1 WJEC AS History Revision Guide: Contents Page 2 James’s background and succession 3 The Domestic affairs under James I 8 The significance and consequences of the changing relations between Crown and Parliament 1603-42 9 Foreign policy of James I 11 Charles I 1625-1649 Foreign policy 12 Domestic policies of Charles I 16 Charles I’s Personal Rule 1629-1640 (also known as the 11 years’ tyranny depending on your outlook) 20 The Bishops Wars 22 Charles’s problems in 1640 24 Why did the English Civil War break out only 2 years after the end of Personal Rule? 27 The significance and consequences of the changing relations between Crown and Parliament 1603-42 29 General Topic 1 - Glossary of key terms, events and people 31 General Topic 1 1603-1642 Timeline 34 General Topic 2: Regicide, Republic and the Restoration of the Monarchy, c. 1648-1685 Reasons for the trial and execution of the King 35 The importance of the Rump Parliament and Nominated Assembly (Barebones parliament) 37 Changes under The Cromwellian Protectorate: Oliver Cromwell 38 The Cromwellian Protectorate: Richard Cromwell (Tumble-down Dick) September 1658-April 1659 39 Reasons for the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 41 The domestic affairs of Charles II 45 Foreign Policy under Charles II 47 Why was there so little opposition to Charles II? Popish Plot 48 Exclusion Crisis 49 General Topic 2: Regicide, Republic and the Restoration of the Monarchy, c. 1648-1685 Glossary of key terms 51 General Topic 2: Regicide, Republic and the Restoration of the Monarchy, c. 1648-1685: Timeline 58 Past exam papers 62 Mark schemes 63 Factors to consider when planning 36 mark answers 64 Part B 36 mark planning sheet
Transcript
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WJEC AS History Revision Guide: Contents Page
2 James’s background and succession
3 The Domestic affairs under James I
8 The significance and consequences of the changing relations between Crown and Parliament 1603-42
9 Foreign policy of James I
11 Charles I 1625-1649 Foreign policy
12 Domestic policies of Charles I
16 Charles I’s Personal Rule 1629-1640 (also known as the 11 years’ tyranny depending on your outlook)
20 The Bishops Wars
22 Charles’s problems in 1640
24 Why did the English Civil War break out only 2 years after the end of Personal Rule?
27 The significance and consequences of the changing relations between Crown and Parliament 1603-42
29 General Topic 1 - Glossary of key terms, events and people
31 General Topic 1 1603-1642 Timeline
34 General Topic 2: Regicide, Republic and the Restoration of the Monarchy, c. 1648-1685 Reasons for the trial and execution of the King
35 The importance of the Rump Parliament and Nominated Assembly (Barebones parliament)
37 Changes under The Cromwellian Protectorate: Oliver Cromwell
38 The Cromwellian Protectorate: Richard Cromwell (Tumble-down Dick) September 1658-April 1659
39 Reasons for the restoration of the monarchy in 1660
41 The domestic affairs of Charles II
45 Foreign Policy under Charles II
47 Why was there so little opposition to Charles II? Popish Plot
48 Exclusion Crisis
49 General Topic 2: Regicide, Republic and the Restoration of the Monarchy, c. 1648-1685 Glossary of key terms
51 General Topic 2: Regicide, Republic and the Restoration of the Monarchy, c. 1648-1685: Timeline
58 Past exam papers
62 Mark schemes
63 Factors to consider when planning 36 mark answers
64 Part B 36 mark planning sheet
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What was government like upon the accession of James I in 1603?
� The King could not afford a standing (constant) army or police force � MPs had freedom from arrest whilst in session in Parliament � Parliament advised the King and discussed legislation sent by the King � The King appointed all Councillors (advisors), Judges and JPs � Eng government was much more � Complex than that in Scotland � Parliament only sat for 3 years and 4 months between 1603 and 1629 � King was meant to ‘live of his own’ – pay for the running of the kingdom
himself � Only Parl could issue taxes for the King � King was meant to ‘live of his own’ – pay for the running of the kingdom
himself Elizabeth I’s legacy – James I’s problems
� Much revenue was lost to low paid middlemen (tax collectors) who took a
share of taxes � Religion in England was divided – Catholics and Puritans = important
minorities � Royal ministers wanted to increase royal revenue and expected rewards from
James I � MPs and Englishmen expected a reduction in tax now that Eng = not at war
with Spain � The crown was insolvent. Eliz I had sold crown lands for money, this could
not continue � New sources of income needed to be found – this would make JI unpopular � Papists/ Catholics expected increased � As the crown got poorer, it would have to rely on Parliament for tax = more
power to Par � Puritans expected radical, anti-Catholic church reform from their new King
James I – Background
• Had ruled Scotland as James VI • Son of Mary Queen of Scots • Offered the throne on the death of Elizabeth I in 1603 because she died
without an heir • He was a Protestant – which was important if he was going to get along
with Parliament
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The Wisest Fool in Christendom?
• Intellectually clever, wrote many books • Experienced as a King – having ruled Scotland • His reputation as King of England has led to this unflattering title • Disliked war
Unpopular personal qualities:
• Liked handsome young men • Spent too much money – especially on handsome young men – e.g. George
Villiers, Duke of Buckingham. ‘Conspicuous consumption’ • Believed in the Divine Right of Kings
The Domestic affairs under James I
Factions: Howard faction anv Anti-Howard faction
Howard faction = led y the Earl of Northampton – Pro-Catholic and pro-Spanish Anti-Howard faction – wanted to stop James’s increasingly pro-Spanish foreign policy – initially encouraged the rise of the Duke of Buckingham in influence
Domestic policies
The proposed union of England and Scotland – James tried, unsuccessfully to unite the two. Parliament was not happy about the idea due to a number of reasons:
• Parliament’s prejudice and the view that England would gain nothing from uniting with a poor neighbour whilst the Scots would gain more.
• Scottish law was very different to English law • Many Scots in the King’s court were unpopular
James’s financial situation
James I and his Finances
When James succeeded to the throne in 1603, he faced the following problems.
• He had inherited an empty treasury and a debt of over £400,000 from Elizabeth, after her wars with Spain and in Ireland.
• Inflation was rampant and the cost of running the country was rising sharply. This also meant that the fixed payments that Kings were paid
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(which were set in the middle ages), were now lower in value. For example a land tax was valued at 4 shillings for every £1 of a man's income. This level had been set over 100 years ago in Henry VIII's reign. In simple terms, the people of England were being undertaxed.
• The tax system was also outdated and no longer viable (working).This problem was made worse by James' sheer extravagance. In Scotland, he had not had the opportunity to spend as Scotland was much poorer than England. Once in England, he spent £20,000 on his coronation As he once said " My heart is greater than my rent." He showered gifts and money on his family, friends, courtiers, favourites and servants. In five years Elizabeth had spent £9,500 on the Royal Wardrobe, whereas James spent £36,000! He also increased the staff in the royal household from eighteen in 1604 to forty-eight in 1624, while two hundred extra courtiers were added. All this added to the costs.
James’s Treasurers and their impact on the relationship between crown and
Parliament
Treasurer Policy Impact on relationships between crown and Parliament
Thomas Sackville, Earl of Dorset 1603-
1608
Incompetent. The cost of the royal household rose from £64,000 per year to £114,000. Money spent on the royal wardrobe went up from £9,000 to £36,000 On average, during the first 10 years of his reign James was giving away between £60,000 and £80,000 per year on pensions and gifts for favourites Doest Introduced the Great Farm of the Customs. The right to collect custom dues and taxes was sold to a group of financiers who paid a lump sum of £112,400 a year. When he died the treasury debt was £597,337
Parliament nicknamed him ‘Fill-Sack’ because of his corruption.
Robert Cecil, Earl of Salisbury 1608-
1612
The royal debt in 1606 stood at £750,000. As a result of this, Lord Cecil (Treasurer) sold off crown lands worth nearly ¾ million. The royal debt stood at £280,000 in 1610
As a result of Cecil’s attempts to control James’s reckless spending, Parliament did grant subsidies (money) for James. He was so happy to get money from Parliament in 1606 that he immediately gave 3 Scottish
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The Great Contract 1610: Salisbury’s idea – James would give up feudal dues such as purveyance and wardship in return for a fixed sum of money (£200,000) to be raised from taxation.
courtiers £44,000 as a celebratory gift James disliked having to bargain with Parliament (DRK). He did not think that £200,000 was enough and demanded an additional 200,000 lump sum. Parliament refused and James dissolved Parliament
Lord Suffolk 1612-1618
Incompetent and dishonest. He was unable to stop James’s reckless spending so the royal debt rose during this period In 1614, James was forced to call Parliament to vote for money. Parliament complained about monopolies, impositions and favourites. In 1614, James I was approached by Sir William Cockayne. His idea was that since 50% of cloth exported from England was undyed, it would be sensible to set up a dying factory in England. This would give the Crown £40,000 a year in extra revenues, and since many of the dyes came from a broad, there would be import tax to be paid. James gave them permission to go ahead and in 1615, the company set up by Cockayne was given the monopoly to export unfinished cloth as the dying process was still not up and running. The Dutch retaliated by refusing the import of any English cloth. The Merchant Adventurers who had exported cloth before Cockayne came along with his scam, bribe James and his council with £80,000 and Cockayne was abandoned by James.
In 1614 James dismissed Parliament without receiving any supplies. Known as the "Addled Parliament"
Run by a committee after
Cut back on pensions to favourites. Replaced them with patents of monopoly (control over certain products
Monopolies were very unpopular because they were a way of rewarding James’s courtiers and
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Suffolk’s death 1618-21 Sir Francis Bacon was Lord Chancellor
to set prices etc) were resented by merchants who had to pay higher prices for goods. They damaged trade. A number of monopolists were impeached by Parliament. Parliament impeached and briefly imprisoned Francis Bacon for corruption and fined him.
Lionel Cranfield, Earl of Middlesex, 1621-1624
Cranfield (Middlesex) became LT in 1621 – encouraged peaceful policy with Spain to avoid costs of war Advised James not to continue giving out titles and gifts – James ignored Peace with Spain = expensive – Charles and Buckingham visit cost £100,000 with no result • All Government departments were ordered to be thrifty • Debts owed to the Crown were pursued more vigourously. • Gifts and pensions paid by James to his favourites, friends and courtiers were savagely cut. • Gradually, Cranfield had paid off the King's debts. • Cranfield managed to get James I to sign an agreement that he would not give gifts, pensions, grants without the approval of the Treasury. Monopolies were still a point of conflict between Parl and the King - The Statute of Monopolies made monopolies for non-new products illegal
Parliament was worried that a competent Lord Treasurer – Cranfield might actually succeed in making the crown independent and reduce the need for reliance on Parliament – Because he wanted peace with Spain they saw him as pro-Spanish and impeached him in 1624 – he was sacked by Parliament, fined and briefly imprisoned. Again this damaged the relationship between crown and Parliament.
James’ extravagance led to many financial problems:
Between 1603 and 1610:
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Why?
Conspicuous Consumption Favourites – gifts etc James had a wife and children, Elizabeth I before him was single. James claimed that this was the reason for the increased expenditure.
Parliament was unhappy with many aspects of the Royal Prerogative (rights
of the crown)
Purveyance (the right for the King to buy goods for the royal household at
a discount price)
Parliament petitioned to James against Purveyance which they saw as insulting given his extravagance. The House of Commons attempted to replace the prerogative of Purveyance with a grant to the Crown of £20,000 per year, which was seen by James as inadequate. In the end, James agreed to issue a law ‘for the prevention of abuses in purveyance’ to reduce corruption. Wardship (controlled by the Court of Wards): The royal prerogative to take over land if the owner died before his children reached 21. The crown would then sell a contract to the highest bidder who would look after the land until the child/ heir became 21. During this time they could earn rents from it. The scheme was worth £60,000 per year to the crown. Parliament tried to abolish the Court of Wards. James refused.
