •What were the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?•What did the founders discuss when drafting the Constitution?•What was involved in ratifying the Constitution?Key Terms and People –•Articles of Confederation•James Madison•Checks and balances•Legislative branch•Executive Branch•Judicial Branch•Federalists•Antifederalists•Ratification•Bill of Rights

I. The Articles of Confederation – the colonists need to create their own political system with no king or supreme authority.

A. Constitution – whose states constitution was the right one to follow?B. A weak central government – Adopted the Articles of Confederation which

was America’s first constitution1. Rules – there would be a confederation of independent states with certain common goals.2. Weaknesses – the A of C had many problems

a. There was no executive branch, hard to pass laws as 9 of 13 had to agree to enforce policies and all 13 had to agree to amend the A of C

b. Government did not have the power to impose or collect taxes

c. Could not enforce the treat of Paris – keep GB out of the Americas (Great Lakes)

Constitutional ConventionUnder the Articles of Confederation, the federal government was too weak to govern the states. After several proposals for reform, the Constitutional Convention met in Philadelphia in 1787 to write the document that still forms the basis of the United States government. The new Constitution delegated extensive powers to the central government, especially in economic and war powers, but reserved many powers for the individual states.

C. Shay’s Rebellion – trade with Europe was difficult, paper money was useless because it was not backed. (explain)

1. The poor and farmers – could not pay off their debt and were sent to jail.2. 1786 – Daniel Shay led a rebellion against the courts for the right of the poor and farmers.

D. Settling the western territories – The A of C did not have rules for new states.1. Thomas Jefferson’s plan – when a district had 20,000 people they could send a representative to congress. The it would be admitted as a new state.2. Land Ordinance of 1785 – surveying, selling, and settling land disputes.3. Northwest Ordinance of 1787 – helped form the states of OH, IN, IL, MI, and WI – it promised settlers rights and outlawed slavery.

Northwest Territory, 1786Land ceded by Great Britain in 1783, known as the Northwest Territory, greatly extended the territory of the United States. The following year, Thomas Jefferson, then a Continental Congressman, drafted a plan to divide the region into several smaller territories that would be eligible for statehood under certain conditions. The plan, modified by Congress into the Ordinance of 1787, allowed division of the region into three to five states. Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, and part of Minnesota were eventually formed within the Northwest Territory.

II. Drafting the Constitution – James Madison and others were now going to create the US Constitution.

A. Compromise at the Convention – find a balance between large and small states and northern and southern states.

1. Virginia Plan Large State Plan(Edmund Randolph) – representation in the house and senate would be based on population

2. New Jersey Plan – Small State Plan (William Patterson) – one house legislature with equal representation for balance

3. Compromise – The Legislature (Senate) would have two(2) representatives, and the lower house (House of Representatives) would be bases on population.

4. Great Compromise – name of agreement of the population issue in the house and senate.

5. 3/5 Compromise – all whites plus 3/5 of the slave population would count toward representation.

B. Providing checks and balances – who would have the power (Congress vs. The President)

1. Each branch would have power against the other to prevent on from having too much power in the government.2. Created 3 separate branches – legislative (makes

laws), executive (run the government and execute the laws), and judicial (interpret the laws)

3. Page 46 – Checks and Balances

Branches of the U.S. GovernmentThe United States government is divided into three separate branches—legislative, judicial, and executive—to prevent abuses of power.

III. Ratifying the Constitution – there were problems on both sidesA. Federalists and Antifederalists –

1. Federalists – those who supported the Constitution2. Antifederalists – those who did not support the Constitution

B. The federalists Papers – 85 essays written by Madison, Hamilton and Jay supported the Constitution and pushed for its ratification.

C. The Bill of Rights – Antifederalists wanted certain rights added to the Constitution. First ten amendments to the Constitution are the Bill of Rights.

1. Pg 76-77 Bill of Rights – write them out in your own words

Bill of RightsThe American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) was created by American political activist Roger Baldwin and other social reformers to preserve the civil rights guaranteed by the first ten amendments to the Constitution of the United States, known as the Bill of Rights. These amendments protect such rights as freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and the right of the accused to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury.

Chapter 2 Section 3 Forging the New RepublicMain Idea – Under Presidents Washington, Adams, and Jefferson, the United States continued to shape its new government while facing both foreign and domestic challenges.Reading Focus1. What actions did Washington take when he became president?2. What challenges did the US face in the 1790’s?3. What were the main events of Jefferson’s presidency?4. What were the causes and effects of the War of 1812?Key Terms and People•Alexander Hamilton•Democratic-Republicans•Judiciary Act of 1789•Strict constructionist•Loose constructionist•Whiskey Rebellion•John Adams•Marbury vs. Madison•War of 1812

I. Washington Becomes PresidentA. Washington’s Cabinet – groups of advisors to the president

1. Cabinet positions – Secretary of war, treasury, attorney general2. Federalists – strong centralized government3. Democratic-Republicans – led by Jefferson and Madison saw a

rural country4. Judiciary Act of 1789 – created the federal court system

B. Hamilton’s financial plan 1. The federal government should take on both state and national debt.2. The govt. should raise revenue by passing tariffs3. The US should create a national bank and a national mint to stabilize the banks

Title Name Took Office

President George Washington 1789, 1793

Vice President John Adams 1789, 1793

Secretary of State Thomas JeffersonEdmund RandolphTimothy Pickering

17901794Dec. 1795

Secretary of War Henry KnoxTimothy PickeringJames McHenry

1789Jan. 17951796

Secretary of the Treasury Alexander HamiltonOliver Wolcott, Jr.

