U.S. Primary Energy Consumption by Source

and Sector, 2008 (Quadrillion Btu)

99.2 Quadrillion BTUSource: DOE/EIA

Primary Energy Use by Fuel – 1980 – 2030 (quadrillion Btu)

0.00

20.00

40.00

60.00

80.00

100.00

120.00

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Renewables

Biofuels

Liquids

Natural Gas

Nuclear

Coal

Source: AEO 2009

0

5

10

15

20

25

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

Industrial

Transportation

Residential and Commercial

Electric Power

Petroleum-based liquids consumption is projected to be flat as biofuels use grows

Biofuels

million barrels per day

History Projections

Source: Annual Energy Outlook 2009 (ER)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

Biomass

Wind

Solar

Waste

Geothermal

Nonhydropower renewable power meets 33% of total generation growth between

2007 and 2030

billion kilowatthoursbillion kilowatthours

History Projections

Source: Annual Energy Outlook 2009 (ER)

How Power PlantsHow Power Plants Produce ElectricityProduce Electricity

Source: NAS 2009

Renewable Energy Sources

Oceans

Geotech

Biomass

Hydro

Wind

Solar

Storage

Renewable Energy Characteristics

► Abundant and available everywhere

► Inherently does not deplete the earth’s natural resources

► Causes little, if any, environmental damage

The Role of Renewable Energy Consumption in the

Nation’s Energy Supply, 2007

Source: EIA May 2008

Hydro Power

Source: TVA

Drag

Wind Resources of the U.S.

Current technology: 5 MW turbines and 60 m blades (120 m diameter)

Passive Solar

Solar Earth at sea level – 1,000 W/m2

NC solar radiation – averages 4.5 hrs/day

NC – 4.5 kWh/m2

PV efficiency ~ 15% (Polycrystalline) Capacity Factor – 4.5/24 = 18.7%

Air Infiltration Sites

Plumbing penetrations through insulated floors and ceilings Chimney penetrations through insulated ceilings and exterior walls Fireplace dampers Attic access hatches Recessed lights and fans in insulated ceilings Wiring penetrations through insulated floors, ceilings, and walls Missing plaster Electrical outlets and switches, especially on exterior walls Window, door, and baseboard moldings Dropped ceilings above bathtubs and cabinets

Biomass and Biofuels Resource Potential

Dependency on Nuclear Power

79%

60%

42%39% 37%

34%

21% 20%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

1

France

Belgium

Sweden

Switzerland

Spain

Japan

UK

USA

~440 Reactors worldwide with 104 in the US, 58 in France and 31 in the Russian Federation

• Brunswick 1 & 2 (Southport)

• Sharon Harris 1 (New Hill)

• McGuire 1 & 2 (Cornelius)

NPPs in the Southeastern U.S.

Isotopes of Hydrogen

hydrogen deuterium tritium

Each fuel pellet has the same amount of energy as:

One ton of coal

oror

149 gallons 149 gallons of oilof oil

OILOIL

OIL

2 1/2 tons of wood2 1/2 tons of wood

Pressurized Water Reactor

Excess Energy per Nucleon

H U, Pu

Fe

Atomic Number

En

erg

y

fusion fission

1 90+

Principal Nuclear Reactions(in a Reactor)

n

n

+ 2-3 n

& 200 MeV

fp2

fp1fission reaction

capture reaction

U235

U238

U236

U239Np239

Pu239

β

β

SAFETY

Spent Nuclear Fuel

• An average sized nuclear power plant produces around 20 tons of spent fuel a year.

• Composition:~ 1% Plutonium-239,240 & MA

~ 3% Fission/Stable Products

~ 96% Uranium (~0.8% U235).

Economics

U.S. Electricity Production Costs

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

1995 2008

2008

cen

ts/k

Wh

Coal

Gas

Nuclear

Petroleum

O&M + Fuel

2008 Fuel Costs: Coal 2.57 Gas 8.09 Nuclear 1.87 Petroleum 17.26

W h

Source: NEI

Uranium (Once-Through) Fuel Cycle

Spent FuelGeologicalRepository

Storage Pools & Dry Cask

Storage

Uranium Fuel Cycle with Reprocessing

SPENT

FUEL

Uranium

Plutonium

MinorActinides

LLFP

SLFP & Stable

Recycle or Class C Waste

Transmute or MOX

Transmute or FBR Fuel

Repository

Transmute or Repository

Composition After 10 Years of Decay

■ Uranium 95.6%■ Plutonium 0.9% ■ Minor Actinides 0.1%■ Iodine & Technicium 0.1%■ Stable & SLFP 3.0%■ Cesium & Strontium 0.3%

1.1%

Relevant Half Lives

Isotopes T-1/2

U-235 7.1 x 108 y U-238 4.51 x 109 y Pu-239 24,390 y Am-241 432.2 y Np-237 2.14 x 106 y Cm-244 18.1 y Tc-99 2.12 x 105 y I-129 1.7 x 107 y CS-137 30 y Sr-90 28.1 y