Religion
James was a protestant. He became involved in a war with Catholic Spain, despite not wanting to. He faced the Gunpowder Plot, by Catholics, to kill him and destroy his government. This failed.
He is perhaps most famous for overseeing and introducing the King James
Bible, enabling Christianity to be accessed by more people in a standard
way.
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The significance and consequences of the changing relations between Crown
and Parliament 1603-42
Why did James I clash with Parliament?
• Conspicuous consumption – J’s wasteful use of money, for example spending too much on gifts and pensions to his favourites esp. Buckingham James inherited a crown debt of £400,000. His attempts at securing more income – e.g. the Great Contract 1610, failed due to his reputation and led to him dissolving Parliament
• Favourites: James had a number of ‘favourites’ at court. E.g. Buckingham and the Herberts. Many were Scottish and resented by English MPs. Many were incompetent in Parliament. All were given excessive rewards by James
• Divine Right of Kings. Elizabeth I had the same views of monarchy, but kept them to herself. James wrote many works about kingship and said of the HofC it ‘is a body without a head. The members give their opinions in a disorderly manner…’
• James vs Parl Privileges. James never hid his dislike of Parliament. Parliament feared that unless he King stopped ruling with proclamations (formal, legally binding announcements – e.g. calling and dissolving Parl, declaring war) the country would drift towards absolutism (rule without Parliament)
• Union of Eng and Scot – James’s modern idea and his most precious. It did not happen until 1707, because the Scottish courtiers had done nothing to improve Eng MPs’ view of Scotland. It was also a poor country and MPs worried that England would be financially weakened
• Grievances: Committee of the Whole House 1606 – this committee enabled MPs to choose their own ‘Speaker’ in Parliament. The speaker used to be appointed by the King. MPs wanted grievances met before they helped James.
• Many councillors who should have supported James’s government in Parl failed to defend his policies because they had grievances or thought it was pointless resisting critics of the govt
• Failure to control parl. The Tudors had filled the House of Commons with able men who could persuade MPs to do as the monarch wanted. Many of James’s councillors were second-rate
• ‘The Country opposition’ – A group of MPs, never more than 40 in a House of Commons of 475 members. Their influence was bigger than their number. They opposed the Scottish favourites and put local politics above national politics
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Foreign policy of James I
Aims
Maintain peace in Europe – Elizabeth I had been involved in an expensive war with Spain, James was keen to end this to keep peace and save money. Problems: Europe was divided into religious groups – Spain and France = Catholic United Provinces (the Dutch), Germany and England = Protestant England was not as powerful as Spain and France, so he didn’t have as much influence as their rulers.
Successes Failures
The Treaty of London 1604 – peace with Catholic Spain – English merchants were allowed to trade with Spain English merchants could not be arrested as heretics (religious enemies) by the Spanish In addition to making peace with Spain, James joined the Protestant Union of European States in 1608 in an attempt to act as peacemaker between Catholic and Protestant countries by being friendly with both James’s daughter Elizabeth married Fredrick Elector Palatine (A German Prince)
The Thirty Years War – see below The failed Spanish Match, see below
The Thirty Years War.
In 1619, the Holy Roman Emperor died and his successor, Ferdinand, a Catholic Hapsburg took over. At the same time he succeeded to the throne of Bohemia, much to the concern of the majority of Bohemia's nobility who were Protestant and refused to accept him as their King. They invited Frederick of the Palatinate (who was married to James’ daughter, Elizabeth), a German Protestant Prince to take the throne.
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The Catholic Ferdinand gathered up an army and marched to Bohemia to deal with the rebellion. Frederick appealed to James, his father- in-law for help. James was in a difficult predicament. Why?
1. To support Frederick against an the rightful ruler Ferdinand would set a bad example and contradicted his beliefs about Divine Right of Kings. Ferdinand was God's representative in the Holy Roman Empire.
2. If he supported the Protestant Frederick it might damage the marriage negotiations between his son Charles and the Catholic Spanish Infanta.
3. James disliked war and felt that diplomacy and negotiation could solve any problems.
4. James could not afford the cost of a war. Ferdinand defeated Frederick's army at the Battle of White Hill in 1619. James still refused to help, much to the disbelief of Parliament and the English people who supported Frederick. James hoped to persuade Philip III of Spain (nephew of Ferdinand) to help him end the conflict peacefully. A naive belief that a Catholic would help a Protestant! Sadly for James, Spanish troops invaded the Palatinate, but still James believed that diplomacy was the way forward. When Parliament met in 1621, they let James know about how they felt. They were prepared to fund a war. However, James ignored their pleas and carried on with his plans to marry Charles to the Spanish Infanta. The failed Spanish Match – an insult to England and James
In 1623, Charles and James’ favourite George Villiers, the Duke of Buckingham, travelled in disguise to Spain as under the names Tom and John Smith. On their arrival the Spanish increased their concessions before they would allow the marriage to go ahead. Charles tried to agree to their demands and made promises that he knew he would or could not keep. The last straw for Charles came, when the Spanish refused to return the Palatinate to Frederick, his brother in law. Charles returned to England empty handed. The rest of the country and Parliament were delighted at the failure of the marriage negotiations between Charles and a Catholic princess from the hated Spain. Offended, Charles and Buckingham wanted war, and even now James was beginning to feel insulted and realised that his dream of a united Europe had been shattered. In 1624, Parliament met and the following was decided:
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1. Money was voted for a war with Spain 2. An alliance was signed with the Dutch and Danes 3. Arrangements were made for Charles to marry a French Princess, Henrietta Maria.
Parliament had at last got what it wanted - a war with Spain.
• James had ultimately failed with his policy, but has at least kept England out of war for almost 20 years.
• he failed because he was ruling at a time when Europe had been ravaged by a religious division, and his fellow rulers had little desire to make peace
• James' personal battles (over favourites and money) with Parliament also hindered his plans.
• In conclusion, it would seem that James' beliefs, however well meaning and
• humanitarian, were in the end, ahead of their times.
Charles I 1625-1649
It is impossible to understand Charles I’s domestic issues without first looking at his foreign policy commitments. Charles’s main advisor and partner in foreign policy was the Duke of Buckingham, Lord Admiral (responsible for the navy) Foreign policy
War with Spain – due to James I’s failure in the Spanish Match, Charles I inherited a situation in which his country was at war with Spain.
Mansfeld’s failure
An army, with no formal training, under the command of Mansfeld, a German mercenary, was sent to win back the Palatinate for Fredrick, Charles I’s brother-in-law. However, the army was unpaid, ill equipped, badly trained and soon ravaged by disease. It achieved nothing of value and 4,000 were killed. The Cadiz Expedition
Charles and Buckingham decided to attack one of Spain’s main ports, Cadiz aiming to destroy as much of the Spanish fleet as possible. Troops were raised, again most of them were untrained. They got to Cadiz but found a huge wine store, drunkenness and poor discipline resulted, the fleet was forced to
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return to England, but because Buckingham had decided to wait a while to see if he could make an attack on a Spanish fleet (he didn’t manage to) they did not have enough food to make it back, most died before they returned. It was a pathetic failure for which Buckingham was mainly blamed.
The French Match
Charles and Buckingham arranged a marriage between Charles and the French princess Henrietta Maria, daughter of the King of France. The marriage brought a dowry (wedding settlement of money) of £240,000 for Charles which he could use to help fund war against Spain, but in return Charles would have to grant toleration to Roman Catholics in England, which caused a great deal of suspicion and resentment between the crown and Parliament. Break with France – war with two countries
Relationships between England and France deteriorated because:
• Buckingham lent the French an English fleet for the French to use against Huguenots (French Protestant rebels) who were rebelling against the French crown. The Protestant sailors on the English ships mutinied (refused to follow orders) rather than kill fellow protestants.
• Charles wanted money from Parliament so did not stick to his side of the
marriage deal of increasing toleration for Catholics in England.
• Charles also expelled many of Henrietta’s Catholic servants in an attempt to please Parliament
• Buckingham, following the mutiny of the English sailors, made a u turn in
policy and decided to make himself more popular in England by supporting the Protestant Huguenots against the French crown.
England was now at war with the two most powerful countries in Europe and relationships between Charles and his wife were far from good.
Domestic policies
Between 1625-1629 Charles I was at war with both Spain and France. This led to him needing money from Parliament at home.
The events of 1625-29
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The Parliament of 1625
• Charles wanted money for war against Spain • Members of Parliament complained about the terms of Charles’s marriage
– about toleration for Catholics • There were also rumours that the Duke of Buckingham, as Lord High
Admiral, was about to authorise English warships to assist France in subduing the Protestant Huguenot rebels (see above under foreign policy)
• Suspicious of Charles' religious and foreign policy, Parliament was reluctant to grant him funds.
• Parliament decided to grant the customs levy (like a tax) "tonnage and poundage" (See glossary) — traditionally one of the monarch's main sources of revenue — for one year only instead of for life, as had been usual since the 15th century.
• Opposition MPs discussed Parliament choosing the King's ministers for him and also for the impeachment of those who had gained undue influence over him – this especially meant Buckingham.
• Realising that a parliamentary attack on Buckingham was building, Charles dissolved his first Parliament on 12 August 1625 in order to protect his friend
Charles’s second Parliament 1626
• After the failure of the Cadiz expedition, Charles and Buckingham did a u turn in their policy towards France, now wanting to support the Huguenots (see above) who were threatened by the forces of Catholic France.
• Charles urgently needed funds to re-equip the fleet and re-arm his troops. Reluctantly, he decided to call another Parliament.
• Fierce criticism of Buckingham's mismanagement of the Cadiz expedition was heard in Parliament. The House of Commons tried to impeach (see glossary) Buckingham for high treason and threatened to delay all votes on taxation until the House of Lords had delivered its verdict on the impeachment.
This opposition to Buckingham was led by the MP Sir John Elliot who said of Buckingham and his foreign policy:
‘Our honor is ruined, our ships are sunk, our men perished, not by the enemy…but by those we trust’
• Realising that a parliamentary majority against Buckingham seemed likely, Charles ordered the dissolution of Parliament in June 1626.
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Charles I’s foreign policy and his poor relationships with Parliament had implications for his financial situation.
•••• By 1627 Charles had sold of £350,000 worth of Crown lands to pay off his debts.
•••• Because of this there was little land left to earn rent from which limited his income in the long term
Having dissolved Parliament in 1626 Charles I now had to find other ways of raising money. He did the following:
• Forced loan of 1627 – Charles forced his wealthier subjects to lend him money.
• Those who refused to pay the loans were imprisoned. They were not charged, however, for fear that magistrates might decide against the King.
• In The Five Knights Case in 1627, five men imprisoned for refusing to lend money applied for a writ of habeus corpus (see glossary), which called into question the legality of their imprisonment. Judges found in favour of the King and the five were returned to prison, but the case became a focus of opposition to the King's arbitrary use of his powers.
Billeting and Martial Law
50,000 troops had been raised between 1625-7. These troops were billeted on the local population where they were (billeted means the locals were responsible for feeding and sheltering them). In areas which billeted soldiers Charles imposed ‘martial law’ (military law which replaced the usual rights of the people) to keep order.
This was very unpopular.
Charles I’s third Parliament 1628
Charles called this because he still needed money that only Parliament could provide.