17891795

Attorney General Edmund RandolphWilliam BradfordCharles Lee

179017941795

George Washington’s CabinetMicrosoft ® Encarta ® 2007. © 1993-2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

C. The Bank of the US – would it be the right choice?1. Loose Constructionist – a person who interprets the Constitution in a way

that allows the federal government to take actions that the Constitution does not specifically forbid it from taking.

2. Strict Constructionist - a person who interprets the Constitution in a way that allows the federal government to take actions that the Constitution specifically says it can take.

3. 2 Political Parties are formed – Jefferson, loose constructionist are Democratic-Republicans / Hamilton, strict constructionist are Federalists.

Democratic-Republican Party, early political party in the United States, originally led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in the 1790s in opposition to the Federalist Party and the ideas of Alexander Hamilton. Although the party was also known as the Republican Party and the Jeffersonian Republican Party, in fact it was the forerunner of today's Democratic Party. The philosophy of the Democratic-Republican Party favored states' rights, rather than a strong national government; rural, agricultural interests; and supported the legitimacy of the French Revolution (1789-1799). The party opposed close ties with Britain.

II. Challenges in the 1790’sA. The French Revolution – The French people revolted against the King and

Queen.1. DR – supported the revolution as a sign of liberty2. Fed – Opposed it as the Fed were British supporters3. Washington – what would he do?4. 1793 – issued the Neutrality Proclamation

B. British punishment for the war – Jay’s Treaty and Pinckney’s Treaty1. Jay’s Treaty – GB would pay damages caused to American ships

and would leave their forts in the NW territory / many Americans felt this was not enough.

2. Pinckney’s Treaty – settled boundary w/ Spain over Spanish Florida and opened up the frontier to further settlement.

John JayIn 1794 American President George Washington sent statesman John Jay to England to put an end to tension that was building between the two countries. Jay negotiated what has come to be known as Jay’s Treaty, thus avoiding another war between the two nations.

C. Whiskey Rebellion - 1794 – a protest of small farmers in Penn against new taxes on whiskey

D. Conflict in the NW Territory – Americans were having conflicts w/ Native Americans 1. Battle of Fallen Timbers – US defeated a confederacy of Native

Americans.2. Treaty of Greenville – US claimed most of the Indian land in the

NW Territory.E. Challenges for President Adams – (GW farewell address pg 52 read)

1. France – wanted to improve the relationship2. Adams – sent 3 diplomats to France to discuss a treaty3. France – 3 French diplomats asked for a bribe and a loan for the

treaty 4. XYZ Affair – Adams called the meeting a joke5. Americans – called for war and called out the US government6. Alien and Sedition Acts – prohibited criticism of the federal govt.

III. Jefferson’s Presidency – first election where parties exchanged executive power1. Problem with election – Tie between Jefferson and Burr2. Jefferson – was given the election b/c the Fed. Did not want Burr

elected 3. Jefferson had 2 principals – (1) reduce the size and influence of

the federal government, and (2) cut back taxes passed under Hamilton’s financial plan.

A. Marbury v. Madison – caused the strengthening of the Supreme Court1. Adams – outgoing president appointed many new jobs on his last

day for Feds.2. James Madison (DR) – refused to deliver a job to one of the

“midnight judges”3. Supreme Court – ruled that the Const. did not give the court the

power to make Madison deliver the job. 4. Judiciary Act of 1801 – was unconstitutional5. Established Judicial Review – Supreme Courts right to declare a

law of law unconstitutional.

Chief Justice John MarshallChief Justice John Marshall wrote the decision of the Supreme Court in the 1803 case of Marbury v. Madison. This landmark case established the Court's power of judicial review, which gives the Court authority to review and invalidate government actions that conflict with the U.S. Constitution.

B. Louisiana Purchase – Jefferson bought from Napoleon (France) for 15 million1. Lewis and Clark expedition – was sent out to find a water route to the Pacific.

Louisiana PurchaseIn 1803 United States President Thomas Jefferson bought 2.1 million sq km (about 800,000 sq mi) of land west of the Mississippi River from Napoleon Bonaparte. Shown here amid the present-day U.S. boundaries, the Louisiana Purchase provided a huge area that some government officials believed could become a home for many Native Americans who were in the way of American expansion in the eastern United States.

Lewis and Clark ExpeditionUnited States president Thomas Jefferson commissioned the Lewis and Clark expedition that began in 1804. This painting by Alfred Russell shows Shoshone guide Sacagawea leading the way for American explorers Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. They traveled from St. Louis, Missouri, to the Columbia River where it meets the Pacific Ocean.

IV. War of 1812 – was between France and Britain / caused trading and shipping problems for US and forced us to get involved in the War of 1812

A.Causes of the War of 1812 – GB began taking ships and Americans and forcing them to fight with Britain (impressment) /GB also helped the Native Americans fight against the US for the lands lost in the NW territory.

Battles of the War of 1812The United States Congress declared war against Britain on June 18, 1812, citing British impressment of American sailors and seizure of her ships as a cause. The United States also charged the British with encouraging Native Americans on the frontier to rebel. The comparatively weak U.S. forces, frequently led by inept generals, garnered nearly as many humiliations as victories. U.S. and Britain fought on several fronts, and the war eventually ended in a stalemate.

1. Causes and Effects for the War of 1812 – pg 562. Outcome – US defeated GB ending the War of 18123. Conclusion – GB gave up no territory, but the US felt it had proved itself as

a nation

Battle of Lake ChamplainThe American victory at the Battle of Lake Champlain was a significant turning point in the War of 1812. Despite superior enemy firepower, an American naval force was able to defeat a British squadron in September 1814 at Plattsburgh Bay in Lake Champlain. The victory broke the British waterborne supply lines and forced British troops to retreat back into Canada. A peace treaty between the two nations was signed at Ghent, Belgium, in December 1814.