There was massive distrust in the country against Charles because of:
• Religion • Forced loans • Billeting of troops and martial law • Dismissal of the last parliament
In this third Parliament, MPs were convinced that they needed to limit Charles’s power so they presented him with the Petition of Right.
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The Petition of Right 1628 – passed by the Parliament of 1682
The petition stated that:
• there should be no taxation without the consent of Parliament; • there should be no imprisonment without cause shown; • there should be no billeting of soldiers or sailors upon householders
against their will; • there should be no martial law to punish ordinary offences by sailors or
soldiers.
Initially, Charles refused to give his consent to the Petition, but he was in desperate need of money.
On the understanding that he could enforce his powers anyway, Charles agreed to the Petition on 7 June 1628. Parliament then granted the subsidies the King needed.
When MPs resumed their criticisms of Buckingham, however, Charles dissolved Parliament on 26 June, intending to recall it the following year.
The two remonstrances of 1628
1. Demanded strict laws against Catholics and complained about the influence and power of the Duke of Buckingham
2. Complained about Charles’ continued collection of tonnage and poundage which Parliament had not voted
How did the death of the Duke of Buckingham change relationships between
Charles and Parliament?
The Duke of Buckingham, the most hated man in England, was assassinated in 1628 by a man called John Felton (a soldier who had taken part in the Cadiz expedition). There were scenes of joy in the House of Commons at Buckingham’s death. Charles never forgave Parliament for this personal insult. The divisions created between the crown and parliament by Charles and Buckingham’s expensive and disastrous foreign policy were to dominate relationships between crown and Parliament for the next decade.
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However it did have some positive effects:
• Relationships between England and France improved as Charles’s relationship with Henrietta Maria improved
• Many MPs who thought that Buckingham was an ‘evil councillor’ corrupting the king now thought that they could trust Charles
• o The most notable of these men was Thomas Wentworth, who later
became Earl of Strafford, one of Charles’s chief ministers of the 1630s
The Three Resolutions of 1629 – The trigger for Personal Rule
Parliament was not united in opposition to Charles’s religious policies and collection of tonnage and poundage but a group of MPs led by Sir John Elliot in Parliament managed to pass Three Resolutions in light of Charles’s continued collection of tonnage and poundage and his religious preferences.
1. Anyone bringing popery or Arminianism is a ‘capital enemy of the king and kingdom’
2. Anyone who advises the king to collect tonnage and poundage is ‘a capital enemy’
3. Anyone who pays tonnage and poundage is a ‘capital enemy’
These MPs had gone too far. Charles was convinced that Parliament would not co-operate with him and that he would be better off without it. Charles arrested Elliot and dissolved Parliament, his Personal Rule began on 10th March 1629.
Charles I’s Personal Rule 1629-1640 (also known as the 11 years’ tyranny
depending on your outlook)
Why?
• Charles’s belief in the Divine Right of Kings – Charles saw Parliament as
only existing because he allowed it to, and for the function of providing him with money
• Attitudes of Parliament, especially Sir John Elliot • The Three Resolutions • James I had ruled successfully for 10 years without Parliament • Charles felt that Parl would never co-operate with him
How did he rule and what impact did it have on relationships between crown
and Parliament?
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Charles realised that peace with Spain and France was essential if he was to rule without Parliament, as foreign wars were cripplingly expensive. In 1630-1 he made peace with both France and Spain. Charles perused a foreign policy of neutrality during his Personal Rule, however he basically supported Catholic Spain, using English ships to protect Spanish ships in the Channel. Peace meant that for 11 years, Charles’s government was solvent (not in debt). Despite not being involved in expensive wars during the Personal Rule, Charles still needed money for the government of the company and the upkeep of the navy. He had a helping hand in making sure that the crown did not waste money, the very able Sir Richard Weston was appointed as Lord Treasurer, however he was a Roman Catholic which increased the fear that there was a Catholic conspiracy within the royal court. With no Parliament he had to resort to ‘innovative’ and unpopular methods of revenue raising.
• Ship Money: In 1635 Charles demanded Ship Money from the whole country, and from 1634-1640 Ship Money was collected every year, despite there being no war. This produced great opposition throughout England, especially as English ships were being used to protect Spain. One gentlemen, John Hampden refused to pay Ship Money in 1637, he went to court but lost. Ship Money was also to be one of the main grievances (complaints) of the Long Parliament in 1640-1, and was declared illegal by Parliament in August 1641.
Ship money was so unpopular because:
• It was new to inland counties • It was supposed to be an emergency measure in times of war but it
became permanent • The navy was being used to protect Catholic Spanish ships in the Channel
as part of Charles’s friendly foreign policy • Nearly everyone paid it • It was raised without Parliament’s agreement
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Map: Ship Money collection in 1636 Other unpopular methods of raising money used by Charles in his Personal Rule were:
• forest fines, by which anyone living inside the fourteenth century boundaries of a royal forest was fined, the largest of these fines was on the Earl of Salisbury who was fined £20,000.
• Distraint of Knighthood fines: fining people if they did not accept knighthoods (as Knights had to provide loans to the crown)
• The Court of Wards (see glossary), a hated institution for collecting crown revenue, doubled its income to £76,000.
• Nuisances: In London, people who had built outside of the original walls of the city were forced to buy a licence ‘to commit a nuisance’ (pay for permission to live in their own house)
Religion and Power
Throughout his Personal Rule Charles sought the advice of his wife Henrietta Maria.
This was unpopular because:
•••• She was a Catholic •••• She was the daughter of the ‘Absolute’ French King Louis XIII. •••• She had a strong belief in ‘absolute’/ authoritarian rule – that the king
should have total control, at the expense of Parliament. •••• Charles allowed her to have her own private Catholic chapel.
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•••• She gathered around her a number of the King’s courtiers who converted to Catholicism, which terrified many Members of Parliament and would become a theme for opposition of the King in Parliaments which followed the Personal Rule.
In religious policy Charles’s personal rule can be seen as disastrous because:
• He worked closely with his Archbishop William Laud, who shared the
King’s Arminian beliefs and supported the Divine Right of Kings. • Laud was viewed by Protestants as an evil popish administrator whose
policies were attempting to bring the church in England in line with the Roman Catholic Church.
• He attempted numerous religious reforms, including changing the layout of churches so that they resembled the Catholic model – beautiful decorations and a sacred altar in the East of the church, as opposed to the plainly decorated protestant model with a plain table in the centre of the church instead of an altar.
• Laud also wanted to raise the status of the clergy so that priests would become ‘equal to any gentleman in England’. This upset the gentry who saw themselves as above the clergy.
Perhaps most damaging of all was Charles and Laud’s ambition to create
uniformity in religion in all three of Charles’s kingdoms, England, Scotland
and Ireland.
• In 1639 Laud issued a new set of rules for the Scottish Church to bring
it in line with the changes he had made in England. • Charles introduced an English Book of Common Prayer into Scotland.
The result of this was:
• The Scots were furious at what they saw as destroying their religious
and national identity without consultation. • The introduction of the Prayer Book caused a war between Scotland and
England (The Bishops Wars – see below) • This war ended Charles’s Personal Rule by requiring him to call Parliament
for funds. Laud vs Puritans
During Charles’s Personal Rule three puritan gentlemen – William Prynne, John Bastwick and Henry Burton were punished by Laud for writing pamphlets which attacked his policies. The three were locked in a pillory (wooden clamp for the
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head and arms usually only used for lower classes) and had their ears cut off. Despite the punishment the three were treated by much of the public as puritan heroes.
Summary of the Bishops Wars
Causes Charles’s problems Outcomes
The 1637 English Prayer
book
Mutinying troops
The Short Parliament
The new list of canons (laws) for the Scottish church written by Laud
Lack of support fighting against fellow protestants
The Long Parliament
Charles and Laud ignoring the Glasgow Assembly
Lack of professional army
Charles had no choice but to meet the demands of the Long Parliament
Nationalism of the
Covenanters
Scottish soldiers
returning from wars in Europe to fight
Having to pay to the Scots of £850 per day
for not advancing further into England!
Charles I’s coronation in Scotland in 1633,
officially recognising him as King of Scotland
Lack of money
Having to agree to reverse the 1637 religious reforms
The will to create unity between Scotland and
England
Parliament’s refusal to provide funds until
problems were dealt with
Charles proven to be out of touch of his Kingdom
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The Act of Revocation taking royal lands granted to Scots away from them
Strength of the
Covenanter opposition
Thomas Wentworth became even more
unpopular because he was
Even worse relationships between Charles and Parliament in England
The Great Council of Peers at which Charles was presented with the Petition of Twelve Peers
Scottish army was
reimbursed for its costs during the war -
£300,000
Episcopacy (rule of the Church by Bishops)
banished in Scotland (not England)
The Treaty of Ripon, October 1640, and the
Treaty of London
End of the Personal Rule
�
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Charles’s problems in 1640
• Laud’s religious innovations • Legacy of Personal Rule • Strafford’s influence and actions • Pym’s character and influence • Influence of Henrietta Maria • Money • Bishops’ Wars and Covenanters • Lack of trust in the King and lack of enthusiasm • Belief in the divine right of kings
The results of the Bishops Wars: The Short Parliament and the Long
Parliament
Now that Charles was at war he had no choice but to call Parliament. He expected, of course, that Parliament would pay up.
The Short Parliament April – May 1640
• Opposition to Charles led by the MP John Pym • Lasted for only 3 weeks • Charles asked for money • MPs demanded that grievances be settled first • Negotiating/ haggling with Parliament went against Charles’s belief in the
Divine Right of Kings • Charles refused and dissolved Parliament further damaging his
relationship with Parliament
The failure of the Short Parliament was followed by the outbreak of new fighting between Charles and the Scots. He needed more money, so he was forced to call Parliament again.
The Long Parliament: 1640-1649: The slide to Civil War
The Anti-Court Consensus – the majority of MPs in the Long Parliament – they believed that the Kings’s court’s policies – which they perceived to be Popish in religion and illegal in finance – must be stopped.
They wanted:
• To prevent Popish from taking hold in England • To remove the King’s evil advisors, especially Laud and Strafford • Restore the balance between King and Parliament – reduce the power of
the king • Eliminate ‘innovations’ in revenue raising – especially Ship Money
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• Reduce the royal prerogative
Achievements of the Long Parliament for MPs:
The first session:
• Strafford = impeached (tried) for trying to bring an Irish army over for Charles to use to continue his personal rule as a military dictatorship, and maybe use against Parliament
• Strafford = executed in 1641 • Ship Money = declared illegal • Distraint of Knighthood = declared illegal • Court of Wards = abolished • Boundaries of royal forests were declared to be those which existed in
1623 and no earlier • The Triennial Act (see glossary)
o Why did Charles agree to the Triennial Act? � He may have only seen them as temporary measures � He feared rebellion if he didn’t agree � He needed money
• The Ten Propositions (see glossary) • Root and Branch Petition – called for the abolition of bishops (the King’s
tools for controlling the church) which was rejected
What was the mood like at the end of the first session in 1641:
• Most MPs were satisfied • There was still a fear of popery • The anti-court consensus’s aims had largely been achieved • There was still a great distrust of Charles
Was the Second session of the Long Parliament a step too far?
• Pym was convinced that Charles could not be trusted • Pym saw Henrietta Maria as the main threat now that Strafford had
been executed • A split emerged in Parliament – a group increasingly supported Charles
because they thought that Pym was going too far. • This group in support of Charles can be named ‘Constitutional Royalists’,
the most famous was Sir Edward Hyde – they wanted more middle of the road, moderate government and religion, rather than Puritanism preached by Pym
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• With his support falling, Pym drew up the Grand Remonstrance in October 1641 (see glossary) which many saw as too radical and a direct attack on Charles. It was presented to Charles in November 1641
Why was The Grand Remonstrance so important?
• The Grand Remonstrance divided Parliament as many saw it as too radical • Pym was seen as going too far • It was actually printed and published which horrified many moderate MPs • Charles rejected it cleverly, showing himself as moderate and defending
the rights of his subjects because his rule was better than the anarchy which was unfolding
•
Had Charles continued to follow the advice of moderates like Hyde, war may well have been avoided. However a number of key events followed which made war the only option.
• News of the Irish Rebellion (see below) reached Parliament in November 1641 shortly followed the Grand Remonstrance
• The Five Members Coup (see below) followed 3 months later
Why did the English Civil War break out only 2 years after the end of
Personal Rule?
• Charles’s personality and the Divine Right of Kings – Charles believed in
an ancient idea – the Divine Right of Kings that monarchs were God’s appointed rulers on earth, therefore none on earth were above them. Charles had ruled for 11 years without calling parliament – his Personal Rule or 11 years tyranny. During this time he had extended the unpopular ‘ship money’ to be collected from the whole country in times of peace. His personal rule had been dominated by the personalities of his advisors, primarily Thomas Strafford (Black Tom Tyrant as Parliament called him) and William Laud (who became the Archbishop of Canterbury). The belief also led him to think that Parliament should grant him money without question, and without him addressing their grievances the nineteen propositions and Grand Remonstrance. The Divine Right of Kings was an unpopular, and by then outdated view. Parliament wanted Charles to be a constitutional monarch – in other words to rule in conjunction with Parliament.
• Charles’s advisors – Laud and Strafford – One of the main aims of the
Long Parliament was to get rid of Charles’s corrupt ministers, which was
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to be one of the Parliament’s successes. Laud was imprisoned and Strafford was executed. They were blamed for many of the problems including the war with Scotland. Laud was unpopular due to his religious reforms, Strafford for trying to undermine Parliament and trying to find ways of avoiding calling Parliament all together.
• The Bishops Wars – 2 conflicts - Charles and Laud had tried to impose
religious reform on Scotland, with the introduction of an English prayer book in 1636. Scottish protestants signed the National Covenant to impose and defend a Presbyterian Church in Scotland. Laud was highly unpopular in England, so when the Covenanters in Scotland rebelled against his reforms and Charles responded by raising forces to fight the Scots, he lacked support in defending Laud’s policies. Parliament would not provide money until their grievances had been met. Many in England were unwilling to fight fellow protestants. The first Bishops War had resulted in Charles calling the Short Parliament. When fighting resumed, and Charles was defeated he had to call the Long Parliament to raise funds to pay compensation to Scotland and for the upkeep of the army.
• The short (April- May 1640) and Long Parliament (opened in
November 1640) failing to provide money for Charles – Charles required money to finance his war with Scotland. Parliament were unhappy about Charles’s Personal Rule (1629-1640) and demanded that Charles addresses their grievances before any financial settlement was made. The Short Parliament was basically a backlog of moans from MPs about the lack of a Parliament for the last 11 years. Because of this Charles dismissed the Short Parliament after only 3 weeks, doing more harm than good to relationships between King and Parliament. In the Long Parliament, Charles did not have the choice to dissolve it, he needed money. The Long Parliament House of Commons under the leadership of John Pym made Ship Money illegal, abolished much of the machinery of the King’s prerogative (personal) government including the Star Chamber and the Court of High Commission. Laud was arrested and Strafford executed. The Triennial Act was passed meaning Parliament had to be called at least every three years. A number of demands were made to Charles including the Ten Propositions and the Nineteen Propositions (see glossary) which Charles saw as being unreasonable. Money was finally granted to Charles, but it was not enough.
• First Army plot – Revealed by Pym on 5th May 1641. A plot to bring a
northern army to London to be used against Parliament. It also involved plans to bring an army from France. Highlighted the danger of allowing Charles to control the army.
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• The Irish Rebellion broke out in October 1641 because of the absence of the earl of Strafford who had ruled Ireland with an iron fist. Catholics and native Irish rebelled against new English protestants in Ireland. 4,000 protestants were massacred. They were encouraged by events in Scotland who had rebelled against Charles’s religious reform. A letter was sent to Parliament in which Catholic rebels claimed (falsely) to be acting in the name, and under the instruction of Charles I. This increased the fear in London that Charles was involved in a Catholic/ Popish plot. It resulted in Parliament’s the demand that Parliament should choose the King’s ministers.
• The Five Members Coup: The failed arrest of the 5 members on 3rd
January 1642 – Charles suspected Pym and a number of MPs of plotting against Henrietta Maria. MPs had also accused Charles’s bishops of High Treason. Charles marched an army to Parliament, burst in (illegally) and demanded the arrest of Pym, Hampden, Strode, Haselrige and Holles of the House of Commons, and Lord Mandeville of the House of Lords. They had been tipped off and had left. Charles had shown that he was dangerous, irrational, and at the same time highlighted his ineptitude/ weakness by the fact that he failed. The event increased support of many other MPs back towards Pym at a crucial time when he had been loosing support to Charles.
• Charles leaving London – following the failure of the Five Members Coup,
Charles left London for the last time. This marked a distinctive physical split between the two sides. It also ensured one of Charles’s underlying weaknesses in the civil war to come – the fact that Parliament held, and maintained, London.
• The Militia Ordinance and Commission of Array – the Militia Ordinance
was meant to be only used by the King. However, Parliament used it to raise troops for their own army against the King. Parliament ordered the appointment of officers to recruit the militias. Charles responded with the Commission of Array asking for volunteers to fight for him. This was an out dated way of raising troops. Both methods were of equally dubious legality, however Charles probably had the upper hand, as accepting the Militia Ordinance was going directly against the orders of the King. A competition in the localities followed between the two groups trying to attract troops.
• The view of Parliament and the leadership of John Pym – Committed to
redressing grievances before any settlement. Pym was seen as going too far with the Grand Remonstrance, following the Irish Rebellion. He was even sent a fake plague sore bandage hinting at an assassination attempt.
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However the failure of the five members coup and Charles’s leaving London crucially turned many MPs back in favour of Pym.
The significance and consequences of the changing relations between Crown
and Parliament 1603-42
Date Factor Impact on relationship between
Crown and Parliament
(also see table of Treasurers and finance under James I)
1603
1610-21 James I years without Parliament
Increased Parliamentary grievances
1614 The Addled Parliament – ‘addled’ means ‘rotten egg’ – it lasted only a few weeks and achieved nothing
James wanted money to pay for the funeral of his eldest son Henry and the marriage of his daughter Elizabeth. Parliament refused and petitioned against impositions (like taxes)
James’s attitude towards Parliament worsened. He said:
‘The Commons is a body without a head…the members give their opinions in a disorderly manner…I am surprised my ancestors ever have permitted such an institution to come into existence…’
James dissolved Parliament and did not call it again until 1621.
1621 Parliament wanted a war against Catholic Spain, which James wanted to avoid.
James became annoyed that Parliament was discussing foreign policy, traditionally part of the royal prerogative. He ordered them to stop. Led by the MP Sir Edward Coke produced the remonstrance of 1621 arguing that their ancient right of freedom of speech allowed them to discuss any matter despite the royal
James was furious and dismissed Parliament saying that Parliament was attacking his fundamental rights as ruler. Coke was imprisoned for 7 months.
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prerogative
1624 In the 1624 Parliament James’s ill health meant that Charles and Buckingham were more prominent
Parliament opposed Buckingham, especially his foreign policy, and were even more reluctant to fund war
1628 Parliament issues the Petition of Right (see under Charles I), written up by Sir Edward Coke and issue it to Charles I.
Encroaching on the royal prerogative. Charles eventually dissolved Parliament
1629 The Three Resolutions (see under Charles I)
Charles dissolved Parliament starting his Personal Rule
1629-1640 Personal Rule (see under Charles I)
The Short Parliament see under Charles I)
The Long Parliament (see under Charles I)
MPs had huge grievances – mainly to do with royal power, parliamentary privileges (i.e. the right to exist) and money (esp ship money)
Dissolved after 3 weeks due to lack of co-operation and divine right of kings – further damaged relationships
Reduction in royal power Execution of Strafford Grand Remonstrance – no turning back for Parliament – Charles couldn’t trust them
1641 The Irish Rebellion (see under Charles I)
Irreparably damaged Charles I’s reputation – MPs couldn’t trust Parliament
1642 Five Members Coup (see under Charles I)
Charles = seen as aggressive and incompetent
1642 The Militia Ordinance of Parliament and the Commission of Array of Charles I (see under Charles I)
The two sides raise forces against each other directly for the firs time.
Throughout the period
Personalities – Buckingham, Strafford, Laud, and in Parliament Jon Pym, John Elliot all played a part in deteriorating relationships between the Crown and Parliament
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Task: Think: you may be asked ‘to what extent was…(money, divine right, the actions of Charles I, the attitude of MPs etc) mainly responsible for deteriorating relationships between crown and parliament in this period. Try to categorise these factors under headings.
General Topic 1 - Glossary of key terms, events and people
Protestant – Believers in the Church of the reformation. Believed that the ceremony and decoration of the Catholic Church were unnecessary to worship God. In England they believed in the Church of England, headed by the monarch. Catholic – Believers in the Church headed by the Pope in Rome. Ceremonies and churches were grand, beautiful, and in the eyes of Protestants, unnecessary. Arminian – During the early 17th century, the term was applied to a small group of Anglican clergymen who favoured a return to the ceremony and ritual of the pre-Reformation Church (similar in style to the catholic way of worship), it was an opposite view to Puritanism. Charles I favoured the Arminians because they believed in ordered practices of worship and obedience to the King's authority as head of the Church – thus supporting Charles’s’ belief in the Divine Right of Kings. Puritan – Extreme protestants, these people believed that the Pope was the anti-Christ, and that bishops were his workers. Presbytarian – System of Church without the hierarchy of Bishops which they saw as corrupt and evil. Episcopacy – System of Church ruled by a hierarchy of bishops and clergy Prerogative – The King’s ability/ right to make decisions and take action without Parliament by using his authority alone. This is how Charles ruled during his Personal Rule, 1629-40 Impeachment - a criminal trial carried out in the House of Commons with the House of Lords acting as judges. It was first used during the 14th century, fell into disuse from the mid-15th century and was revived during the 17th century Laudian – Term used to refer to the policies or practices of William Laud Trained Bands – Local militia men recruited on a county basis Trained Bands was compulsory for freeholders, householders and their sons, i.e. men who had a stake in the country and were therefore expected to defend it from foreign invasion or local rebellion. In practice, servants and hired substitutes were
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often sent to attend the training sessions, which were held once a month during the summer. Covenanters – supporters of the National Covenant, drawn up in February 1638 against the attempt by King Charles I and Archbishop Laud to impose a new liturgy and prayer book upon the Church of Scotland. Anti-court consensus – Group of MPs, including Pym, who were convinced that members of the King’s court (royal circle), including the Queen, Henrietta Maria, were involved in a popish plot to bring England’s religion back under control of the Pope. They were a key part of the Long Parliament, however support for them began to break up towards the end of the Long Parliament as many moderates began to fear the anarchy which may break out if the puritans got their way. The Ten Propositions (1641) – requested that the King should use ministers whom Parliament trusts Triennial Act – Act of the Long Parliament which confirmed that Parliament would have to be held AT LEAST every three years – therefore preventing another episode of Personal Rule. It was accompanied by an act which prevented the King from dissolving Parliament without parliamentary consent. The Grand Remonstrance – the ‘Large’ list of grievances presented to Charles during the Long Parliament – after the outbreak of the Irish Rebellion. It listed all of the ‘illegal’ actions of the King since the beginning of the reign. It divided opinion in Parliament because it was seen by many as a step too far, and was only passed by a narrow margin 159 votes in favour, 148 against. Five Members Coup – Charles’s attempt to arrest (by force) four members of the House of Commons – Pym, Hampden, Strode, Haselrige and Holles , and one of the House of Lords – Lord Mandeville, on charges of treason. It failed and therefore had the result of confirming to Parliament that they could not trust Charles with an army, as well as making Charles look weak and inept. It swung much support back towards Pym. The Nineteen Propositions (1642) More forceful than the Ten Propositions. It stated that Parliament should choose the King’s ministers, the King should loose control over the armed forces, Parliament should control Church matters, Parliament should choose guardians of the King’s children. It also stated that Charles should agree to the Militia Ordinance. Charles could not possibly agree.
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General Topic 1 1603-1642 Timeline
Timeline for King James I
1603 James VI of Scotland becomes King James I of England, Scotland, and Ireland after the death of Elizabeth I uniting the thrones of Scotland and England.
1603 The Millenary Petition is presented to James I. It expresses Puritan desires for reforms to the Church of England.
1603 Plot against James to set his cousin Arabella Stuart on the throne. Sir Walter Raleigh is implicated and imprisoned.
1604 The Somerset House Peace Conference results in peace between England and Spain.
1604 The Hampton Court Conference fails to settle the doctrinal differences between the Anglican Church and its Puritan critics.
1604 James proclaims that smoking is harmful to the lungs and imposes a tax on tobacco
1605 Guy Fawkes and other Catholic dissidents attempt to blow up King and Parliament in The Gunpowder Plot. They are betrayed and arrested.
1606 The Gunpowder plotters are executed. 120 colonists sail for America.
1607 The Earls of Tyrone and Tyrconnel end their rebellion against English rule of Ireland and flee to Europe; Ulster is colonized by Protestant settlers from Scotland and England.
1607 The English Parliament rejects Union with Scotland.
1607 Common citizenship of English and Scottish persons is granted to those born after the accession of James VI of Scotland to the English throne.
1607 Jamestown found in America by the Virginia company
1609 Scottish and English Protestants are encouraged to settle in Ulster
1609 Shakespeare completes the Sonnets.
1611 The King James Authorized Version of the Bible is published.
1611 Dissolution of the first Parliament of James I.
1611 Arabella Stuart secretly marries William Seymour. When James finds out Seymour is imprisoned but escapes with Arabella. They are captured on the way to France and imprisoned in the Tower of London. Arabella starves herself to death there in 1615.
1612 Henry, Prince of Wales, dies of typhoid. His younger brother, Charles, becomes heir to the throne.
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1612 Heretics are burned at the stake for the last time in England.
1613 James' daughter Elizabeth marries Frederick V, Elector of Palatine. Their descendants in House of Hanover will eventually inherit the British Throne.
1613 The Globe Theatre in London burns during a performance of Henry VIII
1614 Second Parliament of James I meets.
1614 Scottish mathematician John Napier publishes his theory of logarithms simplifying calculations for navigators.
1615 George Villiers becomes James’s favourite.
1616 Raleigh is released from prison to lead an expedition to Guiana in search of El Dorado
1617 George Villiers becomes the Earl of Buckingham.
1618 Raleigh fails in his expedition and on his return is executed for alleged treason at Westminster.
1620 The Pilgrim Fathers set sail for America in the Mayflower. They land at Cape Cod and found New Plymouth.
1625 Death of James I, aged 58.
Timeline for King Charles I
1625 Charles I succeeds his father, James I.
1626 Parliament attempts to impeach the Duke of Buckingham and is dissolved by Charles.
1627 England goes to war with France, but at La Rochelle the Duke of Buckingham fails to relieve the besieged Huguenots.
1628 The Petition of Right a declaration of the “rights and liberties of the subject" is presented to the King, who agrees to it under protest.
1628 Physician William Harvey demonstrates the circulation of blood in the body
1629 Charles dissolves Parliament and rules by himself until 1640.
1630 The colony of Massachusetts is founded in America
1633 Work begins on Buckingham Palace in London
1637 Charles tries to force new prayer book on Scots, who resist by signing the National Covenant.
1639 Act of Toleration in England established religious toleration
1640 Charles summons the Short Parliament, which he dissolves three weeks later when it refuses to grant him money.
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1640 Long Parliament summoned, which lasts until 1660. It can only be dissolved by its members.
1641 Abolition of the Star Chamber and Court of High Commission.
1642 Charles fails in his attempt to arrest five MPs.
1642 Outbreak of Civil War. Charles raises his standard at Nottingham. The Royalists win a tactical victory the Parliamentary army at the Battle of Edgehill but the outcome is inconclusive.
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General Topic 2: Regicide, Republic and the Restoration of the Monarchy, c.
1648-1685
Reasons for the trial and execution of the King
• Pride’s purge (Dec 1649) – in protest at the continuing negotiations
between the King and Parliament at Newport (Sept – Nov 1648) on the Isle of Wight after the Second Civil War, Colonel Pride acted on the instructions of Henry Ireton and prevented any MPs who were in favour of continuing negotiations with Parliament from entering the Houses of Parliament. Parliament was now left filled with those hostile to the King.
• Charles’s lack of co-operation. Repeated refusal to accept terms offered
by Parliament, despite the fact that he had been defeated in the First, and later Second Civil War. Partly due to Divine Right of Kings. Charles was only prepared to give up the Church and submit to a Presbyterian settlement for three years. He was not prepared to loose his control over the militia which he saw as a matter of honour and power.
• Whilst he was ‘considering’ the Four Bills (Dec 1647) (Parliament’s last
addresses to him which were basically the Newcastle Props reworded) Charles signed The Engagement with Scotland (Jan 1648) in which he agreed to establish a Presbyterian Church in England for three years in return for Scottish military assistance against Parliament. He had no intention of reaching an agreement.
• Charles lost the Second Civil War and as a result some moderates in
Parliament decided to repeal the Vote of No Addresses and re-open negotiations with Charles at Newport. The treaty of Newport following the Second Civil War – unpopular. Charles agreed to loosing the militia for twenty years, and that Parl should appoint ministers. He would not agree on religion. Charles wrote a letter to William Hopkins on 9th October 1648 explaining that he was only making concessions so that he could escape.
• Following Charles’s ‘Engagement’ (Dec 1647) with Scotland, and his
refusal of the Four Bills, Parliament passed the Vote of No Addresses (Jan 1648) which stopped any further negotiations with the King. This made it an act of treason to negotiate with Charles until further notice.
• Parliament could see that Charles wsa not going to accept its proposals as
they stood. Yet they continued to demand a Presbyterian Church and
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control over the militia, in addition to exempting numerous royalists from pardon.
• The army and Parliament were divided. The army even captured Charles
from Parliament so that it could reach its own settlement with him. The army produced its own set of demands to Charles – The Heads of the Proposals. These were less harsh than those offered by Parliament, but still Charles refused to accept them. The army and Parliament should have been united. They weren’t.
• The army was divided. The Levellers, a radical group within the army
drew up their own demands for a constitution in which all were equal under the law and every man had a say in the government. The Putney Debates between the grandees of the army – Cromwell and Ireton, and the Levellers took focus away from reaching a settlement with Charles, who used the debates as an opportunity to escape from the hold of the army to the Isle of Wight.
• Religious Division – Parliament contained divisions between Presbyterians
and Independents (who wanted more of a choice of religion rather than a Presbyterian system). The army and Parliament was also divided along similar lines – the army containing many independents and the Parliament being dominated by Presbyterians. Presbyterians may have had greater religious demands but they always thought that they could reach these through negotiations, and thus continued to crawl along with the slow process. Whilst Charles did provisionally accept Presbyterianism for 3 years, this was not enough for Parliament. Charles saw religion as a matter of conscience and honour and was not going to give in
The importance of the Rump Parliament and Nominated Assembly (Barebones
parliament)
KEY
Those which apply only to the Nominated Assembly (Barebones Parliament) 1653 are in Italics Those which apply to BOTH the Rump 1649-1653 and the Nominated
Assembly are underlined
All others apply to the Rump
Strengths
• Dealt with Leveller opposition through trials – e.g. Lilburne, censorship and force – e.g. putting down Leveller mutinies in the army
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• Royalist alliance with Scotland ended at the Battle of Dunbar 3rd Sept 1650. Royalist threat ended at the Battle of Worcester 3rd Sept 1651
• The Navigation Acts 1650-1 strengthened British trade at the expense of Dutch rivals, and helped to make Britain a more powerful nation abroad.
• Passed over 35 Acts in its 5 month existence, such as relieving poor prisoners imprisoned for debt, improving conditions under which lunatics were kept. Had many more Acts in line, including trying to unite Britain.
• Sequestration on potential royalist supporters weakened the royalist threat by limiting the number of royalist supporters
• In Ireland, Catholic royalists were defeated and their lands were confiscated and given to Protestant settlers. Dunbar ended the Scottish threat, and Scotland was declared subordinated to England. The Edinburgh Parl was dissolved.
• Removal of conservative MPs and replacement with more ‘hand picked’ Godly members meant that success and reform was more likely.
• ‘Toleration Act’ repealed the law of compulsory attendance every Sunday. More religious freedom except for Catholics and episcopacy.
• The Rump encouraged English soldiers to accept land in Ireland as a payment of their arrears of pay. Land in Ireland was also offered to creditors (lenders) to Parliament
Weaknesses
• Many saw it as too radical and no longer representative of the people. ‘Almost universal hostility provoked by the execution of Charles I’ (Barry Coward).
• The governments were always meant to be short term until a final system was agreed upon
• Conservatism of the government. High expectations not met – ‘talked a lot but did little’ – e.g. ignoring the Hale Commission.
• Oliver Cromwell and the Army • Focus on self preservation/ self perpetuation at the expense of reform –
e.g. Bill of Elections in April 1653 • Conservatism of the government. High expectations not met – ‘talked a
lot but did little’ – e.g. ignoring the Hale Commission. • Economic crisis – acted as a barrier to carrying out godly reform. The
Commonwealth had the same financial problems as the Stuart monarchy had.
• Un-revolutionary nature of MPs in the Rump, despite the fact that they were still part of the Rump
• Lack of precedent/ model to follow. Parliament running the country alone was a new, untried idea. It faced the same problems as the monarchy.
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• Internal divisions between moderates and radicals – e.g. the debate to change the tithe system of payment of clergy. Particularly the presence of Fifth Monarchists
Changes under The Cromwellian Protectorate: Oliver Cromwell: 1653-1658
Oliver Cromwell’s aims as protector
• To bridge the gap and fill the vacuum left by the end of the monarchy and the dissolution of the rump.
• ‘Healing and settling’ in terms of religion • Religious tolerance – except papists/ Catholics and those who cause a
disturbance. • To maintain control over and support of the army • To establish control and order along traditional lines with the propertied
members of society at the top – much to the displeasure of the levellers. • Godly reformation – of the behaviour of the country/ people • Law – he saw the punishment of the poor for being in debt as excessive • To establish a lasting settlement which would out live him
Oliver Cromwell’s achievements as protector
• Maintained the support of the army – they did not turn against him as they did to his son and successor – Richard. Oliver enjoyed a natural loyalty of the army as he himself was a soldier who fought alongside them for the liberty of the nation in the civil war.
• Ruled as a head of state without natural authority of a king • Overcame all royalist threats • Dealt successfully with sects – due to his belief in Independency – the
idea that all denominations should have the freedom to worship as long as they were not Catholics or causing problems.
Oliver Cromwell’s failures
• Often seen as too conservative – let down the radicals • Accused of treachery and tyranny and being a hypocrite • He was too preoccupied with running the government. This meant he had
little time/ ability to focus on reform and policy. • He was more tolerant than his parliaments – as seen in the James Naylor/
messiah case • Failed to heal the problems in society which was divided between civilians,
army and various groups of MPs. Upon his death it would have taken a remarkable man to retain power. Richard Cromwell was a capable man, but he was not remarkable, and crucially he did not have the natural support of the army.
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The Rule of the Major Generals
• In response to royalist threat (Penruddock’s rising) Cromwell
began the military rule known as the Rule of the Major Generals. • The country was divided into 12 regions, each controlled by a
Major General • They were paid for largely by the Decimation Tax on known
royalists (10% of their income) • They were highly unpopular, not only among royalists but generally
because of their military nature
Districts of the Major Generals
Why did Oliver Cromwell refuse the crown when it was offered to him?
• Hypocrisy • Fear of God • Fear of the army who vowed to oppose him
The Cromwellian Protectorate: Richard Cromwell (Tumble-down Dick)
September 1658-April 1659
Richard Cromwell took over from his father after Oliver’s death in September 1658. Oliver had managed to keep a lid on the tensions in the country between the army, the religious radicals and the more conservative in society. Perhaps the main reason why Oliver was able to maintain power was the fact that, as a soldier, he enjoyed the natural support of the army. Oliver had, however, alienated republicans because of the close resemblance his protectorate had of a monarchy.
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Richard therefore inherited a country in division – republicans, sects, Presbyterians, army, and royalists. The church settlement which the Presbyterians had hoped for, had not materialised, out of desperation, they were now willing to consider an alliance with the royalists to restore the social order and reduce religious sectarianism. The army was also divided. A number of senior officers including Fleetwood saw a benefit in maintaining the protectorate, for they could control an inexperienced protector. However, many soldiers wanted a return to the Commonwealth the Rump Parliament. Richard faced opposition from an army which was still months in arrears of pay. Economic depression, high food prices and poor harvests throughout the 1650s all contributed to the dire financial state of the government. Richard had to call parliament in order to gain money. The Parliamentary majority were pro-protectorate, however it was the republican minority who were the most active, the republicans tried to team up with the army. In the face of this threat, the Presbyterian MPs introduced a resolution that the Council of Officers of the army could only sit with permission of Parliament, they also voted to bring control of local militias under Parliamentary control.
The army demanded that Richard dissolve Parliament. Despite his initial resistance, in the face of rebellion, Richard dissolved the Parliament showing that he was a puppet for the army. Power now really lay with the Council of Officers who recommended recalling the Rump Parliament. The Rump re-assembled in May 1659 and Richard resigned as Protector. Richard failed because he did not manage to form a government free from army control, he faced too strong an opposition from republicans, and his government was bankrupt.
Reasons for the restoration of the monarchy in 1660
• The contribution of George Monk an important reason for the
restoration because he opposed the dissolution of the Rump Parliament by Lambert and the Council of the Army and defeated Lambert after returning from Scotland. Monk’s victory led to the recalling of the Rump Parliament. He also readmitted the MPs excluded in Pride’s Purge making royal restoration more likely.
• Political weakness of the Protectorate was a factor because it failed
to create a civilian based settlement which was acceptable to all, there was still division in society – between religious groups, between army groups and between the civilian population and the military. The
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Protectorate, propped up by the army had proved that it could ‘destroy but not create’.
• Lack of support was a factor because Oliver had alienated the republicans (also known as Commonwealthsmen) by becoming ‘King in all but name’.
• The death of Oliver Cromwell was a factor because Richard Cromwell
lacked the natural loyalty of the army which his father had used to his advantage. Without this, Richard was open to army opposition, as came in 1659 when the army demanded that Richard dissolve Parliament and resign, which he eventually did.
• Appeal of the monarchy was a factor because after years of republic government, which was propped up by the army, for example Pride’s Purge, the Rule of the Major Generals and the taxes imposed by them, along with various dissolutions of Parliament, people were ready for stability. Many of the traditional ruling elite were also in favour of a return to traditional rule after their world had been turned upside down by the English Revolution and the strict rule of the Protectorate in its quest for godly reformation.
• Religion was a factor because Cromwell’s Protectorate had been based on religious toleration. He had been dubbed ‘the darling of the sectaries’, a derogatory term used to highlight his favouritism of religious sects. Many people, especially the Presbyterians began to see the return of a strong monarchy as the only way to avoid domination of religious sects such as Baptists and Fifth Monarchists. Charles II would not be so tolerant and would bring a central government controlling religion.
• The army was a factor because after years of protectorate rule, the
army was months in arrears of pay, despite high taxation during the Rule of the Major Generals. The army could pull the strings, especially now that the strong leader, Oliver had died. Many in the army, however, including colonel Desborough and Thomas Fairfax wanted a continuation of the Protectorate because they thought that they could control the weaker Richard Cromwell.
• The role played by Charles II was a factor because despite being exiled from Britain he did not attempt an invasion / return to Britain until he was invited to do so by Parliament. He also moved himself on the continent to a protestant country, the Netherlands, thus distancing himself from Catholicism.
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• Money was a factor because the Protectorate’s success had been limited by its lack of money, a theme running through the Stuart era.
The domestic affairs of Charles II
• Restoration Settlement didn’t solve the problem of ambiguous constitution
• Charles wanted to emulate Louis XIV • Charles was out of touch with his political nation – lords and earls – having
been away from England for so long. o Those at local government level did not trust him
The first part of Charles II’s reign 1660-1667
• Dominated by the Earl of Clarendon 3. The Restoration Settlement – summary Indemnity
• • Declaration of Breda promised a free and general pardon for all, except those excluded by parliament.
• • Indemnity Act – pardoned all but the regicides, approx. 30 names • • Bodies of Oliver Cromwell, Henry Ireton, John Bradshaw, exhumed and
desecrated • • Trials required minimal evidence of treason. • • Six Commissioners (names on the King’s death warrant) and four others
were found guilty of regicide and executed in 1660. e.g. Major-General Thomas Harrison, hanged, drawn & quartered.
• • In 1662 three more regicides were hanged, drawn and quartered. Some others
• were pardoned, while a further nineteen served life imprisonment. • • A considerable number fled abroad. • • How viable was this? A remarkable number of regicides were pardoned
or their death penalties commuted to life imprisonment (e.g. General Lambert).
• The purpose of the Indemnity was accomplished. Land settlement
• Declaration of Breda promised that Parliament would decide this. • Who had lost land? Royalists, Catholics, Bishops and the Crown. • Complications – some who had purchased these lands were powerful and
had • helped bring about the Restoration. Some Royalists had later
collaborated with the Interregnum regimes. Some Royalists had sold land
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to pay the Decimation Tax. Some Royalists had already taken measures to reclaim their estates before 1660.
• Some substantial purchasers were excluded from the Indemnity Act and their land seized without compensation.
• Lands confiscated from the Crown and the Church were restored. • Some Royalists recovered their lands by private Acts of Parliament or by
orders from the House of Lords to county sheriffs. Disbanding the New Model Army
• Declaration of Breda promised the Army its arrears of pay. • Parliament voted a grant to pay the arrears owed to both the Army and
the Navy, but it was £375,000 short. • The NMA was disbanded successfully – by this point many radicals had
already • been excluded or isolated. • However, an army was retained for Charles II – approx. 8,000 soldiers, • In July 1661 a bill gave Charles II control of the Militia. In 1662 he was
given the power to raise up to £70,000 pa for 3 years to support the armed forces.
The constitution
• Charles II’s reign officially declared to have begun on January 30th 1649, the day of his father’s execution.
• All legislation passed with the royal consent was accepted – so the prerogative courts were abolished, Ship Money and other financial expedients of the 1630s abolished, bishops remained (temporarily) excluded from the Lords.
• Triennial Act of 1641 replaced with a new Triennial Act, 1664, which removed the compulsory element of the original. It hoped the King would call Parliament at least once every three years, and the specified minimum duration of a Parliament was abolished.
• Royal prerogatives attacked by Pym and Parliament in the autumn of 1641 • command of the Militia, appointment of Ministers, control of foreign
policy, etc. were all retained by the King. • • All legislation by Parliamentary ordinances were declared null and void,
unless adopted by Parliament and signed by the King Finances
• It was calculated that the Crown needed an annual income of £1,200,000 to remain solvent. By 1661 the Crown’s annual income was falling at least £300,000 pa short of this figure, and faced a debt of £925,000, including £550,000 of CII’s own and his father’s debts.
• Feudal revenue from purveyance and wardship was abolished in return for £100,000 pa, .in the form of the annual excise tax on liquor. (Remember the Great Contract of 1610?)
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• Tonnage and Poundage was voted for Charles II for life – worth approx. £800,000 pa.
• In 1662 a Hearth Tax was introduced to help bridge the gap – a 17th Century version of rates. The bigger the house, the more fireplaces it had!
The Convention Parliament met from April to December 1660.
• It had to deal with the Restoration and the problems left by the Interregnum. The first problem faced by this parliament was that it was divided on what powers to give Charles II. The Presbyterians wanted such power to be limited while others, in an attempt to avoid the rise of another Oliver Cromwell, pushed for Charles to have far more power than was first anticipated. They also hoped for a royal reward as well. Within the Convention Parliament, Presbyterians voted against Royalist wishes and vice versa.
The Cavalier Parliament –
• The Parliament elected in 1661 the majority of members of which were Royalist. This helped Charles II to increase his power/ secure his position. The bulk of the early legislation passed by this Parliament was anti-republican legislation as there was still a real fear in the country of republican movements.
• The Act for the Safety and Preservation of His Majesty’s Person
and Government:
o Abolished the Star Chamber, a royal court used by Charles I to punish his critics
o Abolished ship money o Triennial Act reinforced o Bishops excluded from the House of Lords – but this was reversed
later o Press censorship was increased o Petitioning was controlled – limited to only 10 people per petition o It was an offence to accuse the King of popery o Parliament could not legislate (make laws) without the monarch
Its main success was the Corporation Act, see below.
The Clarendon Code
Clarendon Code – Charles II’s religious policies until 1667 – See below. They were generally harsh towards non-conformists, despite the fact that Clarendon wanted toleration.
The Corporation Act 1661
• Cause: Non-conformists in political positions
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• What it did: • No man could be elected to public office (government) who had not, in
the last year, sworn oaths of Allegiance and Supremacy (recognition of the monarch as head of the Church of England)
• The Act proved to be a highly effective piece of legislation.
Act of Uniformity 1662:
• Cause: Fear of Dissenters and Sects • What it did: • Tried to make a uniform church by: • Prescribing the form which prayers took • Making the Book of Common Prayer (CofE) compulsory in services
thus removing non-conformity • Led to the Great Ejection – 2,000 non-conformist ministers
removed from their positions The Conventicle Act 1664 – 1668:
• Cause: The Northern Rising of 1663. What it did: • Banned religious meetings of 5 or more people • Fined people for breaking this law • 3 offences could = transportation
• Ended in 1668 – BUT, Parliament protested and refused to give Charles a
subsidy of £300,000 • Therefore it was renewed again in 1670 in return for more money from
Parliament
The Five Mile Act 1665
• Cause: The Second Dutch War • What it did: • Any preacher or teacher who refused to take compulsory oaths in the
Act of Uniformity could not go within 5 miles of any town or parish where they had taught/ preached
The second part of Charles II’s reign
The Cabal - The Cabal was the name given to five ministers who advised Charles II after the dismissal of Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon. The title ‘Cabal’, despite its sinister overtones term-wise, came from the surnames or titles held by the five men in the Cabal. The Cabal operated between 1667 and 1673.
• Members of the Cabal were: • Thomas Clifford • Sir Henry Bennet, Baron Arlington • George Buckingham
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• Anthony Ashley • John Maitland, Earl of Lauderdale
• The Cabal had no co-ordinated policy because of:
o Their differences o The fact that government was in the hands of a range of men, not
just one
Two general aims in the period of the CABAL:
• Extend religious toleration to Catholics and dissenters/ radicals • Form an alliance with France
Declaration of Indulgence 1672 – Increased toleration of Catholics. Charles used his ‘suspending power’ to suspend all laws against Catholics and non-conformists
• Consequence – Parliament = outraged The third period of Charles II’s reign
Following the decline of the Cabal Dominated by Danby – more strict on religion than the Cabal therefore this period saw tightening up of religious laws/ more control In protest at the Declaration of Indulgence Parliament demanded the passing of the Test Act Test Act 1673/4
• Required all office holders to swear Oaths of Supremacy and Allegiance and take a declaration against Catholic transubstantiation (where the bread and wine in communion are thought to BE the body and blood of Christ)
• Consequences: o James, Duke of York had to resign as Lord High Admiral
Foreign Policy under Charles II
• Charles's foreign policy was a balance of alliances with France and the Dutch in turn.
• In 1670, Charles signed the secret treaty of Dover under which Charles would declare himself a Catholic and England would side with France against the Dutch.
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• In return, Charles would receive subsidies from the King of France (thus enabling Charles some limited room for manoeuvre with Parliament, but leaving the possibility of outrage at home if news got out.
• Practical considerations prevented such a public conversion, but Charles issued a Declaration of Indulgence, using his prerogative powers to suspend the penal laws against Catholics and Nonconformists. In the face of an Anglican Parliament's opposition, Charles was eventually forced to withdraw the Declaration in 1673.
• In 1677 Charles married his niece Mary to William of Orange, partly to restore the balance after his brother's second marriage to the Catholic Mary of Modena and to re-establish his own Protestant credentials.
• This assumed a greater importance as it became clear that Charles's marriage to Catherine of Braganza would produce no legitimate heirs (although Charles had a number of mistresses and illegitimate children), and his Roman Catholic brother James's position as heir apparent raised the prospect of a Catholic king (see Exclusion crisis below for more details)
The Treaty of Dover and The Secret Treaty of Dover
Public knowledge of The Secret Treaty of Dover would have destroyed Charles II. Why did Charles sign it? There is no right answer but it could be down to his personal preferences –
Catholicism
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Why was there so little opposition to Charles II?
Opposition
� Lambert’s Rising, April 1660. Lambert escaped from the Tower, and tried to raise support in the Army to resist the Restoration. Failed due to the lack of Army unity; failure to take advantage of the discontent that did still exist in the Army; fact that he would have to fight Monck’s army. Lambert recaptured.
� New Model Army. Ten years of military rule had isolated the Army so it had no political allies. Most officers believed in government by a Parliament. Monck’s intervention faced the Army with stark alternatives. Those who opposed monarchy were divided.
� Venner’s Rising, January 1661. three days of panic in London until the government crushed this uprising by a small number of Fifth Monarchists. The most visible attempt to overthrow Charles II – govt. sent a huge force to deal with Venner, who was hanged, drawn and quartered. Followed by mass arrests, persecution of nonconformists.
� Northern/Yorkshire Plot 1663. A rebellion of c. 50 individuals gathered at Farnley Wood, hoping to coordinate rebellions in Ireland and Scotland. CII exaggerated the threat ‘to rally support for his increasingly unpopular rule’ (Hutton).
Why was there so little effective opposition?
� Charles II was the first English monarch to have even a small standing army
in peacetime.’ (Miller) � After Venner’s Rising he justified having a standing army in peacetime. This
was about 8,000 men � 1662 – Militia Act - £70,000 per year was raised by Lord Lieutenants to
fund militia (which could be used in addition to his standing army) � Harsh treatment of regicides = a message to potential opposition � After Restoration there was little point in republicans calling for abolition of
the monarchy again
The Popish Plot
Made up ‘plot’ to kill Charles II and replace him with his Catholic brother James Duke of York. This increased suspicion of a Catholic conspiracy even though it was made up by Titus Oats
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Exclusion Crisis
Why?
• James’s religion • Fear of Catholicism – Popish Plot • James’s marriage linking him to Louis XIV • James’s wife = only 21, therefore stood a good chance of producing an
heir – leading to a Catholic dynasty (despite 4 miscarriages and 3 infant deaths)
• James was ‘a man for arbitrary power • Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl of Shaftsbury suggested that James’s
succession threatened political stability: • It was better to alter the succession and have a Protestant monarch than
stick with the bloodline and have a Catholic one
Charles II’s response
• Charles II offered not to exclude James but to ‘limit’ his powers • Charles discussed the possibility of a ‘regency’ where the Dutch King
William and Mary Stuart (Charles II’s daughter) from the Netherlands would
• The Whigs refused making them seem more radical and alienating them Why did the Exclusionists/ Whigs fail?
� The fear of 1641 all over again � Charles moving the Third Exclusion Parliament to the royalist stronghold of
Oxford away from Whig powerbase in London � Whigs seen as radical – esp due to use of force at Third Exclusion Parliament � Charles’s support in the House of Lords – esp from the Bishops meaning that
the Lords would not pass the Exclusion Bill � Charles’s use of the royal prerogative to dissolve Parliament knowing that he
would not have to call it for money now that he had money from France How did Charles II’s power grow in the final years of his reign 1680-1685?
• Increase in support for Charles II and the monarchy • Charles appoints Judges to control the courts – prosecution of Whigs • Increased repression of radicals • Charles did not call another Parliament despite the Triennial Act
– Many MPs were willing to ignore this illegal action by Charles because they wanted stability
• When James II succeeded as monarch, the crown was much stronger than it had been for any of the other Stuart monarchs.
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– It was not reliant on Parliament for money – It had a constant standing army of 10,000 men – Leadership of the Church through loyal bishops was secured
• BUT divisions and instability in the country remained and would surface
again in the future General Topic 2: Regicide, Republic and the Restoration of the Monarchy, c.
1648-1685 Glossary of key terms Commonwealth 1649-1653 – Name given to England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland following the execution of Charles I Council of State – 41 members including Cromwell, Sir Thomas Fairfax and John Bradshaw set up to fill the void left by the monarchy to implement domestic and foreign policy under the instruction of the House of Commons Hale Commission – Commission of the Rump Parliament set up to review laws in the Commonwealth – none of its recommendations were put into effect by the Council of State Rump Parliament – The remainder of the Long Parliament, left over after Pride’s Purge. Ruled England from 1649-1653 Millenarianism – The belief that the world was about to end and the 1000 year reign of Jesus was about to begin – belief held by groups including the Fifth Monarchists – the world needed to be prepared for Jesus Nominated Assembly/ Barebones Parliament/ Parliament of Saints – 1653 - The body of 140 ‘Godly’ men, appointed to run the country in place of the Rump Parliament. Although it claimed to be a Parliament, it was not really a Parliament, because it was not elected. Instrument of Government – The constitution which gave Cromwell power to rule as Lord Protector. It gave him the power of a King. Protectorate – 1653-1660 - Period when Oliver Cromwell (1653-1658) and Richard Cromwell (1658-1659) ruled England as Lord Protector exercising virtually the same powers as a king The Humble Petition and Advice 1657 – A new constitution drawn up to replace the Instrument of Government. This document called for a second chamber of Parliament (like the House of Lords used to be). It also offered Cromwell the crown, however he accepted the terms of the Humble Petition but refused to
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accept the title of King because of his view that God had wanted the end of the monarchy and he had helped to do God’s work. Tithe – local tax collected for the upkeep of the clergy/ church – very unpopular Killing Noe Murder – Pamphlet written by Leveller Edward Sexby in which he suggested that Cromwell was a tyrant. To kill a tyrant was seen as acceptable. Sexby had been involved in an assassination attempt on Cromwell. The Rule of the Major Generals 1655-1657 - A 15-month period of direct military government during Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate. Navigation Act which was passed in October 1651. It stated that all goods imported into Britain from Africa, Asia or the Americas were to be carried only in British ships. It also stated that all exports from Europe to Britain were to be admitted into Britain only in British ships or ships belonging to the exporting country. Thus reducing the trade work available to Dutch ships. Dutch Wars – Wars against the United Provinces/ Holland over trade rights. Began in 1652 shortly after the passing of the Navigation Act. These wars were important because both sides were Protestant. The Rump Parliament was committed to war because it felt betrayed by a fellow protestant power, but Cromwell ended the war in 1654 as Protector because he wanted to focus more energy on attacking Spain/ Spanish colonies. Restoration – The return of the monarchy with Charles II as King of England in 1660
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General Topic 2: Regicide, Republic and the Restoration of the Monarchy, c.
1648-1685: Timeline
1648
Jan 17 Parliament passes the Vote of No Addresses.
Feb 22 Colonel Poyer refuses to obey Parliament's order to disband his troops until their arrears are paid.
Mar 23 Colonel Poyer declares for the King in Pembroke.
Apr Pro-Royalist riots in London and Norwich
Apr 28-9 Sir Marmaduke Langdale and Sir Philip Musgrave seize Berwick and Carlisle for the King.
May 8 Battle of St Fagans: Royalist army in south Wales defeated.
May 12 Pro-Royalist rioters sieze the county magazine at Bury St Edmunds.
May 21 Rebellion against Parliament breaks out in Kent.
May 27 Naval revolt in the Downs - mutineers declare for the King.
Jun 1 General Fairfax defeats the Royalists at Maidstone in Kent.
Jun 4 Rebellion against Parliament breaks out in Essex.
Jun 13 Essex Royalists besieged in Colchester.
Jul 8 The Duke of Hamilton's Engager army crosses the border.
Pembroke Castle surrenders to Lieutenant-General Cromwell.
Jul 17 The Prince of Wales sails from Holland with the Royalist fleet.
Aug 17 Battle of Preston; Hamilton's Engagers defeated by Cromwell.
Aug 27 Colchester surrenders to Fairfax; Royalist commanders executed.
Aug 31 The Prince of Wales returns to Holland pursued by the Earl of Warwick.
Sep 18 Presbyterian MPs attempt a treaty with the King at Newport.
Nov 20 The Army Remonstrance presented to Parliament.
Dec 2 The Army occupies London.
Dec 6 Pride's Purge.
1649
Jan 6 The Rump Parliament assumes full legislative powers – becomes the ‘supreme power of the people’ and can pass laws without the consent of the King or the House of Lords
Jan 20 Trial of Charles I begins.
Jan 30 King Charles beheaded
1649
Jan 30 Execution of Charles I.
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Feb 14 Council of State appointed.
Feb 26 Leveller John Lilburn writes England’s New Chains Discovered (a damning attack on the Council of State and Rump Parliament)
March 6 Five soldiers punished for petitioning in the army
March Leveller leader Richard Overton writes The Hunting of Foxes
Mar 17 The Rump Parliament abolishes the Monarchy.
Mar 19 Abolition of the House of Lords.
Mar 28 Arrest of Leveller leaders for sedition.
May 2 Royalists murder Dr Dorislaus, Commonwealth envoy in The Hague.
May 14 Suppression of the Army Levellers at Burford.
May 19 England declared a "Commonwealth and free state", with the House of Commons as supreme authority in the land.
Aug 15 Cromwell arrives in Ireland.
Sep 4 Act for the support of impoverished prisoners passed.
Sep 20 Act outlawing the publication of unlicensed books, pamphlets and newsbooks passed.
Oct 9 Publication of the first issue of Parliament's official newsbook.
Oct 26 John Lilburne acquited of charges of sedition.
1650
Jan 2 Engagement Act passed: all adult males to declare loyalty to the Commonwealth.
Feb 22 Parliament appoints the Commission for the Propagation of the Gospel in Wales.
Mar 26 A new High Court of Justice set up with powers to condemn to death anyone acting against the interests of the Commonwealth.
Apr 19 Parliament passes an Act enforcing strict observance of the Lord's day.
May 1 Charles II signs the Treaty of Breda, securing an alliance with the Scottish Covenanters.
May 10 Parliament passes the Adultery Act: the death penalty imposed for adultery (never applied in practice).
May 27 Royalists murder Anthony Ascham, the Commonwealth ambassador in Madrid.
Jun 20 The Council of State resolves to mount a pre-emptive invasion of Scotland against Charles II and the Covenanters.
Jul 11 Militia Act passed: property holders to contribute proportionately to defence costs. Lords Lieutenant of counties replaced by Commissioners appointed by Parliament.
Jul 17 Treason Act passed: any claim that the House of Commons was not the supreme authority becomes an act of high treason.
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Aug 9 Parliament passes the Blasphemy Act, aimed at suppressing radical religious sects.
Sep 3 Battle of Dunbar: Cromwell defeats the Covenanters.
Jan 1 Charles II crowned at Scone; the Commonwealth recognises him only as "the King of Scots".
Mar 25 Opening of negotiations for an alliance between the Commonwealth and the United Provinces of Holland.
Jun 18 Failure of negotiations for an alliance with the United Provinces.
Aug 5 Charles II and the Scots invade England.
Sep 3 Battle of Worcester: final defeat of the Royalist cause on the British mainland.
Oct 9 Navigation Act passed, introducing measures aimed at hampering Dutch trade.
Oct 15 Charles II escapes to France.
Oct 22 Blake captures Jersey for the Commonwealth.
Oct 29 Parliament's declaration for incorporation of Scotland into a single Commonwealth with England.
Nov 7 Death of Henry Ireton at Limerick.
1652
Jan 11
The Assembly of Barbados submits to the Commonwealth.
Jan 17 Parliament appoints commissioners to investigate reform of the legal system.
Jan 23 Parliament decrees that judges are to be paid by a fixed salary rather than by fees and perquisites.
Feb 24 Act of Pardon and Oblivion passed, aiming to win the support of former Royalists.
Mar 18 Act for the Union of England and Scotland presented at Westminster.
May 19 First Anglo-Dutch war begins; Blake's fleet clashes with Tromp in the Channel.
Jul 9 Charles Fleetwood appointed commander-in-chief in Ireland.
Aug 2 Petition of Army officers calls for religious and financial reforms, the dissolution of the present Parliament and elections for a new representative.
Aug 12 Parliament passes the Act for the Settlement of Ireland.
Aug 19 The Marquis of Argyll accepts the authority of the Commonwealth
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1653
Jan 28 The Council of Officers appeals to the Army for support in ensuring political and religious reform.
Feb 18 Battle of Portland: the English fleet regains command of the Channel.
Apr 20 Cromwell dissolves the Rump Parliament.
Jul 4 The Nominated Assembly (Barebones Parliament) assembles.
Jul 13 John Lilburne brought to trial for felony at the Old Bailey.
Jul 31 Battle of Scheveningen: last battle of the Anglo-Dutch war; death in action of Admiral Tromp.
Aug 20 John Lilburne imprisoned despite being found Not Guilty of the charges against him.
Dec 12 The Nominated Assembly surrenders its powers to Cromwell.
Dec 16 Cromwell installed as Lord Protector.
The Cromwellian Protectorate 1653-60 timeline
1654
Apr 8 General Monck appointed commander of Commonwealth forces in Scotland.
Mar 20 Commission of Triers established: a national body to vet all new clergy.
Apr 5 Treaty to end the First Anglo-Dutch War. The Dutch forced to pass the Act of Exclusion, aimed at preventing a Dutch alliance with the Stuarts.
Apr 12 Ordinance for the union of England and Scotland.
May Failure of John Gerard's plot to assassinate Cromwell.
Jun 27 Ordinances for elections in Scotland and Ireland (the first time they are represented at Westminster).
Aug 28 Commission of Ejectors appointed to expel inadequate ministers and schoolmasters.
Sep 3 First Protectorate Parliament assembles.
in Scotland and undertakes to live peaceably under the new government.
Nov 30 Battle of Dungeness: Admiral Tromp defeats Blake's fleet.
Dec 2 Navy commissioners led by Sir Henry Vane begin a thorough review of naval tactics and administration.
Dec 21 France formally recognises the Commonwealth of England.
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Oct Petition of the Three Colonels (Alured, Okey and Saunders), protesting that the Instrument of Government gives Cromwell greater powers than the King.
1655
Jan 22 Cromwell dissolves the First Protectorate Parliament.
Mar 11 Penruddock's Uprising in the West Country: co-ordinated Royalist insurrections around the country fail to ignite.
Mar 14 Penruddock's rebels defeated by Colonel Croke at South Molton in Devon.
Jul 9 Henry Cromwell arrives in Dublin to take up his appointment as Major-General of the army in Ireland.
Aug 22 First instructions to the Major-Generals issued.
Sep 21 One-tenth of all property belonging to former Royalists is confiscated under the Decimation Tax.
Oct 11 Commissions issued to the Major-Generals.
Oct 31 Rule of the Major-Generals proclaimed in England and Wales. The country is divided into 12 districts under military jurisdiction.
Menassah ben Israel submits a petition for the re-admission of the Jews into England.
1656
Apr 2 Charles II signs an alliance with Spain against the Protectorate.
May 12 A Healing Question Propounded by Sir Henry Vane criticises Cromwell.
Sep 4 Sir Henry Vane arrested and imprisoned in Carisbrooke Castle.
Sep 17 Second Protectorate Parliament assembles.
Oct 1 Parliament approves the war with Spain.
Dec 17 Parliament convicts the Quaker James Nayler of blasphemy and sentences him to savage mutilation and imprisonment.
1657
Jan 8 Failure of an attempt to set fire to the Palace of Whitehall by Miles Sindercombe and other disaffected Levellers.
Jan 28 Decimation Tax and rule of the Major-Generals abandoned.
Feb 23 The Humble Petition and Advice presented to Parliament despite opposition from the Army. Offer of the Crown to Cromwell.
Apr/May Edward Sexby and Captain Titus publish the pamphlet Killing no Murder, which incites Cromwell's assassination.
May 8 Cromwell formally refuses the Crown.
May 25 A revised version of The Humble Petition and Advice, avoiding mention
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of the royal title, passed by Parliament.
Jun 26 Cromwell's second installation as Lord Protector under a new constitution in a ceremony reminiscent of a royal coronation.
Nov 17 Henry Cromwell officially appointed Lord-Deputy of Ireland after the expiration of Fleetwood's term of office.
1658
Jan 20 Second session of the Second Protectorate Parliament begins.
Feb 4 Cromwell dissolves the Second Protectorate Parliament.
Sep 3 Death of Oliver Cromwell; his son Richard accepted as his successor by the Council of Officers and the Army.
Sep 4 Richard Cromwell proclaimed Oliver's successor in London and throughout England.
Sep 9-10 Richard proclaimed in Edinburgh and Dublin.
1659
Jan 27 Third Protectorate Parliament assembles.
Apr 17 Richard orders the dissolution of the Council of Officers.
Apr 22 Richard Cromwell forced by army officers Fleetwood and Disbrowe to dissolve the Third Protectorate Parliament.
Apr 26 Junior officers petition for the return of the Long Parliament; petitions for the re-establishment of the Commonwealth begin to pour in from London and the provinces.
May 7 Richard forced by the Council of Officers to reinstate the Rump Parliament.
May 19 Parliament elects a new Council of State.
May 24 Resignation of Richard Cromwell: end of the Protectorate.
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Charles II Timeline
1660 Charles II returns to England from Holland and is restored to the throne.
1662 Act of Uniformity compels Puritans to accept the doctrines of the Church of England or leave the church.
1662 Royal Society for the improvement of science founded
1664 England seizes the Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam, changing its name to New York.
1665 Outbreak of the Second Anglo-Dutch War.
1665 The Great Plague strikes London and over 60,000 die.
1666 The Great Fire of London rages for four days and three nights. Two thirds of central London is destroyed and 65,000 are left homeless.
1667 The Earl of Clarendon is replaced by a five-man Cabal.
1667 A Dutch fleet sails up the River Medway captures the English flagship The Royal Charles and sinks three other great ships
1670 Secret Treaty of Dover, by which Charles agrees to declare himself a Catholic and restore Catholicism in England in return for secret subsidies from Louis XIV of France.
1672 Outbreak of the Third Dutch War.
1673 Test Act keeps Roman Catholics out of political office.
1674 Peace made with the Dutch
1678 The Popish Plot is fabricated by Titus Oates. He alleges a Catholic plot to murder the King and restore Catholicism. The Government over-reacts, and many Catholic subjects are persecuted.
1679 Exclusion Bill attempts to exclude James, Charles’s Catholic brother, from the succession.
1679 Habeas Corpus act passed which forbids imprisonment without trial
1685 Charles is received into the Roman Catholic Church on his deathbed.
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Specimen Paper
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June 2009
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January 2010
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June 2010
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Mark Schemes
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Factors to consider when planning answers to 36 mark questions
Problems facing government
• Lack of money/ insolvency • Lack of co-operation between monarch and Parliament/ clashes between
King and Parliament • Foreign policy • War – foreign and civil • Radicalism and dissent
Factors causing problems
• Money • Religion • The army • The monarch- Divine Right of Kings • Use of royal favourites • Parliament – e.g. Extremists in Parliament, interfering with royal
prerogative • Relationship between Parliament and head of state • Foreign affairs • Unrest and opposition • Opposition to the royal prerogative
For each past exam question, consider which problems were the greatest and which causes were mainly responsible for those problems
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Paragraph Content
Introduction Key words to define: Content/ paragraphs to list: Paraphrase question:
1 – named issue in question
Point: ____________________was certainly partly responsible for… Evidence: Explain: This factor was_______________(how important) because… However, there were other factors, which in this case played a greater role in…(link to question)
2 – next factor - in order of significance
Point: A more significant factor in… (link to question) was … Evidence/ examples: Explain how this factor contributed: Link to next paragraph: There were, however other factors contributing to…for example…(what you are going to discuss in next paragraph)
3 – next factor in order of significance
Point: Evidence: Explain:
4 - next factor in order of significance
Point: Evidence: Explain:
Conclusion In conclusion, after considering a range of factors, I believe that… (some sentence starters below) While X was an important contributing factor to…A more important factor was… because X was the most important factor contributing to…because…
• Without X/Y, Z would not have happened because… • X/Y were long term causes, which…whilst Z was the trigger because…, therefore
____ is the most significant because…
Note: you can include as many factors as you can, but remember you must
be able to explain them. P.E.E
AS History Period Studies, Part B essay planning sheet: Question:
