U.S. v. Lam v. Burberry Ltd. (and Louis Vuitton North America), No. 11-4056 (4th Cir. Apr. 16, 2012)...

8/2/2019 U.S. v. Lam v. Burberry Ltd. (and Louis Vuitton North America), No. 11-4056 (4th Cir. Apr. 16, 2012) (affirming conviction for counterfeiting and rejecting defen

1/41

^R@LFYJBD

RKF TBD YTGTBY IARPT AC G^^BGLY

CAP TJB CARPTJ IFPIRFT

RKFTBD YTGTBY AC GOBPFIG,^lgfktfcc/G~~bllbb,

s+

IJAKE LGO,

Dbcbkdgkt/G~~bllgkt, Ka+ 77/4>23s+

@RP@BPPV LFOFTBD8 LARFY SRFTTAKKAPTJ GOBPFIG, FKIAPÂPGTBD8SYB IAPÂPGTFAK,

Oasgkty+

RKFTBD YTGTBY AC GOBPFIG,^lgfktfcc/G~~bllbb,

s+

YFR VRKE IJGK,

Dbcbkdgkt/G~~bllgkt, Ka+ 77/4>:7s+

@RP@BPPV LFOFTBD8 LARFY SRFTTAKKAPTJ GOBPFIG, FKIAPÂPGTBD8SYB IAPÂPGTFAK,

Oasgkty+


2/41

G~~bgly cpao tjb Rkftbd Ytgtby Dfytpfit Iarptcap tjb Bgytbpk Dfytpfit ac Sfpefkfg, gt Pfijoakd+

Mgoby P+ Y~bkibp, Ijfbc Dfytpfit Mrdeb+

*9=>5/ip/>>954/MPY/78 9=>5/ip/>>954/MPY/0&

Gperbd= Mgkrgpv 05, 0>70

Dbifdbd= G~pfl 73, 0>70

@bcapb YJBDD, DRKIGK, gkd CLAVD, Ifpirft Mrdeby+

Gccfpobd `v ~r`lfyjbd a~fkfak+ Mrdeb Drkigk upatb tjb a~fk/

fak, fk ujfij Mrdeb Yjbdd mafkbd+ Mrdeb Clavd upatb g yb~g/

pgtb a~fkfak iakirppfke fk ~gpt, dfyybktfke fk ~gpt, gkd

dfyybktfke cpao tjb mrdeobkt+

IARKYBL

GPERBD=Gkdpbg L+ Oayblbv, Majk Hbkkbtj ]ubplfke,]UBPLFKE, LBF@FE # OAYBLBV, ^+I+, Glbzgkdpfg, Sfp/

efkfg, cap G~~bllgkty+ Majk J+ ]gijgpfg, RKFTBD YTGTBY

DB^GPTOBKT AC MRYTFIB, Ugyjfketak, D+I+, cap G~~bl/

lbb+ AK @PFBC= Igpv Iftpak`bpe, ]UBPLFKE, LBF@FE #

OAYBLBV, ^+I+, Glbzgkdpfg, Sfpefkfg, cap G~~bllgkty+

Lgkkv G+ @pbrbp, Gyyfytgkt Gttapkbv Ebkbpgl, RKFTBD

YTGTBY DB^GPTOBKT AC MRYTFIB, Ugyjfketak, D+I+8

Kbfl J+ Ogi@pfdb, Rkftbd Ytgtby Gttapkbv, Glbzgkdpfg, Sfp/

efkfg, @pfgk P+ Jaad, Mbyyfig G`bp @pro`bpe, Gyyfytgkt

Rkftbd Ytgtby Gttapkbvy, ACCFIB AC TJB RKFTBD

YTGTBY GTTAPKBV, Pfijoakd, Sfpefkfg, cap G~~bllbb+

0 RKFTBD YTGTBY s+ LGO


3/41

A^FKFAK

DRKIGK, Ifpirft Mrdeb=

G mrpv iaksfitbd g~~bllgkty Ijake Lgo gkd Yfr VrkeIjgk *iallbitfsblv "G~~bllgkty"& ac iaky~fpgiv ta tpgccfi fkiarktbpcbft eaady, tpgccfihfke fk iarktbpcbft eaady, gkd yore/elfke eaady fkta tjb Rkftbd Ytgtby+ Tjb iarktbpcbftfke iaksfi/tfaky ubpb `gybd ak tjb mrpvy dbtbpofkgtfak tjgt g ogphdfy~lgvbd ak eaady G~~bllgkty fo~aptbd fkta tjb RkftbdYtgtby ugy g iarktbpcbft ac g tpgdbogph pbefytbpbd ta cgyjfakdbyfekbp @rp`bppv Ltd+ *"@rp`bppv"&, db~fitfke fty yfekgtrpb~lgfd ~gttbpk *tjb "@rp`bppv Ijbih ogph"&+ Ak g~~bgl, G~~bl/lgkty gdsgkib sgpfary ijgllbkeby ta tjbfp iaksfitfaky cap tpgc/cfihfke fk iarktbpcbft eaady rkdbp 7: R+Y+I+ 090>*g&+ Tjbvglya gyybpt tjgt ibptgfk iaoobkty ogdb `v ~paybirtapy gt tpfglkbibyyftgtb g pbtpfgl+ @bigryb ub cfkd tjbyb gperobkty lgihfkefk obpft, ub gccfpo+

F+

G+

Tjb iaksfitfaky fk tjfy igyb gpfyb art ac G~~bllgkty ~gptfif/~gtfak fk tjb ogkrcgitrpb, fo~apt, gkd yglb ac jgkd`gey gkdugllbty `bgpfke iarktbpcbft tpgdbogphy+ Yfkib 7666, G~~bl/lgkty jgsb aukbd ap atjbpufyb iaktpallbd gt lbgyt 7> iao~g/kfby fkiap~apgtbd fk tjb Rkftbd Ytgtby tjgt bkegebd fk tjbfo~aptgtfak ac `atj lbeftfogtb gkd iarktbpcbft jgkd`gey gkdugllbty+7 Lgo glya jgd grtjapftv asbp gt lbgyt tjpbb iao~gkfby

7Y~bifcfigllv, tjb ~gptfby ytf~rlgtbd tjgt Lgo ugy ~pbyfdbkt gkd Ijgkugy ogkgebp ac Ela`gl Fo~apt, Fki+ gkd Ogpia Lbgtjbp Eaady, Ltd+8 tjgtLgo ugy gk accfibp ac Tjb ^bpcbit Fo~pbyyfaky, Fki+8 tjgt Ijgk ugy ~pbyf/dbkt gkd Lgo ugy sfib ~pbyfdbkt ac Ogpia RYG, Fki+ gkd I#L Dbsbla~/obkt, LLI8 tjgt Lgo ugy ~pbyfdbkt gkd Ijgk ugy tpbgyrpbp ac LV RYG,Fki+8 tjgt Lgo ugy ~pbyfdbkt gkd Ijgk ugy ybipbtgpv ac I^ RYG, Fki+8 tjgtIjgk ugy ~pbyfdbkt ac @byt Jgkd`gey, Fki+8 gkd tjgt Lgo ugy ~pbyfdbktgkd Ijgk ugy ogkgebp ac Ealdbk Japyb RYG Iap~apgtfak+

9RKFTBD YTGTBY s+ LGO


4/41

laigtbd fk Ijfkg gkd Jake Hake tjgt bkegebd fk tjb ogkr/cgitrpb gkd bz~apt ac yrij eaady+0 G~~bllgkty tpgkycbppbd yfe/kfcfigkt goarkty ac oakbv goake tjbyb sgpfary bktbp~pfyby+Tjbv glya rybd tjb Rkftbd Ytgtby/`gybd iao~gkfby kgobyfktbpijgkebg`lv ujbk fo~aptfke eaady, ybbofkelv cap tjb~rp~ayb ac bsgdfke dbtbitfak `v R+Y+ Irytaoy gkd @apdbp^patbitfak *"I@^"&+

@btubbk 0>>0 gkd 0>>2, I@^ fyyrbd ybf}rpb katfiby ta gkro`bp ac tjb iap~apgtfaky iaktpallbd `v G~~bllgkty, bgijtfob fkcapofke tjb fkdfsfdrgl iao~gkv tjgt ibptgfk eaady ftjgd fo~aptbd fkta tjb Rkftbd Ytgtby ubpb `bfke ybf}bd`bigryb I@^ jgd dbtbpofkbd tjgt tjb eaady ubpb lg`blbd uftjujgt ubpb lfhblv iarktbpcbft tpgdbogphy+9 Tjb ogphy I@^fdbktfcfbd gy iarktbpcbft ubpb ia~fby ac lbeftfogtb ogphy pbe/fytbpbd ta sgpfary lrzrpv jgkd`ge gkd ugllbt ogkrcgitrpbpy,fkilrdfke @rp`bppv+ Tjbyb ybf}rpby aiirppbd gt ybsbpgl ~aptytjparejart tjb Rkftbd Ytgtby, fkilrdfke Jarytak, Tbzgy8Kbugph, Kbu Mbpybv8 Lay Gkeblby, Iglfcapkfg8 Kbu Vaph,Kbu Vaph8 gkd Kapcalh, Sfpefkfg+ G~~bllgkty dbifyfak tay~pbgd tjbfp fo~aptfke gitfsftfby goake orltf~lb ~apty glyag~~bgpbd ta `b g ~lav ta bsgdb I@^+

Tjb y~bifcfi eaady gt fyyrb jbpb ubpb ybf}bd fk 0>>2 gt tjb~apt ac Kapcalh, Sfpefkfg+ I@^ `bigob gugpb fk Greryt 0>>2tjgt yjf~obkty fo~aptbd ta Ela`gl Fo~apt, Fki+ *"Ela`gl

0Tjb ~gptfby crptjbp ytf~rlgtbd tjgt Lgo ugy gk accfibp ac Jake HakeIjrke KEBF Fksbytobkt, Ltd+ gkd Ijfkbyb ^pay~bpary Fktbpkgtfakgl Ltd+8tjgt Lgo ugy ijgfpogk gkd ~pbyfdbkt ac Ijfkbyb ^pay~bpary Epar~8 gkdtjgt Lgo ugy tjb ebkbpgl ogkgebp ac Lakejgf ]jake Vf Lreegeb gkd@gey, Ltd+ gkd Ijfkbyb ^pay~bpary Dbsbla~obkt, Ltd+

9I@^y fkftfgl iakilryfak tjgt tjb tpgdbogphy gt fyyrb jbpb ubpb iarktbp/cbft fy kat dbtbpofkgtfsb uftj pbegpd ta G~~bllgkty lfg`flftv rkdbp 7:R+Y+I+ 090>*g& ap gkv atjbp cbdbpgl ipfofkgl ytgtrtb fo~lfigtbd fk tjfyigyb+ Tjb dfytpfit iarpt giiapdfkelv fkytpritbd tjb mrpv tjgt, pbegpdlbyy acI@^y a~fkfak ak tjb ogttbp, tjb mrpv `apb tjb rltfogtb pby~akyf`flftv capdbtbpofkfke ujbtjbp g ogph rybd `v G~~bllgkty obt tjb dbcfkftfak ac"iarktbpcbft" fkilrdbd fk 090>*b&*7&+



5/41

Fo~apt"&akb ac tjb iao~gkfby iaktpallbd `v G~~bl/lgktyiaktgfkbd ujgt g~~bgpbd ta `b iarktbpcbft jgkd`gey+ Fttjbpbgctbp clgeebd gll yr`ybwrbkt yjf~obkty fo~aptbd taEla`gl Fo~apt, a~bkfke gkd bzgofkfke iaktgfkbpy fkilrdbd fkyrij yjf~obkty+ Tjfy bccapt lbd ta tjpbb ybf}rpby, aiirppfke akYb~tbo`bp 76, Aita`bp 9, gkd Aita`bp 7>, 0>>2+ Ak bgijaiigyfak, I@^ a~bkbd iaktgfkbpy dbytfkbd cap Ela`gl Fo~aptgkd carkd eaady `bgpfke ujgt g~~bgpbd ta `b ogphy pbefy/tbpbd ta @rp`bppv gkd atjbp lrzrpv dbyfekbpy4 "ybipbtbd"uftjfk lbeftfogtb jgkd`gey gkd evo `gey+ M+G+ 70>4+ Y~bifcf/igllv, I@^ carkd g lgvbp ac lbeftfogtb obpijgkdfyb ak tjb ta~

gkd `attao ac bgij iaktgfkbp, callaubd `v g igpd`agpddfsfdbp, iakibglfke tjb eaady `bgpfke gllbebdlv iarktbpcbftogphy uftjfk tjb fktbpfap ac tjb iaktgfkbp+ I@^ ybf}bd eaadydfy~lgvfke ogphy ft dbtbpofkbd ubpb lfhblv iarktbpcbft+ Tjbybeaady capo tjb `gyfy cap tjb ijgpeby `parejt gegfkyt G~~bl/lgkty+

@+

Ak Ogpij 03, 0>>6, g cbdbpgl epgkd mrpv yfttfke fk tjb Bgyt/bpk Dfytpfit ac Sfpefkfg fyyrbd g yr~bpybdfke fkdfitobkt ijgpe/

fke G~~bllgkty2

uftj iaky~fpgiv ta tpgccfi fk iarktbpcbft eaadyfk sfalgtfak ac 7: R+Y+I+ 957, tpgccfihfke fk iarktbpcbfteaady fk sfalgtfak ac 7: R+Y+I+ 090>*g&, gkd yoreelfkeeaady fkta tjb Rkftbd Ytgtby fk sfalgtfak ac 7: R+Y+I+ 242+

G~~bllgkty cfpyt tpfgl, lgytfke cpao Mgkrgpv 77/02, 0>7>,pbyrltbd fk g jrke mrpv+ G~~bllgkty iaktbktfaky ak g~~bglgpfyb cpao tjbfp iaksfitfaky fk tjb ybiakd tpfgl+

4I@^ glya ybf}bd eaady dfy~lgvfke ujgt ft iakyfdbpbd ta `b iarktbpcbfty

ac tpgdbogphy pbefytbpbd ta Eriif+ Tjb mrpv giwrfttbd G~~bllgkty ac iark/

tbpcbftfke Eriif tpgdbogphy, jaubsbp+ Ub tjbpbcapb dfyiryy aklv tjb

ybf}bd eaady `bgpfke tjb iarktbpcbft @rp`bppv Ijbih ogph+2Bpfi Vrbk, gk bo~lavbb ac G~~bllgkty, ugy glya ijgpebd fk tjb fkdfit/

obkt+ Tjb mrpv giwrfttbd Vrbk ak gll iarkty+



6/41

^pfap ta tjb ybiakd tpfgl, G~~bllgkty cflbd g oatfak fk lfofkbybbhfke ta jgsb tjb dfytpfit iarpt dbilgpb tjb ~jpgyb "yr`ytgk/tfgllv fkdfytfkerfyjg`lb," gy rybd fk 7: R+Y+I+ 090>,rkiakytftrtfakgllv sgerb+ Ybitfak 090>*g& ipfofkglf}by "fktbk/tfakgllv tpgccfiXhfke_ ap gttbo~tXfke_ ta tpgccfi fk eaady ap ybp/sfiby gkd hkaufkelv ryXfke_ g iarktbpcbft ogph ak ap fkiakkbitfak uftj yrij eaady ap ybpsfiby, + + + tjb ryb ac ujfijfy lfhblv ta igryb iakcryfak, ta igryb ofytghb, ap ta dbibfsb+"Ybitfak 090>*b&*7& ryby tjb dfy~rtbd tbpo "yr`ytgktfgllv fkdfy/tfkerfyjg`lb" fk fty dbcfkftfak ac "iarktbpcbft ogph," ujfij ftdbcfkby gy g "y~rpfary ogph" tjgt, fktbp glfg, "fy fdbktfigl uftj,ap yr`ytgktfgllv fkdfytfkerfyjg`lb cpao, g ogph pbefytbpbd ak

tjb ~pfkif~gl pbefytbp fk tjb Rkftbd Ytgtby ^gtbkt gkd Tpgdb/ogph Accfib gkd fk ryb+" G~~bllgkty gperbd tjgt gk gsbpgeb~bpyak iarld kat rkdbpytgkd tjb obgkfke ac "yr`ytgktfgllvfkdfytfkerfyjg`lb" fk tjfy iaktbzt gkd tjgt tjb sgerbkbyy ac tjbtbpo bkiarpgebd gp`ftpgpv bkcapibobkt ac tjb gktfiarktbpcbft/fke ytgtrtb+ Tjbv pbwrbytbd tjgt tjb dfytpfit iarpt bftjbp dbilgpbtjb ytgtrtb rkiakytftrtfakgllv sgerb ap kgppaulv iakytprb tjblgkergeb+ Tjb dfytpfit iarpt dbkfbd tjb oatfak+

I+

G~~bllgkty pbtpfgl `begk ak Mrkb 0, 0>7>+ Gy pblbsgkt jbpb,

tjb easbpkobkt ~pbybktbd bsfdbkib tjgt @rp`bppv jgd pbefy/tbpbd tjb @rp`bppv Ijbih ogphg ogph db~fitfke @rp`bppvyyfekgtrpb ~lgfd ~gttbpk, ipbgtbd `v fktbpybitfke pbd, ujftb,`lgih, gkd epbv lfkby gegfkyt g tgk `giheparkduftj tjbRkftbd Ytgtby ^gtbkt gkd Tpgdbogph Accfib *"RY^TA"& fk7663+ Ft dboakytpgtbd tjgt @rp`bppv glya jgy g pbefytbpbdtpgdbogph cap gk bwrbytpfgk hkfejt yvo`al *tjb "@rp`bppvBwrbytpfgk ogph"&+ Tjb easbpkobkt fktpadribd fkta bsfdbkibbzgo~lby ac grtjbktfi @rp`bppv jgkd`gey dfy~lgvfke tjb @rp/`bppv Ijbih ogph gkd grtjbktfi jgkd`gey dfy~lgvfke tjbiao`fkgtfak ac tjb @rp`bppv Ijbih ogph gkd tjb @rp`bppvBwrbytpfgk ogph+

Fk gddftfak, easbpkobkt uftkbyyby tbytfcfbd tjgt, fk 0>>2,@rp`bppv fkytftrtbd g ifsfl yrft gegfkyt Ogpia Lbgtjbp Eaady,



7/41

Ltd+ *"Ogpia Lbgtjbp Eaady"&, gkatjbp iao~gkv iaktpallbd`v G~~bllgkty, `bigryb tjb iao~gkv jgd pbefytbpbd cap ia~v/pfejt ~patbitfak gk fogeb tjgt g~~bgpbd ta `b tjb @rp`bppvIjbih ogph uftj gk bwrbytpfgk hkfejt yfoflgp ta tjb @rp`bppvBwrbytpfgk ogph yr~bpfo~aybd asbp ft+ G~~bllgkty pbcbp ta tjfy~gttbpk gy tjb "Ogpia ogph," bsbk tjarej ft ugy kbsbp pbefy/tbpbd gy g tpgdbogph+ Tjfy yrft bkdbd fk g iakybkt mrdeobktpbwrfpfke Ogpia Lbgtjbp Eaady ta tpgkycbp tjb ia~vpfejt ta@rp`bppv gkd ta g`gkdak gk g~~lfigtfak ft jgd cflbd uftj tjbRY^TA ybbhfke ta pbefytbp tjb ygob fogeb+

Cfkgllv, tjb easbpkobkt ~padribd tbytfoakv dbyipf`fke tjbybf}rpby ac eaady fo~aptbd `v G~~bllgkty dbtgflbd gàsb+ GI@^ gebkt bz~lgfkbd tjb ogkkbp fk ujfij tjb ugllbty gkdjgkd`gey dfy~lgvfke gllbebdlv iarktbpcbft ogphy ubpb ~gih/gebd gkd tpgky~aptbd+ Tjb easbpkobkt glya fktpadribd g kro/`bp ac ygo~lby ac tjb eaady ybf}bd cpao Kapcalh tjgt àpb tjbgllbebdlv iarktbpcbft @rp`bppv Ijbih ogph+ Yfekfcfigktlv,tjbyb ugllbty gkd jgkd`gey dfy~lgvbd G~~bllgkty ya/igllbdOgpia ogphtjb gàsb/dbyipf`bd ~gttbpk, ujfij iakyfytbd acg ~lgfd ~gttbpk yfoflgp ta tjb @rp`bppv Ijbih ogph uftj gkbwrbytpfgk hkfejt yr~bpfo~aybd asbp ft+3 Gt tjb ilayb ac tjbeasbpkobkty bsfdbkib, G~~bllgkty cflbd g oatfak cap giwrft/

tgl ~rpyrgkt ta Cbdbpgl Prlb ac Ipfofkgl ^paibdrpb 06, ujfijtjb dfytpfit iarpt dbkfbd+

Fk tjbfp igyb fk ijfbc, G~~bllgkty fktpadribd bz~bpt tbytf/oakv dbyipf`fke tjb iao`fkgtfak ac tjb ~lgfd ~gttbpk gkd tjbhkfejt asbplgv dfy~lgvbd ak tjb eaady ybf}bd gt Kapcalh gy g"iao~ayftb ogph tjgt iakyfyty ac g kro`bp ac iao~akbkty+"M+G+ 79:7+ G~~bllgkty bz~bpt a~fkbd tjgt g ogph iao`fkfketjb @rp`bppv Ijbih ogph gkd tjb @rp`bppv Bwrbytpfgk ogphiarld wrglfcv cap tpgdbogph ~patbitfak fkdb~bkdbktlv cpaoàtj ac tjb fkdfsfdrgl ogphy+

3Tjb mrpv dfd kat cfkd tjb hkfejt dfy~lgvbd ak tjbyb eaady ta `b g iark/tbpcbft ac tjb @rp`bppv Bwrbytpfgk ogph+ Tpfgl tbytfoakv fkdfigtby tjgt ftdfccbpbd cpao tjb @rp`bppv Bwrbytpfgk ogph fk ybsbpgl pby~bity+



8/41

Gt ybsbpgl ~afkty drpfke tjb tpfgl, tjb easbpkobkt yreebytbdtjgt ujbtjbp gk gllbebdlv iarktbpcbft ogph ugy yr`ytgktfgllvfkdfytfkerfyjg`lb cpao g lbeftfogtb ogph yjarld `b gkglv}bdcpao tjb sfbu~afkt ac g jv~atjbtfigl "pbgyakg`lb iakyrobp acapdfkgpv fktbllfebkib+" M+G+ 793:+ Tjb easbpkobkt ogdb yrijytgtbobkty gt lbgyt tufib drpfke fty ipayy/bzgofkgtfak acG~~bllgkty uftkbyyby+ Drpfke ilayfke gperobkt, tjb easbpk/obkt glya gyybptbd ybsbpgl tfoby tjgt tjb mrpv yjarld laah ta"tjb ~bpy~bitfsb ac tjb gsbpgeb ~bpyak" fk iao~gpfke tjbeaady+ M+G+ 722:+ Tjb dfytpfit iarpt yrytgfkbd G~~bllgktya`mbitfaky ta tjbyb iaoobkty gy fkiappbit ytgtbobkty ac tjblgu+

Fk pby~akyb ta G~~bllgkty a`mbitfaky gkd dfpbitlv callau/fke tjb easbpkobkty ilayfke gperobkt, tjb dfytpfit iarptfkytpritbd tjb mrpv gy callauy=

A`sfarylv, var gpb ta `b erfdbd `v tjb fkytpritfakyak tjb lgu tjgt tjb iarpt ufll ~pasfdb ta var+ G latac tjb lguvbpy jgsb ogdb pbcbpbkiby ta ujgt tjb lgufy ap ujgt tjbv tjfkh ft ofejt `b+ @rt tjbyb fkytpri/tfaky, F ja~b, ufll ilbgp r~, fc tjbpb ugy yaob iakcr/yfak+ + + + Lfytbk ta ob ujbk ft iaoby ta ujgt tjb lgu

fy+

M+G+ 7226/3>+ Gt tjb `befkkfke ac capogl mrpv fkytpritfaky, tjbdfytpfit iarpt crptjbp fkcapobd tjb mrpv tjgt "ft fy varp yuapkdrtv ta callau tjb lgu gy F go kau fk tjb ~paibyy ac dbcfkfkecap var+ Var oryt callau gll ac ov fkytpritfaky gy g ujalb+"M+G+ 723>/37+

Uftj pbegpd ta ujbtjbp tjb ogph ak G~~bllgkty eaady ugyg iarktbpcbft ac tjb @rp`bppv Ijbih ogph, tjb dfytpfit iarptfkytpritbd tjb mrpv=

XV_ar jgsb ta dbtbpofkb ujbtjbp ap kat tjb ogphtjgt fy gllbebd ta `b iarktbpcbft fy fdbktfigl ta ap yr`/ytgktfgllv fkdfytfkerfyjg`lb cpao tjb ogph tjgt fy pbe/

: RKFTBD YTGTBY s+ LGO


9/41

fytbpbd ak tjb ygob eaady fk tjb ^pfkif~gl Pbefytbpac tjb XRY^TA_+ + + + XF_k apdbp ta igppv art varppby~akyf`flftv gy ft pblgtby ta tjgt ~gpt ac tjbybfkytpritfaky, var jgsb ta iao~gpb tjb ogphy, tjbogph ak tjb gllbebd ta `b iarktbpcbft gkd tjb ogphtjgt fy tjb ebkrfkb ogph+

Kau, var da tjgt, gkd var oghb g dbifyfak+ Tjfy fy`gybd ak varp yfdb/`v/yfdb iao~gpfyak, ryb ac varpauk bvby, gkd gkv atjbp bsfdbkib tjgt igob fkta tjbpbiapd tjgt ofejt jbl~ var fk tjgt tgyh+ @rt ft fy capvar ta dbifdb+ Fc var dbifdb tjgt tjb ogph fy katfdbktfigl ap yr`ytgktfgllv fkdfytfkerfyjg`lb, tjgt~pbttv orij bkdy tjb fkwrfpv+ Tjgt obgky ft fy katiarktbpcbft+

M+G+ 72:5+

Drpfke dblf`bpgtfaky, tjb mrpv yr`ofttbd g wrbytfak ta tjbdfytpfit iarpt, gyhfke fc "ujbk iao~gpfke tjb Ogpia ~lgfd aktjb ~rpyby ybf}bd fk Kapcalh ta tjb X@rp`bppv Ijbih ogph_,yjarld ub iakyfdbp tjb ~pbybkib ac tjb Ogpia hkfejt1" M+G+73>9+ Tjb dfytpfit iarpt pby~akdbd=

Var jgsb jbgpd bsfdbkib gkd gperobkt tjgt var igkgiib~t ibptgfk cgity+ Ak tjb akb jgkd, tjb dbcbkdgkty~pbybktbd bsfdbkib gkd gperbd tjgt var giib~t gy gcgit tjgt tjb ~lgfd ~lry tjb Ogpia hkfejt fy g iao~ay/ftb ogph tjgt yjarld `b iao~gpbd gy g iao~ayftbogph uftj tjb X@rp`bppv Ijbih ogph_+ Ak tjb atjbpjgkd, tjb easbpkobkt jgy ~rt ak bsfdbkib gkdgperbd tjgt tjb ~lgfd ~gttbpk glakb ak tjb gllbebdiarktbpcbft `ge fy sfalgtfsb, obgkfke yr`ytgktfgllvfkdfytfkerfyjg`lb, cpao tjb X@rp`bppv Ijbih ogph_+Db~bkdfke ak tjb ugv var cfkd cgity, var ogv iak/

yfdbp tjb Ogpia hkfejt fk iao~gpfke tjb ogphy+Tjgty kat tjb ~pasfkib ac tjb iarpt, fty tjb ~pasfkibac tjb mrpv+ Ac iarpyb, tjb dbcbkdgkty glya iaktbkd



10/41

tjgt tjb ~lgfd `v ftyblc fy kat yr`ytgktfgllv fkdfytfk/erfyjg`lb gkd tjbpbcapb kat iarktbpcbft+

M+G+ 73>9/>4+ G~~bllgkty dfd kat a`mbit ta tjfy pby~akyb+

Ak Mrkb 7>, 0>7>, tjb mrpv carkd G~~bllgkty erfltv ac iak/y~fpgiv ta tpgccfi fk iarktbpcbft eaady, tpgccfihfke fk iarktbp/cbft eaady, gkd yoreelfke eaady fkta tjb Rkftbd Ytgtby+ Tjbiarktbpcbftfke/pblgtbd iaksfitfaky ubpb `gybd, fk ~gpt, ak ftydbtbpofkgtfak tjgt tjb ~lgfd dfy~lgvbd ak tjb eaady ybf}bdcpao G~~bllgkty gt Kapcalh ugy g iarktbpcbft ac tjb @rp`bppvIjbih ogph+

D+

G~~bllgkty pbkbubd tjbfp oatfak cap giwrfttgl, ~rpyrgkt taPrlb 06*i&, gkd oasbd cap g kbu tpfgl, ~rpyrgkt ta CbdbpglPrlb ac Ipfofkgl ^paibdrpb 99, ak Greryt 77, 0>7>+ Tjbvgperbd tjgt tjb bsfdbkib ~pbybktbd gt tpfgl ugy fkyrccfifbkt gyg ogttbp ac lgu ta yrytgfk g erfltv sbpdfit rkdbp 090> gkdtjgt g kbu tpfgl ugy pbwrfpbd `bigryb tjb easbpkobkty gllbe/bdlv bppakbary ytgtbobkty ac lgu uftj pby~bit ta tjb ~bpy~bi/tfsb cpao ujfij tjb mrpv ugy ta dbtbpofkb ujbtjbp g ogph

ugy iarktbpcbft ~pbmrdfifgllv gccbitbd tjbfp pfejty yrij tjgttjbv ubpb db~pfsbd ac g cgfp tpfgl+

Tjb dfytpfit iarpt dbkfbd `atj oatfaky+ Fk g oboapgkdroa~fkfak bktbpbd Dbibo`bp 74, 0>7>, ft cfpyt jbld tjgt tjb bsf/dbkib ~pbybktbd gt tpfgl ugy yrccfifbkt ta gllau tjb mrpv ta cfkdtjgt tjb ogph rybd ak G~~bllgkty eaady ugy yr`ytgktfgllvfkdfytfkerfyjg`lb cpao tjb @rp`bppv Ijbih ogphg wrbytfak"bzilryfsblv uftjfk tjb ~rpsfbu ac tjb mrpv+" M+G+ 0:37+

Tjb dfytpfit iarpt kbzt iakyfdbpbd G~~bllgkty gperobkttjgt pbogphy ogdb `v tjb easbpkobkt kbibyyftgtbd g kbu tpfgl+

Ft jbld tjgt tjb easbpkobkty iaoobkty ubpb fo~pa~bp`bigryb, fk fty bytfogtfak, tjbv fkiappbitlv ytgtbd tjb ~bpy~bi/tfsb cpao ujfij tjb mrpapy ubpb ta iakyfdbp ujbtjbp g ogph

7> RKFTBD YTGTBY s+ LGO


11/41

ugy iarktbpcbft+ Ft kbzt iakyfdbpbd tjb yfz cgitapy arp ifpirfttghby fkta giiarkt ujbk dbtbpofkfke ujbtjbp g ~paybirtapyiaoobkty ubpb ya ~pbmrdfifgl tjgt tjbv db~pfsbd g dbcbkdgktac g cgfp tpfgl= *7& ujbtjbp tjb easbpkobkty pbogphy ofylbgdtjb mrpv, *0& ujbtjbp tjbv ubpb bztbkyfsb, *9& tjb ytpbketj actjb bsfdbkib yr~~aptfke iaksfitfak g`ybkt tjb iaoobkty, *4&ujbtjbp tjb easbpkobkt dblf`bpgtblv ogdb tjb iaoobkty taofylbgd tjb mrpv, *2& ujbtjbp tjb dbcbkdgkt fksftbd tjb iao/obkty, gkd *3& tjb ~pbybkib ac g irpgtfsb fkytpritfak+ YbbRkftbd Ytgtby s+ Lfejtv, 373 C+9d 907, 937 *4tj Ifp+ 0>7>&+Gctbp tjaparejlv pbsfbufke tjb tpfgl tpgkyipf~t, tjb dfytpfitiarpt carkd tjgt, gltjarej tjb easbpkobkty iaoobkty ubpbofylbgdfke gkd bztbkyfsb, gkd G~~bllgkty dfd kat fksftb tjbiaoobkty, tjb easbpkobkt dfd kat oghb tjb iaoobkty uftjtjb ~rp~ayb ac dblf`bpgtblv ofylbgdfke tjb mrpv+ Ft glya carkdtjgt tjb easbpkobkt ~pbybktbd bkarej bsfdbkib ta yr~~aptG~~bllgkty iaksfitfaky fk tjb g`ybkib ac tjb ofylbgdfkepbogphy+ Cfkgllv, tjb dfytpfit iarpt iakyfdbpbd fty irpgtfsbfkytpritfaky, cfkdfke tjgt tjbv pboasbd gkv ~pbmrdfib tjb eas/bpkobkty iaoobkty ipbgtbd+ Tjb dfytpfit iarpt `gybd ftydbkfgl ac G~~bllgkty Prlb 99 oatfak ak tjfy cfkgl dbtbpofkg/tfak+ G~~bllgkty tfoblv g~~bglbd+

FF+

Ak g~~bgl, G~~bllgkty gdsgkib carp ogfk gperobkty, gllytboofke cpao tjbfp iaksfitfaky cap "fktbktfakgllv tpgccfiXh/fke_ ap gttbo~tXfke_ ta tpgccfi fk eaady ap ybpsfiby gkd hkau/fkelv ryXfke_ g iarktbpcbft ogph ak ap fk iakkbitfak uftj yrijeaady ap ybpsfiby, + + + tjb ryb ac ujfij fy lfhblv ta igryb iak/cryfak, ta igryb ofytghb, ap ta dbibfsb+" 7: R+Y+I+ 090>*g&+Gy obktfakbd g`asb, 090> eaby ak ta dbcfkb "iarktbpcbftogph" gy, gy pblbsgkt jbpb, "g y~rpfary ogph + + + tjgt fy fdbktf/igl uftj, ap yr`ytgktfgllv fkdfytfkerfyjg`lb cpao, g Xpbefytbpbd_ogph + + + tjb ryb ac ujfij fy lfhblv ta igryb iakcryfak, ta

igryb ofytghb, ap ta dbibfsb+" 7: R+Y+I+ 090>*b&*7&*G&+ Taa`tgfk g iaksfitfak rkdbp 090>*g&, tjb easbpkobkt ugypbwrfpbd ta ~pasb tjgt G~~bllgkty "*7& tpgccfihbd ap gttbo~tbd



12/41

ta tpgccfi fk eaady ap ybpsfiby8 *0& dfd ya fktbktfakgllv8 *9&rybd g iarktbpcbft ogph ak ap fk iakkbitfak uftj yrij eaadygkd ybpsfiby8 gkd *4& hkbu tjb ogph ugy iarktbpcbft+" RkftbdYtgtby s+ Jg`beebp, 95> C+9d 447, 444 *4tj Ifp+ 0>>4& *wrat/fke Rkftbd Ytgtby s+ Eflby, 079 C+9d 7045, 7046 *7>tj Ifp+0>>>&&+

G~~bllgkty cfpyt ijgllbkeb tjb dfytpfit iarpty dbkfgl ac tjbfpoatfak cap mrdeobkt ac giwrfttgl, gperfke tjgt tjb bsfdbkib~pbybktbd gt tpfgl ugy fkyrccfifbkt ta yr~~apt tjbfp iaksfitfaky+Ybiakd, tjbv iaktbkd tjgt tjb dfytpfit iarpty pby~akyb ta tjbmrpvy wrbytfak pbegpdfke tjb yfekfcfigkib ac tjb hkfejt yr~bp/fo~aybd asbp tjb ~lgfd ~gttbpk dfy~lgvbd ak G~~bllgktyeaady ugy bppakbary+ Tjfpd, tjbv gperb ak g~~bgl, gy tjbv dfd`blau, tjgt 090> fy rkiakytftrtfakgllv sgerb+ Cfkgllv,G~~bllgkty iaktbkd tjgt tjb dfytpfit iarpt g`rybd fty dfyipbtfak`v dbkvfke tjbfp oatfak cap g kbu tpfgl fk lfejt ac sgpfaryiaoobkty ogdb `v tjb easbpkobkt drpfke tjb tpfgl+ Ubgddpbyy tjbyb iaktbktfaky fk trpk+

G+

G~~bllgkty oghb tua gperobkty pbegpdfke tjb yrccfifbkiv

ac tjb bsfdbkib+ Cfpyt, tjbv iaktbkd, gy tjbv dfd fk tjbfpoatfak ~rpyrgkt ta Prlb 06, tjgt tjb easbpkobkty bsfdbkibugy fkyrccfifbkt ta gllau tjb mrpv ta iakilrdb tjgt tjb ogphrybd ak tjbfp eaady ugy g iarktbpcbft ac tjb @rp`bppv Ijbihogph+ Ybiakd, G~~bllgkty gperb, cap tjb cfpyt tfob ak g~~bgl,tjgt tjb easbpkobkty bsfdbkib ugy fkyrccfifbkt ta gllau tjbmrpv ta cfkd tjgt tjbv jgd hkaulbdeb tjgt tjb ogph dfy~lgvbdak tjbfp eaady ugy g iarktbpcbft, gy 090>*g& pbwrfpby+

Rkdbp Prlb 06, g dfytpfit iarpt, "ak tjb dbcbkdgktyoatfakX,_ oryt bktbp g mrdeobkt ac giwrfttgl ac gkv accbkybcap ujfij tjb bsfdbkib fy fkyrccfifbkt ta yrytgfk g iaksfitfak+"

Cbd+ P+ Ipfo+ ^+ 06*g&+ Ub pbsfbu db kasa g dfytpfit iarptydbkfgl ac g Prlb 06 oatfak, "r~jaldXfke_ g mrpv sbpdfit fctjbpb fy yr`ytgktfgl bsfdbkib, sfbubd fk tjb lfejt oayt cgsap/



13/41

g`lb ta tjb Xe_asbpkobkt, ta yr~~apt ft+" Rkftbd Ytgtby s+ ^bp/hfky, 45> C+9d 72>, 73> *4tj Ifp+ 0>>3&+ "XY_r`ytgktfglbsfdbkib fy bsfdbkib tjgt g pbgyakg`lb cfkdbp ac cgit iarldgiib~t gy gdbwrgtb gkd yrccfifbkt ta yr~~apt g iakilryfak acg dbcbkdgkty erflt `bvakd g pbgyakg`lb dar`t+" Rkftbd Ytgtbys+ @rpeay, 64 C+9d :46, :30 *4tj Ifp+ 7663& *bk `gki&+

7+

G~~bllgkty ~pfkif~gl iaktbktfak gy ta ujv tjb bsfdbkibugy fkyrccfifbkt ta gllau g mrpv ta iakilrdb tjgt tjb ogph dfy/

~lgvbd ak tjbfp eaady ugy g iarktbpcbft fy tjgt ft iakyfyty acg ~lgfd `giheparkd gkd bwrbytpfgk hkfejt asbplgv, ujbpbgytjb @rp`bppv Ijbih ogph daby kat fkilrdb gk bwrbytpfgkhkfejt+ Tjbv gyybpt tjgt "Xk_a pgtfakgl mrpv uarld iakilrdbtjgt g ogph uftj g hkfejt fktbepgtbd akta ft ugy g iarktbpcbftac g ogph uftjart g hkfejt+"5 G~~bllgkty @p+ 09+ Ub dfygepbb,

5Ub katb tjgt G~~bllgkty y~bkd orij ac tjbfp `pfbc iaktbkdfke tjgt tjb

"gktfdfyybitfak prlb" pbwrfpbd tjb mrpv ta, gy g ogttbp ac lgu, iakyfdbp tjbfp

ogph gy g ujalb, pgtjbp tjgk laah gt tjb ~lgfd iao~akbkt ac tjb ~gttbpk

glakb+ Tjb gktfdfyybitfak prlb fkytprity tjgt "Xi_akclfitfke iao~ayftb ogphy

gpb ta `b iao~gpbd `v laahfke gt tjbo gy g ujalb, pgtjbp tjgk `pbghfke

tjb ogphy fkta tjbfp iao~akbkt ~gpty cap iao~gpfyak+" M+ Tjaogy OiIgp/

tjv, 4OiIgptjv ak Tpgdbogphy gkd Rkcgfp Iao~btftfak 09+47 *4tj bd+

0>77&+ G iao~ayftb ogph fy akb tjgt iaktgfky yaob ogttbp tjgt fy dbyipf~/

tfsb fk kgtrpbgkd, tjry, uarld kat glakb `b pbefytbpg`lb gy g tpgdb/

ogphrybd fk iakmrkitfak uftj kakdbyipf~tfsb ogttbp+ Ybb Bytgtb ac ^+D+

@bihuftj, Fki+ s+ Iaoop ac ^gtbkty, 020 R+Y+ 29:, 247 *760>& *dbcfkfke"iao~ayftb ogphy" gy tjayb ujfij "iaktgfk `atj pbefytbpg`lb gkd kakpbe/

fytbpg`lb ogttbp"&+ Ft fy rkilbgp ujbtjbp tjfy prlb g~~lfby ta tjb @rp`bppvIjbih ogph, gy ft fy kat g iao~ayftb+ Oapbasbp, G~~bllgkty da kat iftbtakap jgsb ub carkdgkv Yr~pbob Iarpt ap Carptj Ifpirft igyb tjgt

fksahby tjb prlb+

Bsbk fc tjb gktfdfyybitfak prlb daby g~~lv jbpb, jaubsbp, ft uarld aklv

jgsb `bgpfke ak ujbtjbp tjb bsfdbkib ugy yrccfifbkt ta yr~~apt g iaksfi/tfak fc ub ubpb ta giib~t G~~bllgkty gperobkt tjgt, sfbufke tjbfp ogph

gy g ujalb, ka pbgyakg`lb mrpv iarld cfkd ft ugy g iarktbpcbft ac tjb @rp/`bppv Ijbih ogph `bigryb ac tjb ~pbybkib ac tjb bwrbytpfgk hkfejt+ Gy ubbz~lgfk fk tjfy ybitfak, ub pbmbit tjfy iaktbktfak+ G~~bllgkty ogph fy yfof/



14/41

cfkdfke tjgt tjb ogphy gpb yfoflgp bkarej ta gllau g pbgyak/g`lb mrpv ta dpgu yrij g iakilryfakby~bifgllv fk lfejt ac tjbbsfdbkib dboakytpgtfke tjgt @rp`bppv actbk yblly eaady dfy/~lgvfke tjb @rp`bppv Ijbih ogph gkd tjb @rp`bppv Bwrbytpfgkogph taebtjbp+

G ogph daby kat jgsb ta `b gk bzgit pb~lfig ac g pbefytbpbdtpgdbogph ta `b dbbobd g iarktbpcbft+ Gy ytgtbd, 090>dbcfkby g iarktbpcbft ogph gy "fdbktfigl ta ap yr`ytgktfgllvfkdfytfkerfyjg`lb cpao" g pbefytbpbd tpgdbogph+ Tjb BlbsbktjIfpirft jgy a`ybpsbd tjgt "Xt_jb lbefylgtfsb jfytapv ac Ybitfak090> fkdfigtby tjgt + + + g ogph kbbd kat `b g`yalrtblv fdbktf/

igl ta g ebkrfkb ogph fk apdbp ta `b iakyfdbpbd iarktbpcbft+Yrij gk fktbp~pbtgtfak uarld gllau iarktbpcbftbpy ta byig~blfg`flftv `v oadfcvfke tjb pbefytbpbd tpgdbogphy ac tjbfp jak/byt iao~btftapy fk tpfsfgl ugvy+" Rkftbd Ytgtby s+ Erbppg, 069C+9d 7056, 70:: *77tj Ifp+ 0>>0& *wratfke Mafkt Ytgtbobkt akTpgdbogph Iarktbpcbftfke Lbefylgtfak, 79> Iake+ Pbi+ 97,352*76:4&&+ Tjfy iarpt jgy aklv akib jbld tjgt tua ogphy ubpbya dfsbpebkt tjgt, gy g ogttbp ac lgu, ka pgtfakgl mrpv iarldcfkd akb ugy g iarktbpcbft ac tjb atjbp+ Fk g ifsfl iarktbpcbft/fke igyb rkdbp tjb Lgkjgo Git,: ub carkd tjgt g dae tav

lgp bkarej ta tjb @rp`bppv Ijbih ogph yrij tjgt ujbtjbp ft ugy g iarktbp/

cbft ugy g cgitrgl fyyrb cap tjb mrpv ta dbifdb+ Tjb mrpv jgd tjb a~~aptrkftvta sfbu `atj tjb @rp`bppv Ijbih ogph gkd G~~bllgkty ogph fk tjbfpbktfpbtv, gkd ft dbtbpofkbd tjgt G~~bllgkty ogph ugy g iarktbpcbft, gy ftugy bktftlbd ta da gy tjb cfkdbp ac cgit+ Tjbpbcapb, ub cfkd G~~bllgktygperobkt pbegpdfke tjb gktfdfyybitfak prlb lgihfke fk obpft+

:Tjb Lgkjgo Git dbcfkby "iarktbpcbft" gy "g y~rpfary ogph ujfij fyfdbktfigl uftj, ap yr`ytgktfgllv fkdfytfkerfyjg`lb cpao, g pbefytbpbd ogph+"72 R+Y+I+ 7705+ @bigryb ac tjb yfoflgpftv `btubbk tjfy dbcfkftfak gkd tjb 090> dbcfkftfak ac "iarktbpcbft ogph," ub cfkd Lgkjgo Git ifsfl iark/tbpcbftfke igyby jbl~crl ta arp gkglvyfy ac ipfofkgl iarktbpcbftfke igyby`parejt rkdbp 090>*g&+ Ub pbiaekf}b tjgt tjb ytgkdgpd ogv "`b iak/ytprbd oapb kgppaulv fk g ipfofkgl iaktbzt tjgk fk g ifsfl iaktbzt+"Erbppg, 069 C+9d gt 70::+@rt ybb 79> Iake+ Pbi+ 97,352 *ytgtfke tjgt tjbipfofkgl gkd ifsfl ytgkdgpdy gpb "fdbktfigl fk yr`ytgkib"&+ Bsbk gyyrofketjgt tjb ipfofkgl ytgkdgpd fy yaobujgt jfejbp, jaubsbp, tjb bsfdbkib ~pb/ybktbd jbpb ugy yrccfifbkt ta gllau tjb mrpv ta cfkd tjb G~~bllgkty ogphugy g iarktbpcbft+



15/41

ogkrcgitrpbpy ryb ac tjb kgob "Ijbuv Srftak" gkd g oaka/epgo dbyfek cbgtrpfke tjb lbttbpy "IS" ugy, gy g ogttbp aclgu, kat yr`ytgktfgllv fkdfytfkerfyjg`lb cpao tjb tpgdbogphbd"Larfy Srfttak" gkd "LS" dbyfeky aukbd `v Larfy SrfttakOgllbtfbp+ Ybb Larfy Srfttak Ogllbtfbp Y+G+ s+ Jgrtb DfeeftvDae, LLI, 2>5 C+9d 020, 036 *4tj Ifp+ 0>>5&+ Ub `gybd arpdbifyfak r~ak ogphbd dfccbpbkiby `btubbk tjb lbeftfogtb gkdgllbebdlv iarktbpcbft eaady, fkilrdfke tjbfp dfytfkit kgoby, tjbdfccbpbkt lbttbpy rybd fk tjb pby~bitfsb oakaepgoy, tjbfp dfsbp/ebkt dbyfek gkd ialap ~gttbpky, gkd tjgt tjb gllbebdlv iarktbp/cbft ogph ugy dfy~lgvbd ak dae tavy, pgtjbp tjgk jgkd`gey+Ybb fd+ *"Fk ybllfke Ijbuv Srftak dae tavy, Jgrtb Dfeeftv

Dae fy kat ybllfke hkaih/acc LARFY SRFTTAK jgkd`geyuftj g iarktbpcbft LS ogph, gkd ka pbgyakg`lb tpfbp ac cgitiarld ya iakilrdb+"&+ Tjry, arp igyb lgu yreebyty tjgt g eaaddfy~lgvfke gk gllbebdlv iarktbpcbft tpgdbogph oryt ~ayybyy~pakarkibd dfccbpbkiby cpao g lbeftfogtb tpgdbogphbd eaadcap ry ta dbilgpb tjgt ka pgtfakgl mrpv iarld cfkd tjgt ft ugy giarktbpcbft+

Jbpb, sfbufke tjb bsfdbkib fk tjb lfejt oayt cgsapg`lb tatjb easbpkobkt, ub cfkd tjgt G~~bllgkty ogph ugy yfoflgpbkarej ta tjb lbeftfogtb @rp`bppv ogph tjgt ub igkkat ygv,gy g ogttbp ac lgu, tjgt ka pgtfakgl mrpv iarld iakilrdb G~~bl/lgkty ogph ugy g iarktbpcbft+ Ub `gyb tjfy jaldfke ak tjbyfoflgpftv ac tjb tua ogphy+ Tjb ~lgfd ~gttbpk dfy~lgvbd akG~~bllgkty eaady dfccbpy aklv ylfejtlv cpao tjb @rp`bppvIjbih ogphfk ialap gkd fk tjb yjg~b ac tjb `azby capobd`v tjb ytpf~by+ Oapbasbp, gltjarej tjb @rp`bppv Ijbih ogphdaby kat fkilrdb gk bwrbytpfgk hkfejt, ft fy rkdfy~rtbd tjgt@rp`bppv jgy a`tgfkbd tpgdbogph ~patbitfak cap gk bwrbytpfgkhkfejt ogph, gkd tjgt ft actbk yblly jgkd`gey gkd atjbp eaadydfy~lgvfke g iao`fkgtfak ac tjb tua ogphy+ Ft fy glya rkdfy/~rtbd tjgt G~~bllgkty rybd tjbfp ogph ak jgkd`geytjb ygobigtbeapv ac eaady ak ujfij @rp`bppv rybd fty ogphy+ Tjb dfy/tpfit iarpt ugy tjbpbcapb iappbit ta gccapd tjb mrpv tjb a~~aptr/kftv ta sfbu tjb easbpkobkty bsfdbkib6 gkd capo gk

6Gy katbd g`asb, tjb easbpkobkt fktpadribd krobpary bzgo~lby ac tjbeaady ybf}bd gt Kapcalh `bgpfke tjb gllbebdlv iarktbpcbft ogph+ Ft glya



16/41

fkdb~bkdbkt iakilryfak pbegpdfke ujbtjbp G~~bllgkty ~lgfddbyfek ugy yr`ytgktfgllv fkdfytfkerfyjg`lb cpao tjb @rp`bppvIjbih ogph gkd ujbtjbp tjb fkilryfak ac tjb bwrbytpfgkhkfejt cferpb ogdb gkv dfccbpbkib+ Ybb Rkftbd Ytgtby s+ Vf,43> C+9d 309, 306 k+4 *2tj Ifp+ 0>>3&*jaldfke tjgt ft ugy captjb mrpv ta dbtbpofkb ujbtjbp g `gttbpv tjgt rybd tjb yfekgtrpb"Drpgibll" ia~~bp ta~ gkd `lgih `adv ugy g iarktbpcbft, bsbktjarej tjb tbzt ak tjb iarktbpcbft `gttbpv pbgd "Dfkgibll"&+Gkd tjfy bsfdbkib ugy yrccfifbkt ta yr~~apt tjb mrpvy cfkdfketjgt G~~bllgkty "rybd g iarktbpcbft ogph ak ap fk iakkbitfakuftj Xfktbktfakgllv tpgccfihfke fk_ eaady gkd ybpsfiby+" Ybb

Jg`beebp, 95> C+9d gt 444+

0+

G~~bllgkty kbzt gperb tjgt tjb bsfdbkib ~pbybktbd gt tpfglugy fkyrccfifbkt ta gllau g pbgyakg`lb mrpv ta dbtbpofkb tjgttjbv jgd hkaulbdeb tjgt tjb ogph dfy~lgvbd ak tjbfp eaadyugy g iarktbpcbft, gy pbwrfpbd `v 090>*g&+ G~~bllgkty cgflbdta pgfyb tjfy gperobkt fk tjbfp Prlb 06*i& oatfak, jaubsbp,~pbilrdfke tjb dfytpfit iarpt cpao jgsfke tjb cfpyt a~~aptrkftvta a~fkb ak ft+ Ujbk g dbcbkdgkt pgfyby y~bifcfi eparkdy fk g

Prlb 06 oatfak, eparkdy tjgt gpb kat y~bifcfigllv pgfybd gpbugfsbd ak g~~bgl+ Ybb Rkftbd Ytgtby s+ Ytbugpt, 706 C+ G~~z52:, 533 *4tj Ifp+ 0>>2& *~bp irpfgo& *rk~r`lfyjbd&+Gltjarej ub jgsb kat ~pbsfarylv pbiaekf}bd tjfy prlb fk g~r`lfyjbd a~fkfak, ub mafk tjb ogmapftv ac arp yfytbp ifpirfty`v ytgtfke gkd gdjbpfke ta ft jbpb+ Ybb, b+e+, Rkftbd Ytgtby s+Eaadb, 4:9 C+9d 353, 3:7 *7>tj Ifp+ 0>>5&8 Rkftbd Ytgtby s+Oaapb, 939 C+9d 397, 39: *5tj Ifp+ 0>>4&, sgigtbd ak atjbpeparkdy, 249 R+Y+ 77>> *0>>2&8 Rkftbd Ytgtby s+ Jbppbpg, 979C+9d ::0, ::4/:2 *2tj Ifp+ 0>>0&8 Rkftbd Ytgtby s+ Wrfktgkg/

fktpadribd bzgo~lby ac jgkd`gey dfy~lgvfke tjb lbeftfogtb @rp`bppv

Ijbih ogph, gy ubll gyac ~gptfirlgp yfekfcfigkib jbpbjgkd`gey dfy/~lgvfke tjb @rp`bppv Ijbih ogph gkd tjb @rp`bppv Bwrbytpfgk ogph rybd

fk iao`fkgtfak+



17/41

Tappby, 092 C+9d 7765, 7766 *6tj Ifp+ 0>>>&8 Rkftbd Ytgtby s+@blgpda/Wrfkakby, 57 C+9d 647, 642 *7yt Ifp+ 7662&8 RkftbdYtgtby s+ Dgkdv, 66: C+0d 7944, 7923/25 *3tj Ifp+ 7669&8Rkftbd Ytgtby s+ Pfsbpg, 9:: C+0d 242, 24: *0d Ifp+ 763:&8 ybbglya Ijgplby Glgk Upfejt gkd ^btbp M+ Jbkkfke, 0G Cbdbpgl^pgitfib # ^paibdrpb 436 *4tj bd+ 0>77&+ Ub tjbpbcapbdbilfkb ta iakyfdbp G~~bllgkty gperobkt cap tjb cfpyt tfob akg~~bgl+7>

@+

G~~bllgkty kbzt iaktbkd tjgt tjb dfytpfit iarpt bppbd ujbk,fk pby~akyb ta tjb mrpvy wrbytfak, ft fkytpritbd tjb mrpv tadbifdb cap ftyblc ujbtjbp ta iakyfdbp tjb hkfejt fk dbtbpofkfkeujbtjbp G~~bllgkty ogph ugy g iarktbpcbft+ G~~bllgkty iak/ibdb tjgt tjbv dfd kat a`mbit ta tjfy ytgtbobkt gt tpfgl+ Ubtjbpbcapb pbsfbu tjb dfytpfit iarpty fkytpritfak cap ~lgfk bppap+Rkftbd Ytgtby s+ Uflyak, 4:4 C+9d 035, 056 *4tj Ifp+ 0>>5&+

"Rkdbp ~lgfk bppap pbsfbu, G~~bllgkty oryt yjau tjgt *7&tjb dfytpfit iarpt iaoofttbd bppap, *0& tjb bppap ugy ~lgfk, gkd*9& tjb bppap gccbitbd tjbfp yr`ytgktfgl pfejty+"Fd+ "Gk bppap fy~lgfk ujbk ft fy a`sfary ap ilbgp rkdbp irppbkt lgu+"

Rkftbd Ytgtby s+ @pgih, 327 C+9d 9::, 960 *4tj Ifp+ 0>77&*wratfke Rkftbd Ytgtby s+ Hkfejt, 3>3 C+9d 757, 755 *4tj Ifp+0>7>&&+ Bsbk fc G~~bllgkty oghb yrij g yjaufke, "Xt_jb dbif/yfak ta iappbit tjb bppap lfby uftjfk arp dfyipbtfak, gkd ubbzbpifyb tjgt dfyipbtfak aklv fc tjb bppap ybpfarylv gccbity tjb

7>Ta tjb bztbkt tjgt gk bzib~tfak ta tjfy prlb bzfyty fk yftrgtfaky fk ujfijg "ogkfcbyt ofyigppfgeb ac mrytfib" jgy aiirppbd, ybb Wrfktgkg/Tappby, 092C+9d gt 7766, tjfy fy kat yrij g igyb+ Tjb easbpkobkt ~pbybktbd go~lb bsf/dbkib gt tpfgl ta gllau g pbgyakg`lb mrpv ta iakilrdb tjgt G~~bllgkty ubpbgugpb tjgt tjb ogphy ak tjbfp jgkd`gey gkd ugllbty ubpb iarktbpcbft,fkilrdfke bsfdbkib ac= tjbfp ryb ac orltf~lb yjbll iao~gkfby gkd orltf~lb~apty ta fo~apt tjb iarktbpcbft eaady, tjb ogkkbp fk ujfij tjbv tpgky/~aptbd gkd iakibglbd tjb iarktbpcbft obpijgkdfyb, tjb ifsfl lguyrft @rp/`bppv fkytftrtbd gegfkyt tjbo, gkd tjb orltf~lb ybf}rpb katfiby tjbvpbibfsbd cpao I@^ `btubbk 0>>0 gkd 0>>2+



18/41

cgfpkbyy, fktbepftv ap ~r`lfi pb~rtgtfak ac mrdfifgl ~paibbd/fkey+" Hkfejt, 3>3 C+9d gt 755/5: *wratfke Rkftbd Ytgtby s+Ogyybk`rpe, 234 C+9d 995, 949 *4tj Ifp+ 0>>6&&+

Jbpb, G~~bllgkty jgsb kat obt tjb jfej ytgkdgpd pbwrfpbdta iaksfkib ry ta bzbpifyb arp dfyipbtfak+ Tjbfp aklv iaktbk/tfak gy ta ujv tjb dfytpfit iarpty fkytpritfak ugy bppap fy tjgt,gy g ogttbp ac lgu, tjb mrpv ugy pbwrfpbd ta iakyfdbp tjb ~pby/bkib ac tjb hkfejt fk gddftfak ta tjb ~lgfd ~gttbpk ujbk iao/~gpfke G~~bllgkty eaady ta tjayb `bgpfke tjb lbeftfogtb@rp`bppv ogph+ G~~bllgkty ~afkt ta ka igyb lgu, gkd ub jgsbcarkd kakb, tjgt yr~~apty tjfy ~pa~ayftfak+ Tjbv tjbpbcapb ~pa/sfdb ry uftj ka `gyfy ak ujfij ub iarld iakilrdb tjgt tjbdfytpfit iarpt bppbd+ Bsbk fc tjb dfytpfit iarpty fkytpritfak ugybppakbary, jaubsbp, ub igkkat ygv tjb bppap ugy ~lgfk rklbyyG~~bllgkty bytg`lfyj ft ugy "a`sfary ap ilbgp rkdbp irppbktlgu+" Ybb @pgih, 327 C+9d gt 960+ G~~bllgkty jgsb kat obttjgt ytgkdgpd jbpb+ Tjbpbcapb, ub dbilfkb ta gccapd tjbo pblfbcrkdbp ~lgfk bppap pbsfbu+

I+

G~~bllgkty kbzt iaktbkd tjgt 090> fy rkiakytftrtfakgllv

sgerb+ Y~bifcfigllv, tjbv gyybpt tjgt tjb ytgtrtby dbcfkftfak acg "iarktbpcbft ogph" gy "g y~rpfary ogph + + + tjgt fy fdbktfigluftj, ap yr`ytgktfgllv fkdfytfkerfyjg`lb cpao" g ogph pbefy/tbpbd ak tjb ~pfkif~gl pbefytbp fk tjb XRY^TA_" daby katilbgplv bz~lgfk jau yfoflgp g ogph oryt `b cap ft ta `b iakyfd/bpbd iarktbpcbft+ Tjry, G~~bllgkty iaktbkd, tjb ytgtrtb bkiarp/geby gp`ftpgpv bkcapibobkt+ "Ub pbsfbu ijgllbkeby ta tjbiakytftrtfakglftv ac g ytgtrtb + + + db kasa+" Rkftbd Ytgtby s+Jyr, 934 C+9d 760, 763 *4tj Ifp+ 0>>4&+

Cap g ipfofkgl ytgtrtb ta iao~lv uftj drb ~paibyy, ft oryt"~pasfdb gdbwrgtb katfib ta g ~bpyak ac apdfkgpv fktbllfebkib

tjgt jfy iaktbo~lgtbd iakdrit fy fllbegl+" Fd+ *wratfke @rih/lbv s+ Sglba, 404 R+Y+ 7, 55 *7653& *~bp irpfgo&&+ Tjfy bktgfly"dbcfkXfke_ tjb ipfofkgl accbkyb *7& uftj yrccfifbkt dbcfkftb/

7: RKFTBD YTGTBY s+ LGO


19/41

kbyy tjgt apdfkgpv ~ba~lb igk rkdbpytgkd ujgt iakdrit fy ~pa/jf`ftbd gkd *0& fk g ogkkbp tjgt daby kat bkiarpgeb gp`ftpgpvgkd dfyipfofkgtapv bkcapibobkt+" Yhfllfke s+ Rkftbd Ytgtby,79> Y+ It+ 0:63, 0605 *0>7>& *wratfke Halbkdbp s+ Lguyak,437 R+Y+ 920, 925 *76:9&&+ Tjb cgit tjgt Iakepbyy ofejt jgsbupfttbk g ytgtrtb oapb ilbgplv daby kat oghb tjgt ytgtrtbrkiakytftrtfakgllv sgerb+ Rkftbd Ytgtby s+ ^aubll, 409 R+Y+:5, 64 *7652&+ Oapbasbp, "ujbpb + + + g ipfofkgl ytgtrtb pber/lgtby biakaofi gitfsftv, ft ebkbpgllv fy yr`mbit ta g lbyy ytpfitsgerbkbyy tbyt+" Jyr, 934 C+9d gt 763 *wratfke Rkftbd Ytgtbys+ Yrk, 05: C+9d 9>0, 9>6 *4tj Ifp+ 0>>0&&+

Ub `blfbsb tjgt 090> fy yrccfifbktlv ilbgp ta gllau gkapdfkgpv ~bpyak ta rkdbpytgkd ujgt iakdrit ft ~rkfyjby+G~~bllgkty tghb ~gptfirlgp fyyrb uftj tjb ytgtrtby ryb ac tjb~jpgyb "yr`ytgktfgllv fkdfytfkerfyjg`lb" fk tjb dbcfkftfak ac giarktbpcbft ogph+ Ub cfkd, jaubsbp, tjgt iakyfdbpbd fk fty~pa~bp iaktbzt, tjb obgkfke ac tjfy tbpo fy ~lgfk+ Ybb Hbkkbdvs+ Yt+ Mayb~jy Ofkfytpfby, Fki+, 325 C+9d 7:6, 767 *4tj Ifp+0>77& *"XU_b oryt iakyfdbp tjb iaktbzt fk ujfij + + + ytgtrtapvuapdy gpb rybd `bigryb Xu_b da kat + + + iakytprb ytgtrtapv~jpgyby fk fyalgtfak8 ub pbgd ytgtrtby gy g ujalb+" *wratfkeGvby s+ R+Y+ Db~t ac Sbtbpgky Gccgfpy, 459 C+9d 7>4, 7>: *4tj

Ifp+ 0>>3&&&+ Cap g ~bpyaky ryb ac g ibptgfk ogph ta `b ~rk/fyjg`lb gy tpgccfihfke fk iarktbpcbft eaady, tjb ogph oryt `b"y~rpfary," gkd ft oryt `b "fdbktfigl uftj, ap yr`ytgktfgllvfkdfytfkerfyjg`lb cpao" g pbefytbpbd tpgdbogph+ 7: R+Y+I+ 090>*b&*7&*G&+ @lgihy Lgu Dfitfakgpv dbcfkby "y~rpfary"gy "Xd_bib~tfsblv yreebytfke gk bppakbary apfefk8 cghb+"@lgihy Lgu Dfitfakgpv 7299 *6tj bd+ 0>>6&+ Fk apdfkgpvrygeb, "yr`ytgktfgl" obgky "Xi_akyfdbpg`lb fk fo~aptgkib,sglrb, dbepbb, goarkt, ap bztbkt+" Gobpfigk Jbpftgeb Dfitfa/kgpv 7505 *4tj bd+ 0>>3&+ "Fkdfytfkerfyjg`lb" obgky"Xf_o~ayyf`lb ta dfccbpbktfgtb ap tbll g~gpt+" Fd+ gt :69+ Tjbpb/capb, tjb ytgtrtb, `v fty ~lgfk tbpoy, oghby ilbgp tjgt g ogph

~rkfyjg`lb gy g iarktbpcbft fy akb tjgt yreebyty gk bppakbaryapfefk gkd fy, ta g iakyfdbpg`lb dbepbb, fo~ayyf`lb ta dfytfk/erfyj cpao g lbeftfogtb ogph+ Tjb ~pazfoftv ac tjb ~jpgyb



20/41

"yr`ytgktfgllv fkdfytfkerfyjg`lb" ta tjb tbpo "fdbktfigl" crp/tjbp bo~jgyf}by tjb dbepbb ta ujfij g y~rpfary ogph oryt

pbybo`lb g lbeftfogtb ogph cap ft ta `b iakyfdbpbd g iarktbp/

cbft+ Efsbk tjb rkgo`ferary kgtrpb ac tjb ytgtrtby ~lgfk lgk/

ergeb, ub iakilrdb tjgt ft bgyflv gllauy gk apdfkgpv ~bpyak ta

rkdbpytgkd ujgt tjb ytgtrtb ~pajf`fty+

Yr~~aptfke arp iakilryfak fy tjb cgit tjgt tjb aklv atjbp ifp/

irfty ta jgsb iakyfdbpbd sgerbkbyy ijgllbkeby ta 090> jgsb

yfoflgplv pbmbitbd yrij gperobkty+ Ybb Rkftbd Ytgtby s+

OiBsav, :0> C+0d 775>, 7750/59 *77tj Ifp+ 76:5& *jaldfke

tjgt 090>, gy g ujalb, fy kat rkiakytftrtfakgllv sgerb&8 ybb

glya Rkftbd Ytgtby s+ @ajgf Tpgdfke Ia+, 42 C+9d 255, 2:>

*7yt Ifp+ 7662& *dbtbpofkfke tjgt tjb ~jpgyb "gt tjb tfob ac tjb

ogkrcgitrpb ap ~padritfak," gy rybd fk tjb grtjapf}bd/ryb

bzib~tfak ta 090>, fy kat rkiakytftrtfakgllv sgerb&8 Rkftbd

Ytgtby s+ Egktay, :75 C+0d 47, 44 *:tj Ifp+ 76:5& *"Ub jgsb

iakyfdbpbd Egktay gperobktX _ tjgt 090> fy rkiakytftr/

tfakgl + + + gkd cfkd Xft_ ta `b uftjart obpft+"&+ Ub cfkd tjb

Blbsbktj Ifpirfty a`ybpsgtfak uftj pbegpd ta tjfy ijgllbkeb

~gptfirlgplv g~t=

Tjb ~lgfk obgkfke ac X 090>_ igkkat `b ybpfarylv

dfy~rtbd+ Tjb ytgtrtb ~pajf`fty tpgccfihfke fk eaady

ujbpb akb hkaufkelv ryby g iarktbpcbft ogph fk iak/

kbitfak uftj tjayb eaady+ G iarktbpcbft fy dbcfkbd gy

g y~rpfary ogph ujfij fy rybd fk tpgccfihfke, fy fdbk/

tfigl uftj ap yr`ytgktfgllv fkdfytfkerfyjg`lb cpao g

pbefytbpbd tpgdbogph, gkd fy lfhblv ta igryb iakcr/

yfak, ofytghb ap dbib~tfak+ Tjb git jgy `bbk g~~lfbd

krobpary tfoby fk g iakyfytbkt ogkkbp gkd uftjart

gkv iarpt bsbp fktfogtfke tjgt tjb git ofejt `b

rkiakytftrtfakgllv sgerb+

OiBsav, :0> C+0d gt 7750/59 *iftgtfaky aofttbd&+ Tjry,



21/41

G~~bllgkty ijgllbkeb ta tjb iakytftrtfakglftv ac tjb ytgtrtbcgfly+77

D+

Cfkgllv, G~~bllgkty iaktbkd tjgt tjb dfytpfit iarpt bppbd `vdbkvfke tjbfp oatfak cap g kbu tpfgl ~rpyrgkt ta Prlb 99+ Tjbvilgfo, gy tjbv dfd `bcapb tjb dfytpfit iarpt, tjgt g pbtpfgl fykbibyyftgtbd `v tjb easbpkobkty gllbebdlv fo~pa~bp iao/obkty gt tpfgl+ Y~bifcfigllv, G~~bllgkty gperb tjgt ~paybirtapy,gt ybsbpgl ~afkty drpfke tjb tpfgl, ofyytgtbd tjb ~bpy~bitfsb tjbmrpv yjarld ryb ujbk dbtbpofkfke ujbtjbp tjb ogph dfy~lgvbdak tjbfp eaady ugy g iarktbpcbft, fo~lvfke tjgt tjb mrpv yjarldiakyfdbp g jv~atjbtfigl "gsbpgeb ~bpyak ak tjb ytpbbt" pgtjbptjgk ryfke fty auk mrdeobkt+ Tjbyb ofyytgtbobkty, G~~bllgktyiaktbkd, ubpb ya ~pbmrdfifgl tjgt tjbv db~pfsbd tjbo ac g cgfptpfgl+70

Prlb 99 gllauy g dfytpfit iarpt ta "Xr_~ak tjb dbcbkdgktyoatfak, + + + sgigtb gkv mrdeobkt gkd epgkt g kbu tpfgl fc tjbfktbpbyt ac mrytfib ya pbwrfpby+" Cbd+ P+ Ipfo+ ^+ 99*g&+ Jbpb,tjb dfytpfit iarpt gepbbd tjgt ~paybirtapy jgd ofyytgtbd tjb lgugkd carkd tjgt yrij iaoobkty ubpb ~pbmrdfifgl+ Ft kbsbptjb/

lbyy dbkfbd G~~bllgkty Prlb 99 oatfak, jaubsbp, cfkdfke tjgtgkv ~pbmrdfib ugy irpbd `v tjb dfytpfit iarpty iappbit ytgtb/obkt ac tjb lgu gkd fty fkytpritfaky ta tjb mrpv ta g~~lv tjblgu gy ytgtbd `v tjb iarpt, kat tjb gttapkbvy+ "Ub pbsfbu cap

77Gltjarej arp cfkdfke tjgt G~~bllgkty cgfl ta obbt tjb cfpyt ~pake ac tjbrkiakytftrtfakgl sgerbkbyy tbyt a`sfgtby arp pbgijfke tjb ybiakd ~pake,ub katb tjgt ft fy dfyfkebkrary, fk lfejt ac tjb pbiapd `bcapb ry, cap G~~bl/lgkty ta ilgfo tjbfp ~paybirtfak ugy "gp`ftpgpv" gkd tjb "pbyrlt ac Xg_pblbktlbyy igo~gfek ac fktfofdgtfak `v Larfy Srfttak, @rp`bppv, gkd atj/bpy+" G~~bllgkty @p+ 95, 96+

70G~~bllgkty glya gperb, cap tjb cfpyt tfob ak g~~bgl, tjgt tjb easbpk/obkty ytgtbobkt drpfke ilayfke gperobkt tjgt "g iao~ayftb ogph + + + jgykatjfke ta da uftj tjfy igyb" ugy lfhbufyb fo~pa~bp+ M+G+ 7499+ Tjbv iak/tbkd tjgt tjbv yjarld `b epgktbd g kbu tpfgl ak tjb `gyfy ac tjfy iaoobkt+Ub jgsb iakyfdbpbd tjfy gperobkt gkd cfkd tjgt ft lgihy obpft+



22/41

g`ryb ac dfyipbtfak g dfytpfit iarpty dbkfgl ac g oatfak cap gkbu tpfgl+" Rkftbd Ytgtby s+ ^bppv, 992 C+9d 973, 90> *4tj Ifp+0>>9&+ "G iarpt yjarld bzbpifyb fty dfyipbtfak ta epgkt g kbutpfgl y~gpfkelv, gkd + + + ft yjarld da ya aklv ujbk tjb bsf/dbkib ubfejy jbgsflv gegfkyt tjb sbpdfit+" Fd+ *wratfkeRkftbd Ytgtby s+ Uflyak, 77: C+9d 00:, 095 *4tj Ifp+ 7665&&+

G ~paybirtapy ytgtbobkty gt tpfgl iakytftrtb pbsbpyf`lb bppapaklv fc tjbv ubpb *7& fo~pa~bp gkd *0& "~pbmrdfifgllv gccbitbdtjb dbcbkdgkty yr`ytgktfgl pfejty ya gy ta db~pfsb tjb dbcbk/dgkt ac g cgfp tpfgl+" Rkftbd Ytgtby s+ Ijapogk, 67> C+0d 7>0,779 *4tj Ifp+ 766>&+ G kro`bp ac cgitapy gpb pblbsgkt ta tjb

wrbytfak ac ujbtjbp g dbcbkdgkty "yr`ytgktfgl pfejty ubpb~pbmrdfibd ta tjb ~afkt ac dbkvfke jfo g cgfp tpfgl+" Lfejtv,373 C+9d gt 937+ Tjbyb cgitapy gpb=

*7& tjb dbepbb ta ujfij tjb ~paybirtapy pbogphyjgXd_ g tbkdbkiv ta ofylbgd tjb mrpv gkd ta ~pbmrdfibtjb giirybd8 *0& ujbtjbp tjb pbogphy ubpb fyalgtbdap bztbkyfsb8 *9& g`ybkt tjb pbogphy, tjb ytpbketj aciao~btbkt ~paac fktpadribd ta bytg`lfyj tjb erflt actjb giirybd8 gkd *4& ujbtjbp tjb iaoobkty ubpbdblf`bpgtblv ~lgibd `bcapb tjb mrpv ta dfsbpt gttbktfakta bztpgkbary ogttbpy+ Ub glya iakyfdbp *2& ujbtjbp

tjb ~paybirtapy pbogphy ubpb fksftbd `v fo~pa~bpiakdrit ac dbcbkyb iarkybl, gkd *3& ujbtjbp irpgtfsbfkytpritfaky ubpb efsbk ta tjb mrpv+

Fd+ *iftgtfaky aofttbd&+ Tjbyb cgitapy yjarld `b "bzgofkbd fktjb iaktbzt ac tjb bktfpb tpfgl, gkd ka akb cgitap fy dfy~ayftfsb+"Fd+

Fk lfejt ac tjb dfytpfit iarpty iao~pbjbkyfsb gkglvyfy gkdtjb dbcbpbktfgl ytgkdgpd ac pbsfbu, ub cairy ak tjb ~pbybkibac irpgtfsb fkytpritfaky, ujfij capobd tjb `gyfy ac tjb dfytpfitiarpty dbifyfak+79 Gyyrofke uftjart dbifdfke tjgt tjb eas/

79Ub katb tjgt, gy dbyipf`bd g`asb, tjb dfytpfit iarpt iakyfdbpbd tjbg~~lfig`lb ytgkdgpd uftj iaoobkdg`lb igpb, oghfke dbtgflbd cfkdfkey



23/41

bpkobkty iaoobkty ubpb fo~pa~bp gkd ~pbmrdfifgl, ub cfkdtjgt tjb dfytpfit iarpt dfd kat g`ryb fty dfyipbtfak `v iakilrd/fke tjgt fty irpgtfsb fkytpritfaky ubpb yrccfifbkt ta bkyrpbG~~bllgkty ubpb gccapdbd g cgfp tpfgl+ Gy tjb dfytpfit iarptkatbd, "mrpfby gpb ~pbyrobd ta callau tjbfp fkytpritfaky+"Pfij/gpdyak s+ Ogpyj, 4:7 R+Y+ 0>>, 077 *76:5&8 ybb glya RkftbdYtgtby s+ Cpgkifyia, 92 C+9d 773, 776 *4tj Ifp+ 7664&+ Gt tpfgl,tjb dfytpfit iarpt fkytpritbd tjb mrpv tufibfkilrdfke foobdf/gtblv callaufke tjb easbpkobkty gllbebdlv fo~pa~bp ilayfkegperobkttjgt ft ugy pbwrfpbd ta g~~lv tjb lgu gy tjb dfytpfitiarpt dbyipf`bd ft, kat gy tjb lguvbpy ytgtbd ft+ Ft glya ~pasfdbd

tjb mrpv uftj lbketjv fkytpritfaky pbegpdfke tjb ~bpy~bitfsb ftugy ta ryb ujbk dbtbpofkfke ujbtjbp tjb ~lgfd rybd akG~~bllgkty eaady ugy g iarktbpcbft ac tjb @rp`bppv Ijbihogph+ Ft bo~jgyf}bd tjgt tjb dbtbpofkgtfak ugy ta `b `gybd akg "yfdb/`v/yfdb iao~gpfyak Xgkd_ ryb ac Xtjbfp_ auk bvby+"M+G+ 72:5+ Ft glya ytgtbd tjgt fc tjb mrpv "dbifdbXd_ tjb ogphXugy_ kat fdbktfigl ap yr`ytgktfgllv fkdfytfkerfyjg`lb," ft orytcfkd fk cgsap ac G~~bllgkty+ Fd+ Ub da kat `blfbsb ft ugy gkg`ryb ac dfyipbtfak cap tjb dfytpfit iarpt ta ~pbyrob tjb mrpvcallaubd tjbyb dbtgflbd fkytpritfakyg ~pbyro~tfak arp ~pb/ibdbkt pbwrfpby+

G~~bllgkty gdsgkib ka ipbdf`lb gperobkty ta pb`rt tjb ~pb/yro~tfak tjgt tjb mrpv callaubd fty fkytpritfaky jbpb+ Tjbv iftbta ka pblbsgkt igyb lgu fk yr~~apt ac tjbfp iakilryapv gyybp/tfak tjgt "tjb ~pbybkib ac g irpgtfsb fkytpritfak fk g igyb lfhb

pbegpdfke bgij ac tjb yfzLfejtv cgitapy+ Y~bifcfigllv, ft carkd tjgt tjb eas/

bpkobkty pbogphy ubpb ofylbgdfke gkd bztbkyfsb, gkd tjgt G~~bllgkty dfd

katjfke ta fksftb tjb iaoobkty+ Ft glya carkd, jaubsbp, tjgt tjb iaoobkty

ubpb kat dblf`bpgtblv ogdb ta dfsbpt tjb mrpvy gttbktfak gkd tjgt tjb eas/

bpkobkty bsfdbkib, g`ybkt tjb gllbebdlv fo~pa~bp pbogphy, ugy ytpake

bkarej ta yr~~apt G~~bllgkty iaksfitfaky+ Tjb dfytpfit iarpt cfkgllv iak/

yfdbpbd tjb bccbit ac fty irpgtfsb fkytpritfaky, iakilrdfke tjbv ubpb yrccf/

ifbkt ta rkda gkv ~pbmrdfib G~~bllgkty ogv jgsb yrccbpbd gy g pbyrlt ac tjbeasbpkobkty iaoobkty+ Arp cairy fy ak tjfy cfkgl cfkdfke `bigryb tjb

dfytpfit iarpt tpbgtbd ft gy dbtbpofkgtfsb+



24/41

tjfy akb, uftj ya ogkv fo~pa~bp pbogphy ogdb `v tjb easbpk/obkt, fy pgpblv yrccfifbkt ta irpb tjbfp ~pbmrdfifgl bccbit+"G~~bllgkty @p+ 20+ Tjbv glya ilgfo tjgt tjb cgit tjgt tjb mrpvgyhbd g wrbytfak drpfke dblf`bpgtfaky dboakytpgtby tjgt ft dfdkat rkdbpytgkd tjb fkytpritfaky, `rt tjbv lfhbufyb ~pasfdb kayr~~apt cap tjfy gyybptfak+ Gy yrij, ub iakilrdb tjgt ft ugyubll uftjfk tjb dfytpfit iarpty dfyipbtfak ta dbkv G~~bllgktypbwrbyt cap g kbu tpfgl, ~gptfirlgplv efsbk tjb jbfejtbkbdyjaufke ub pbwrfpb ac dbcbkdgkty `bcapb ub ufll epgkt tjbdpgytfi pblfbc ac gccapdfke tjbo g kbu tpfgl+

Uftj gll drb pby~bit ta arp dfyybktfke iallbgerb, ub `blfbsbtjb ytgkdgpd ac pbsfbugkd tjb cgit tjgt tjb dbifyfak ta epgktg kbu tpfgl fy ftyblc jfejlv dfyipbtfakgpvpbwrfpby tjfy iakilr/yfak+ Ub cfpyt katb tjgt tjb dfyybkt y~bkdy tjb ogmapftv ac fty73 ~geby cairybd ak gdsgkifke tua gyybptfaky tjgt ub jgsbgyyrobd, cap tjb yghb ac gperobkt, gpb tprb= tjgt tjb ~paybir/tfaky pbogphy ubpb fo~pa~bp gkd tjgt tjbv ~pbmrdfibd G~~bl/lgkty+ @bigryb ub gyyrob tjb sglfdftv ac `atj ac tjbybiakilryfaky, ub tghb ka fyyrb uftj tjfy ~aptfak ac tjb dfyybkt+

Fk fty cfkgl tjpbb ~geby, tjb dfyybkt bz~pbyyby tjb sfbu tjgttjb dfytpfit iarpty fkytpritfaky ta tjb mrpv ubpb fkyrccfifbkt ta

irpb tjb ~pbmrdfib igrybd `v tjb easbpkobkty iaoobkty+74 Ft

74Fk ya ytgtfke, tjb dfyybkt iftby ta Rkftbd Ytgtby s+ Uflyak, 792 C+9d 067

*4tj Ifp+ 766:&, cap tjb ~pa~ayftfak tjgt g "ebkbpgl irpgtfsb fkytpritfak ugy

fkyrccfifbkt ta igryb tjb mrpv ta dfypbegpd tjb ~paybirtapy fo~pa~bp ytgtb/

obkt+" Gktb gt 96/4>+ Fk Uflyak, tjb ~paybirtfak gyybptbd drpfke ilayfke

gperobkt tjgt tjb dbcbkdgkt jgd iaoofttbd g orpdbp tjgt ugy kat ~gpt ac

tjb fkdfitbd iakdrit+ 792 C+9d gt 065/66+ Tjfy gyybptfak ugy kat yr~~aptbd

`v tjb bsfdbkib ~pbybktbd gt tpfgl "ap gkv pbgyakg`lb fkcbpbkib tjgt iarld

`b dpguk cpao ft" gkd "igob gy g lgyt/ofkrtb yrp~pfyb" ta tjb dbcbkyb+ Fd+

Fk pby~akyb, tjb dfytpfit iarpt dfd kat accbp g y~bifcfi irpgtfsb fkytpritfak,

`rt aklv "pbofkdbd tjb mrpv tjgt tjb dbcbkdgkty ubpb kat ak tpfgl cap

ijgpeby kat gllbebd fk tjb fkdfitobkt"g yjapt tfob gctbp asbpprlfke

dbcbkyb iarkybly pb~bgtbd a`mbitfaky ta tjb orpdbp gperobkt+ Fd+ gt 9>0+Fk tjbyb ifpiroytgkiby, ub carkd tjb "ebkbpgl fkytpritfak + + + fkyrccfifbkt+"

Fd+



25/41

glya tghby fyyrb uftj tjb dfytpfit iarpty ytgtbobkt tjgt tjb mrpviarld iakyfdbp "atjbp bsfdbkib tjgt igob fkta tjb pbiapd" fkdbtbpofkfke ujbtjbp tjb tua ogphy ubpb yr`ytgktfgllv fkdfy/tfkerfyjg`lbfk gddftfak ta g "yfdb `v yfdb iao~gpfyak" gkdtjbfp "auk bvby+" M+G+ 72:5+ Ft crptjbp a~fkby tjgt tjb dfytpfitiarpt yjarld jgsb bz~lfiftlv fkytpritbd tjb mrpv pbegpdfke tjblfoftbd bccbit ac ibptgfk tbytfoakv+ Tjb wrbytfak `bcapb ry,jaubsbp, fy kat ujbtjbp ub uarld jgsb fkytpritbd tjb mrpvdfccbpbktlvgy tjb dfyybkt ka dar`t uarld jgsb`bigryb arppbsfbu fy kat db kasa+ Pgtjbp, ub iakyfdbp ujbtjbp tjb dfy/tpfit iarpt g`rybd fty dfyipbtfak+ Arp pbsfbu ac tjb pbiapd fkdf/

igtby tjgt tjb dfytpfit iarpt rkdbptaah g tjarejtcrl gkdiao~pbjbkyfsb pbsfbu ac tjb pbogphy ogdb `v tjb ~paybir/tfak, tjb bccbit ac tjayb iaoobkty, gkd fty pby~akyby ta tjaybiaoobktyujfij fkilrdbd tua fkytpritfaky ta callau tjb lgugy ytgtbd `v tjb iarpt, gkd kat tjb lguvbpy, gkd y~bifcfifkytpritfaky ta tjb mrpv ta dbtbpofkb ujbtjbp tjb ogphy ubpbyr`ytgktfgllv fkdfytfkerfyjg`lb `v ~bpcapofke g "yfdb `v yfdbiao~gpfyak," `v ryfke tjbfp "auk bvby," gkd ta oghb tjb dbif/yfak ak tjbfp auk+ M+G+ 72:5+ Rklfhb tjb dfytpfit iarpt, ub dakat jgsb tjb `bkbcft ac jgsfke uftkbyybd tjb easbpkobktypbogphy, tjb mrpvy pbgitfak ta tjayb pbogphy, ap tjb mrpvy

rkdbpytgkdfke ac tjb fkytpritfaky+ Ub tjbpbcapb dbilfkb tajald tjgt tjb dfytpfit iarpty iakilryfak tjgt fty irpgtfsbfkytpritfaky jgd tjbfp fktbkdbd bccbit gkd tjgt g kbu tpfgl ugykat pbwrfpbd fk tjb fktbpbyt ac mrytfib iakytftrtbd gk g`ryb acdfyipbtfak+

Fk iaktpgyt, tjb dfytpfit iarpt jbpb yrytgfkbd G~~bllgkty a`mbitfaky ta

tjb ~paybirtfaky fo~pa~bp ytgtbobkty ac tjb lgu, fkytpritbd tjb mrpv

foobdfgtblv gctbp tjb easbpkobkty ilayfke gperobkt ta callau tjb

iarpty, kat tjb lguvbpy, fkytpritfaky pbegpdfke ujgt tjb lgu pbwrfpbd, gkd

yr`ybwrbktlv ~pasfdbd dbtgflbd fkytpritfaky pbegpdfke jau tjb mrpv ugy ta

g~~lv tjb lgu+ Gy yrij, ub da kat `blfbsb tjb yftrgtfak fk tjfy igyb fy iao/

~gpg`lb ta tjgt ub iakcpaktbd fk Uflyak+ Tjb dfyybkt dpguy arp gttbktfak

ta ka atjbp igyby tjgt yr~~apt fty gyybptfak tjgt ub yjarld cfkd tjgt tjbirpgtfsb fkytpritfak jbpb cgflbd ta irpb tjb ~pbmrdfib ipbgtbd `v tjb ~payb/

irtapy iaoobkty+



26/41

FFF+

Cap tjb capbeafke pbgyaky, tjb mrdeobkt ac tjb dfytpfit iarptfy

GCCFPOBD+

CLAVD, Ifpirft Mrdeb, iakirppfke fk ~gpt, dfyybktfke fk ~gpt,gkd dfyybktfke cpao tjb mrdeobkt=

Ak ka cbubp tjgk bfejt aiigyfaky drpfke fty ilayfke gkdpb`rttgl gperobkty, tjb easbpkobkt ofyytgtbd tjb lbegl ytgk/dgpd easbpkfke tjb hbv fyyrb dfy~rtbd `v tjb ~gptfby gttpfglujbtjbp tjb ebkrfkb gkd gllbebdlv iarktbpcbft ogphyubpb "yr`ytgktfgllv fkdfytfkerfyjg`lb+" Yfz ac tjbyb ofyytgtb/obkty aiirppbd gctbp tjb dfytpfit iarpt yrytgfkbd tjb cfpyt accarp dbcbkyb a`mbitfaky ta tjb pbogphy+ Kbsbptjblbyy, tjb dfy/tpfit iarpt dbkfbd Lgo gkd Ijgky Prlb 99 oatfak cap g kbutpfgl, iakilrdfke tjgt, gltjarej tjb ytgtbobkty ubpb ~pbmrdf/ifgl, tjb iarpty irpgtfsb fkytpritfak kbegtbd tjb ~pbmrdfib+@bigryb F `blfbsb tjgt tjbyb ytgtbobkty db~pfsbd G~~bllgkty acg cgfp tpfgl, gkd `bigryb F tjfkh tjb dfytpfit iarpt g`rybd fty dfy/ipbtfak fk iakilrdfke tjbv dfd kat, F pby~bitcrllv dfyybkt fk

~gpt cpao tjb ogmapftv a~fkfak+

F+

Ta bytg`lfyj tjgt g dbcbkdgkt jgy tpgccfihbd fk iarktbpcbfteaady, fk sfalgtfak ac 7: R+Y+I+ 090>, tjb easbpkobkt oryt~pasb tjgt, fk iakkbitfak uftj jfy eaady, tjb dbcbkdgkt rybdg "y~rpfary ogph + + + tjgt fy fdbktfigl uftj, ap yr`ytgktfgllvfkdfytfkerfyjg`lb cpao" g pbefytbpbd tpgdbogph gkd tjgt tjbryb ac tjfy ogph ugy "lfhblv ta igryb iakcryfak, ta igryb ofy/tghb, ap ta dbibfsb+" Fd+ 090>*c&*7&*G&+ Gt tpfgl, Lgo gkdIjgk dfd kat iaktbyt tjgt tjbv bkegebd fk tjb iakdrit gllbebd

`v tjb easbpkobkttjgt fy, tjgt tjbv fo~aptbd jgkd`gey`bgpfke tjb "Ogpia ogph+" Pgtjbp, tjb ibktpgl fyyrb dfy~rtbd`v tjb ~gptfby ugy ujbtjbp G~~bllgkty Ogpia ogph ugy "yr`/



27/41

ytgktfgllv fkdfytfkerfyjg`lb" cpao tjb pbefytbpbd @rp`bppvIjbih ogph+

Vbt drpfke ilayfke gkd pb`rttgl gperobkty, easbpkobktiarkybl pb~bgtbdlv ofyytgtbd tjb ytgkdgpd easbpkfke tjfy hbvfyyrb+ Jb fkytpritbd tjb mrpapy ta gyyrob tjb ~bpy~bitfsb ac tjbgsbpgeb iakyrobp uja cgflbd ta iakdrit g yfdb/`v/yfdb bzgo/fkgtfak ac tjb ogphy, y~bifcfigllv dfpbitfke tjbo ta gda~t tjbsfbu ac tua easbpkobkt uftkbyyby fk ~lgib ac tjbfp auk iak/ilryfaky pbegpdfke tjb ogphy+ Dby~ftb krobpary dbcbkyba`mbitfaky yrytgfkbd `v tjb dfytpfit iarpt, tjb ~paybirtap iak/tfkrbd ta gyybpt tjfy bppakbary lbegl ytgkdgpd+

G+

Easbpkobkt iarkybl cfpyt gddpbyybd tjb fyyrb ac tjb ytgk/dgpd cap bsglrgtfke ujbtjbp tjb ogphy ubpb yr`ytgktfgllvfkdfytfkerfyjg`lb fk jfy ilayfke gperobkt+ Tjgt dbtbpofkgtfak,tjb ~paybirtap fkcapobd tjb mrpv, yjarld `b ogdb "cpao tjbytgkd~afkt ac tjb gsbpgeb ~rpijgybp+" M+G+ gt 7403+ Jb ubktak ta tbll tjb mrpapy tjgt tjbv ka lakebp aiir~fbd yrij g ~ayf/tfak, ytgtfke tjb callaufke=

Kau, lfhb var gll, gctbp y~bkdfke oapb tjgk g ubbhfk tjfy iarptpaao, ub gll ~pa`g`lv hkau g ujalb latoapb g`art tjbyb ogphy tjgk tjb gsbpgeb ~rpijgybpdaby+ Gll ac ry da+ F obgk, gctbp gll, jau lake da vartjfkh gk gsbpgeb ~rpijgybp y~bkdy laahfke gt g ogphak g jgkd`ge ap ugllbt ta dbtbpofkb ujbtjbp tjgtogph fy yr`ytgktfgllv fkdfytfkerfyjg`lb ta g pbefytbpbdogph tjgt tjbv hkau gkd pbobo`bp `bcapb dbifdfketa oghb tjb ~rpijgyb ap oasb ak ta yaobtjfke blyb1Jau lake da var tjfkh tjbv y~bkd1 9> ybiakdy1 Gofkrtb1 Ft fy kat eafke ta `b g lat ac tfob, ibptgfklvkat gy lake gy tjb dbcbkdgkty jgsb gyhbd bsbpvakb fk

tjb Iarpt ta ytgpb gkd laah gt tjbo+

Fd+ gt 7405+



28/41

Tjb ~paybirtap tjbk rpebd tjgt, fkytbgd ac pblvfke ak tjbfpauk bzgofkgtfaky ac tjb ogphy, mrpapy yjarld gda~t tjb ~bp/y~bitfsb ac tua easbpkobkt uftkbyyby, @bgtpfib @gptha gkdCpgkify Ealdbk G`bl, iakyrobpy uja jgd ~rpijgybd Lgo gkdIjgky jgkd`gey `blfbsfke tjbv ubpb grtjbktfi @rp`bppv~padrity+ Ujbk oasfke ta igll @gptha gkd G`bl gy uftkbyyby,tjb easbpkobkt gyybptbd tjgt tjbfp tbytfoakv uarld `b "pblb/sgkt ta Xtjb_ ogtbpfgl fyyrb" ac "lfhblfjaad ac iakcryfak," fd+gt :60, gkd tjb dfytpfit iarpt gdofttbd tjbfp tbytfoakv yalblvcap tjfy ~rp~ayb, fd+ gt 34>47+ Ybb glya Rkftbd Ytgtby s+ Lgo,Gitfak Ka+ 9=>5/IP/954, 0>7> UL 275::96, gt -2 *B+D+ Sg+

Dbi+ 74, 0>7>& *"Tjb Easbpkobkt igllbd @gptha gkd G`bl gyuftkbyyby cap tjb lfhblfjaad ac iakcryfak blbobkt ac tjb iark/tbpcbftfke ilgfo aklv+ + + + Tjb Easbpkobkt ugy kat gllaubd,jaubsbp, ta ryb tjbyb uftkbyyby gy bsfdbkib tjgt tjb ogphyubpb yr`ytgktfgllv fkdfytfkerfyjg`lb `bigryb tjbv ubpb katigllbd cap tjgt ~rp~ayb+"&+

Gy glpbgdv katbd, jaubsbp, fk jfy ilayfke gperobkt, gctbpigrtfakfke tjb mrpapy tjgt tjbv ka lakebp ~ayybyybd tjb ~bp/y~bitfsb ac gk gsbpgeb iakyrobp, tjb ~paybirtap tald tjbo ta"~rtX _ Xtjbo_yblsby fk tjb yjaby ac gsbpgeb ~rpijgybpy ak tjbytpbbt, ~rpijgybpy lfhb @bg @gptha, ~rpijgybpy lfhb Cpgk G`bl+"M+G+ gt 74050:+ @gptha gkd G`bl, jb pbiarktbd, iao~gpbd tjb"`ge tjbv Xubpb_ g`art ta `rv uftj ujgt tjbv pbobo`bpXbd_+ + + ac ujgt tjb ebkrfkb ogph laahXbd_ lfhb," uftjart iakdrit/fke g yfdb/`v/yfdb iao~gpfyak+ Fd+ gt 740:06+

Gt tjgt tfob, dbcbkyb iarkybl dfd kat a`mbit ta tjb easbpk/obkty iaoobkty+ @rt drpfke jfy ilayfke gperobkt, Ijgkyiarkybl ytgtbd tjgt tjb easbpkobkt ugy "iakcryXfke_ tuafyyrby"= ujbtjbp "tjb `gey iakcryb yaob`adv fc tjbv ygutjbo" gkd "ujbtjbp tjbv gpb yr`ytgktfgllv fkdfytfkerfyjg`lb apkat+" Fd+ gt 74:0+ @v ofkelfke tjbyb fyyrby, dbcbkyb iarkybl

katbd, tjb easbpkobkt ugy "ebtXtfke tjb mrpv_ gugv cpao + + +iao~gpfke tjb ogphy gkd oghfke Xfty_ auk dbtbpofkgtfak"pbegpdfke dfytfkerfyjg`flftv+ Fd+



29/41

Ak pb`rttgl, easbpkobkt iarkybl akib gegfk gyybptbd tjbmrpapy yjarld mrdeb ujbtjbp tjb ogphy "gpb yr`ytgktfgllvfkdfytfkerfyjg`lb cpao tjb ~bpy~bitfsb ac gk gsbpgeb ~bpyak,gk gsbpgeb iakyrobp+"Fd+ gt 7293+ G~~bllgkty a`mbitbd ta tjfyytgtbobkt, gkd tjb dfytpfit iarpt yrytgfkbd tjb a`mbitfak+ Kbs/bptjblbyy, tjb easbpkobkt foobdfgtblv iaktfkrbd, "@rt ujgttjb easbpkobkt yreebyty, ujgt tjb easbpkobkt yròfty, fytjfy= Tjgt tjb bsfdbkib jgy ~pasbk tjgt tjbyb `gey gpb yr`ytgk/tfgllv fkdfytfkerfyjg`lb cpao grtjbktfi ogphy aukbd `v @rp/`bppv gkd Eriif ta tjb gsbpgeb iakyrobp+"Fd+ gt 7295+ Gegfk,G~~bllgkty a`mbitbd+ Tjb dfytpfit iarpt yrytgfkbd tjb a`mbitfakak tjb eparkd tjgt tjb easbpkobkt ugy "iakclgtfke tuafyyrby," `rt tjb iarpt fkytpritbd tjb easbpkobkt, "Ea gjbgdgkd oghb varp gperobkt+ F ufll ilbgp ft r~+" Fd+

Yjaptlv tjbpbgctbp, tjb easbpkobkt gegfk gperbd tjgt tjbdbtbpofkgtfak ac ujbtjbp tjb ogphy ubpb yr`ytgktfgllv fkdfy/tfkerfyjg`lb yjarld `b ogdb "cpao tjb ~bpy~bitfsb ac tjbgsbpgeb, apdfkgpv iakyrobp+"Fd+ gt 724>8 ybb glya fd+ *"XT_jbtbyt fy gk gsbpgeb iakyrobp+"&8 fd+ gt 7247 *"Tjfy igyb fy gàrtgyybyyfke tjb bsfdbkib cpao tjb ~bpy~bitfsb ac gk gsbpgeb ~bp/yak, gk gsbpgeb iakyrobp+"&+ Gkd tjb ~paybirtap crptjbpgdoakfyjbd tjb mrpv tjgt tjbvrklfhb @gptha gkd G`blka

lakebp bkmavbd tjgt ~bpy~bitfsb+ Jb ytgtbd tjb callaufke=

Gkd lgdfby gkd ebktlbobk ac tjb mrpv, var jgsb gdfccfirlt tgyh+ Var jgsb g dfccfirlt tgyh, `bigryb vargpb yr~~aybd ta gyybyy tjbyb cgity gkd laah gt tjbyb@rp`bppv hkaih/accy + + + cpao tjb ytgkd~afkt ac gkgsbpgeb iakyrobp+ Var jgsb `bbk fk tjfy igyb lfytbk/fke ta ft cap g ubbh+ Var jgsb glpbgdv dbsbla~bd glbsbl ac bz~bptfyb gkd g ~bpib~tfak ac dbtgfl tjgt Fuarld gperb fy ugv gàsb tjb gsbpgeb iakyrobp+Tjb gsbpgeb iakyrobp fkilrdby ~ba~lb lfhb @bgtpfib@gptha, yaobakb uja ugy cgoflfgp uftj tjb @rp`bppv

`gey cpao yja~~fke, cpao ybbfke ft fk igtglaey, ujaugktbd ta gdd ta jbp iallbitfak+ Yjb ygu g ~jata/epg~j ac g Ogpia `ge ak tjb Fktbpkbt gkd ~rpijgybd



30/41

ft gkd aukbd ft cap g vbgp `bcapb dbtbpofkfke, `bcapblbgpkfke tjgt tjb `ge ugy iarktbpcbft+ Gkd yjb ygfdtjgt yjb tjarejt ft ugy g @rp`bppv `gybd ak tjb ~gt/tbpk, `gybd ak tjb ogph+ + + + Yjb tjarejt ft ugy yr`/ytgktfgllv fkdfytfkerfyjg`lb+ + + +

Gkatjbp gsbpgeb iakyrobp, gk apdfkgpv iakyrobp,yaobakb uja dfdkt jgsb tjb `bkbcft ac g ubbh/laketpfgl gy var jgsb, ugy Cpgkiby Ealdbk G`bl+ + + + Yjbàrejt tjfy `ge gkd cap yaob tfob yjb tjarejt ft ugyg pbgl @rp`bppv+ Yjb dfd ft `gybd ak jbp cgoflfgpftvuftj tjb ~gttbpk+ + + + Yjb tjarejt tjfy ugy g pbgl @rp/`bppv+ Tjgt fy varp bsfdbkib ac gk apdfkgpv iak/yrobp+ + + + Gkd F yròft, tjb easbpkobkt yròfty,tjgt tjfy fy bsfdbkib àtj ac yr`ytgktfgllv fkdfytfk/erfyjg`lb gkd tjb lfhblfjaad ac iakcryfak+

Kau, XIjgky dbcbkyb iarkybl_ fk jfy ilayfkegperobkty `gyfigllv ygfd var jgsb ta laah gt tjb dfc/cbpbkiby+ Yrpb, var da laah gt tjb dfccbpbkiby+ @rtvar ytgpt uftj tjb yfoflgpftfby+ Tjgty ujgt tjb apdf/kgpv iakyrobp daby+ Tjb apdfkgpv iakyrobp ybbytjfkey gkd ybby tjb yfoflgpftfby gkd fy dpguk ta ft

`gybd ak tjb yfoflgpftfby+ + + + Tjbpb gpb ya ogkv yfo/flgpftfby, tjbv gpb yr`ytgktfgllv fkdfytfkerfyjg`lb tatjb apdfkgpv ~rpijgybp+

Fd+ gt 724749+ Tjb dfytpfit iarpt asbpprlbd dbcbkyb iarkyblya`mbitfak ta tjfy ytgtbobkt uftjart bz~lgkgtfak+ Tjb dfytpfitiarpt ubkt ak ta yrytgfk akb gddftfakgl a`mbitfak ta tjb eas/bpkobkty fkytpritfak tjgt tjb mrpv yjarld "Xh_bb~ Xfty_ bvb aktjb ~bpy~bitfsb ac tjb gsbpgeb ~bpyak ujbk Xft fy_ laahfke gtyr`ytgktfgllv fkdfytfkerfyjg`lb+" Fd+ gt 722:26+

Fk tatgl, tjb easbpkobkt tald tjb mrpv ta gda~t tjb ~bpy~bi/

tfsb ac tjb gsbpgeb iakyrobp ak ka cbubp tjgk bfejt dfytfkitaiigyfaky drpfke ilayfke gperobkty+ @v ov iarkt, yfz actjbyb iaoobkty aiirppbd gctbp tjb cfpyt yrytgfkbd a`mbitfak+



31/41

Tjb dbcbkyb bktbpbd carp a`mbitfaky, tjpbb ac ujfij tjb dfy/tpfit iarpt yrytgfkbd+ Vbt tjb easbpkobkt igppfbd ak fk oghfketjb bppakbary ytgtbobkty gkd kbsbp yarejt ilgpfcfigtfak cpaotjb dfytpfit iarpt pbegpdfke tjb kgtrpb ac fty bppap+

@+

Gy tjb ogmapftv katby, tjb dfytpfit iarpt ~pasfdbd ybsbpglfkytpritfaky tjgt, ft iakilrdbd, irpbd tjb ~pbmrdfib igrybd `vtjb easbpkobkty ytgtbobkty+ Cfpyt, tjb dfytpfit iarptfkytpritbd tjb mrpapy ebkbpgllv tjgt tjbv yjarld lfytbk ta tjbiarpt, kat tjb lguvbpy, pbegpdfke "ujgt tjb lgu fy+" Fd+ gt72263>+ Tjb dfytpfit iarpt tjbk dfpbitbd tjb mrpv ta dbtbpofkbujbtjbp tjb ogphy ubpb yr`ytgktfgllv fkdfytfkerfyjg`lb gy cal/lauy=

XV_ar jgsb ta dbtbpofkb ujbtjbp ap kat tjb ogphtjgt fy gllbebd ta `b iarktbpcbft fy fdbktfigl ta ap yr`/ytgktfgllv fkdfytfkerfyjg`lb cpao tjb Xpbefytbpbd_ogph + + + + Kau, fk apdbp ta igppv art varp pby~akyf/`flftv gy ft pblgtby ta tjgt ~gpt ac tjbyb fkytpritfaky,var jgsb ta iao~gpb tjb ogphy, tjb ogph + + + gllbebdta `b iarktbpcbft gkd tjb ogph tjgt fy tjb ebkrfkb

ogph+

Kau, var da tjgt gkd var oghb g dbifyfak+ Tjfyfy `gybd ak varp yfdb/`v/yfdb iao~gpfyak, ryb acvarp auk bvby, gkd gkv atjbp bsfdbkib tjgt igobfkta tjb pbiapd tjgt ofejt jbl~ var fk tjgt tgyh+ @rtft fy cap var ta dbifdb+ + + + Fc var dbifdb tjgt ft fy yr`/ytgktfgllv fkdfytfkerfyjg`lb, tjbk var jgsb gkatjbptgyh ta dbgl uftj, gkd tjgt tgyh jgy ta da uftj kautjgt var jgsb dbifdbd tjgt ft fy iarktbpcbft rkdbp tjbdbcfkftfak tjgt F jgsb efsbk var, var jgsb ta dbifdbujbtjbp ap kat tjfy iarktbpcbft ogph fy g ogph tjb

ryb ac ujfij fy lfhblv ta igryb iakcryfak ap igrybofytghb ap ta dbibfsb+ Bsbpv`adv rkdbpytgkdfketjgt1 Ft fy tua yb~gpgtb tjfkey+ Kau, g lat ac tjgt eat



32/41

ilardbd r~ fk yaob ac tjbyb gperobkty gkd yaob actjb dfyiryyfak+ Ujgt oryt `b iarktbpcbft fy tjb ogphftyblc, kat tjb eaady+

Fd+ gt 72:5::+

Tjb mrpv carkd Lgo gkd Ijgk erfltv ak gll iarkty pblgtfketa tjb @rp`bppv ogph+

I+

Callaufke tjbfp iaksfitfaky, Lgo gkd Ijgk cflbd g oatfakrkdbp Cbdbpgl Prlb ac Ipfofkgl ^paibdrpb 99 ybbhfke g kbutpfgl ak tjb eparkd tjgt tjb easbpkobkty fo~pa~bp ytgtbobktyiakytftrtbd pbsbpyf`lb ~paybirtapfgl ofyiakdrit+ Tjb dfytpfitiarpt iakilrdbd tjgt tjb easbpkobkty pbogphy ubpb `atjfo~pa~bp gkd ~pbmrdfifgl+ Lgo, 0>7> UL 275::96, gt -46+Kbsbptjblbyy, ft dbkfbd G~~bllgkty oatfak `bigryb ft carkdtjgt fty fkytpritfaky ta tjb mrpv irpbd tjfy ~pbmrdfib+Fd+ gt -6+

FF+

Ak g~~bgl, ub pbsfbu tjb dfytpfit iarpty dbkfgl ac Lgo gkd

Ijgky oatfak cap g kbu tpfgl cap g`ryb ac dfyipbtfak+ YbbRkftbd Ytgtby s+ F`fybsfi, Ka+ 77/4727, ylf~ a~+ gt 7> *4tj Ifp+Ogp+ 74, 0>70&+ Gkd arp pbsfbu ac tjb dfytpfit iarpty cgitrglcfkdfkey pbegpdfke g ilgfo ac ~paybirtapfgl ofyiakdrit fy capilbgp bppap+ Rkftbd Ytgtby s+ Bllfy, 707 C+9d 6>:, 605 *4tj Ifp+7665&+

"G ~paybirtapy fo~pa~bp ilayfke gperobkt ogv yafkcbitX _ tjb tpfgl uftj rkcgfpkbyy gy ta oghb tjb pbyrltfke iak/sfitfak g dbkfgl ac drb ~paibyy+" Rkftbd Ytgtby s+ Lfejtv, 373C+9d 907, 926 *4tj Ifp+ 0>7>& *wratfke Rkftbd Ytgtby s+ Ufl/yak, 792 C+9d 067, 065 *4tj Ifp+ 766:&&+ Ta dbtbpofkb

ujbtjbp g ~paybirtapy pbogphy pbwrfpb pbsbpygl, ub iakyfdbp"*7& ujbtjbp tjb pbogphy ubpb, fk cgit, fo~pa~bp, gkd, *0& fcya, ujbtjbp tjb fo~pa~bp pbogphy ya ~pbmrdfibd tjb dbcbk/



33/41

dgkty yr`ytgktfgl pfejty tjgt tjb dbcbkdgkt ugy dbkfbd g cgfptpfgl+"7Fd+

7Fk ybttfke art tjb ytgkdgpd cap g Prlb 99 oatfak, tjb dfytpfit iarpt ytgtbd

tjgt g iarpt yjarld epgkt g kbu tpfgl "aklv + + + fc tjb bsfdbkib ubfejy ya

jbgsflv gegfkyt tjb sbpdfit tjgt ft uarld `b rkmryt ta bktbp mrdeobkt+"

Lgo, 0>7> UL 275::96, gt -0 *wratfke Rkftbd Ytgtby s+ Gppfketak, 525

C+0d 74:4, 74:3 *4tj Ifp+ 76:2&&+ Tjb ogmapftv, wratfke Rkftbd Ytgtby s+

^bppv, 992 C+9d 973, 90> *4tj Ifp+ 0>>9&, pb~bgty tjfy lgkergeb+ Gktb gt

07/00+ ^bppv, fk trpk, fy wratfke Rkftbd Ytgtby s+ Uflyak, 77: C+9d 00:,

095 *4tj Ifp+ 7665&, ujfij ftyblc wratbyGppfketak+ G pbsfbu acUflyak gkd

Gppfketak, jaubsbp, pbsbgly tjgt tjbv gpb gddpbyyfke oatfaky "`gybd ak

tjb ubfejt ac tjb bsfdbkib," ujbpb, ac iarpyb, tjb mrpv sbpdfit yjarld `b

r~jbld g`ybkt sbpv ytpake bsfdbkib ta tjb iaktpgpv+ Ybb Uflyak, 77: C+9dgt 095 *"Ub jgsb jbld tjgt g dfytpfit iarpt yjarld bzbpifyb fty dfyipbtfak

ta epgkt g kbu tpfgl y~gpfkelv gkd tjgt tjb dfytpfit iarpt yjarld epgkt g

kbu tpfgl `gybd ak tjb ubfejt ac tjb bsfdbkib aklv ujbk tjb bsfdbkib

ubfejy jbgsflv gegfkyt tjb sbpdfit+" *bo~jgyfy gddbd& *wratfkeGppfketak,

525 C+0d gt 74:3&&8 Gppfketak, 525 C+0d gt 74:2:3 *iakyfdbpfke g Prlb

99 oatfak `gybd ak tjb ubfejt ac tjb bsfdbkib&+ ^bppv fksalsbd g Prlb 99

oatfak `gybd ak tjb ubfejt ac tjb bsfdbkib gkd ak gk fkiakyfytbkt sbpdfit+

Ybb ^bppv, 992 C+9d gt 90009 # k+70+

Ub jgsb carkd tjgt g dfytpfit iarpt g`rybd fty dfyipbtfak fk dbkvfke g

oatfak cap g kbu tpfgl ak atjbp `gyby uftjart fo~ayfke g yb~gpgtb pbwrfpb/

obkt tjgt tjb dbcbkdgkt dboakytpgtb tjb bsfdbkib ubfejy jbgsflv gegfkyt

iaksfitfak+ Ybb F`fybsfi, ylf~+ a~+ gt 7607 *cfkdfke tjgt tjb dfytpfit iarpt

g`rybd fty dfyipbtfak dbkvfke tjb dbcbkdgkty oatfak cap g kbu tpfgl ak tjbeparkd ac fo~pa~bplv bzilrdbd bsfdbkib `bigryb fk g~~lvfke jgpolbyy/

bppap gkglvyfy, pbegpdlbyy ac ujbtjbp tjb easbpkobkty bsfdbkib ugy yrccf/

ifbkt ta iaksfit, tjb iarpt iarld kat ygv uftj cgfp gyyrpgkib tjgt tjb bppap

jgd kat yr`ytgktfgllv yugvbd tjb mrdeobkt&+ Gkd, ac iarpyb, "yaob iakytf/

trtfakgl bppapy + + + gpb ya crkdgobktgl gkd ~bpsgyfsb" tjgt g kbu tpfgl

yjarld `b epgktbd uftjart pbegpd cap gkv atjbp cgity ap ifpiroytgkiby+

Dblgugpb s+ Sgk Gpydgll, 452 R+Y+ 359, 3:7 *76:3&+

Fk tjb iaktbzt ac ~paybirtapfgl ofyiakdrit, ub jgsb jbld tjgt g dbcbk/

dgkt ogv a`tgfk g kbu tpfgl `v dboakytpgtfke tjgt tjb easbpkobkt ogdb

fo~pa~bp pbogphy tjgt ~pbmrdfifgllv gccbitbd jfy yr`ytgktfgl pfejty ya gy ta

db~pfsb jfo ac g cgfp tpfgl+ Ybb Rkftbd Ytgtby s+ Jfeey, 929 C+9d 0:7, 99>

*4tj Ifp+ 0>>9&+ Gltjarej ub jgsb fdbktfcfbd tjb ytpbketj ac tjb easbpk/

obkty ~paac g`ybkt tjb fo~pa~bp pbogphy gy akb ac ybsbpgl cgitapy pblb/sgkt ta tjb dbtbpofkgtfak ac ~pbmrdfib, ub jgsb `bbk igpbcrl ta katb tjgt

ka yfkelb cgitap fy dfy~ayftfsb ac tjb ~pbmrdfib fkwrfpv+ Ybb Lfejtv, 373



34/41

G+

Tjb easbpkobkt cfpyt rpeby tjgt, iaktpgpv ta tjb dfytpfitiarpty iakilryfak, fty ytgtbobkty ubpb kat fo~pa~bp gkd, gyg pbyrlt, tjfy iarpt kbbd kat pbsfbu tjb dfytpfit iarpty cfkdfkeuftj pby~bit ta ~pbmrdfib+ F dfygepbb+

Tjb dfytpfit iarpt carkd tjgt tjb ~paybirtapy pbogphy ubpbfo~pa~bp fk tua ugvy+ Cfpyt, "Xt_jb Xe_asbpkobkty iaoobktypbegpdfke tjb ytgkdgpd cap bsglrgtfke ujbtjbp tua ogphy gpbyr`ytgktfgllv fkdfytfkerfyjg`lb ubpb bppakbary" `bigryb, fk

fkytpritfke tjb mrpapy tjgt tjfy dbtbpofkgtfak yjarld `b ogdbcpao tjb ~bpy~bitfsb ac tjb gsbpgeb iakyrobp, tjb ~paybirtaptald tjb mrpv tjgt tjbv yjarld kat pblv ak tjbfp auk sfyrglbzgofkgtfak ta oghb tjfy cgitrgl cfkdfke+ Lgo, 0>7> UL275::96, gt -2+ Ybiakd, tjb easbpkobkt fo~pa~bplv iftbd@gpthay gkd G`bly tbytfoakv ta bytg`lfyj ujbtjbp gk gsbp/geb iakyrobp uarld cfkd tjb ogphy yr`ytgktfgllv fkdfytfk/erfyjg`lb+ Tjfy tbytfoakv, jaubsbp, iarld `b rybd ta ~pasb

C+9d gt 937+ Fkdbbd, ub jgsb kat jbyftgtbd ta epgkt g kbu tpfgl ak tjb `gyfy

ac ~paybirtapfgl ofyiakdrit ujbpb g dbcbkdgkt jgy bytg`lfyjbd ~pbmrdfib,

bsbk fc tjb easbpkobkty igyb fy ytpake+ Ybb, b+e+, Uflyak, 792 C+9d gt 9>0

*pbogkdfke cap g kbu tpfgl `gybd ak tjb ~paybirtapy fo~pa~bp, ~pbmrdfifglytgtbobkty dby~ftb "crllv pbiaekf}fke tjgt tjb dpre tpgccfihfke bsfdbkib + + +

ugy ytpake"&+

F da kat `blfbsb tjgt tjb ubfejt ac tjb bsfdbkib `biaoby g yb~gpgtb, dfy/

~ayftfsb cgitap fk g Prlb 99 oatfak `gybd ak ~paybirtapfgl ofyiakdrit+

Gltjarej tjb Iakytftrtfak daby kat ergpgktbb g ~bpcbit tpfgl, g dbcbkdgkt

fy bktftlbd ta g cgfp akb+ Ybb Lfejtv, 373 C+9d gt 993+ Ujbpb jb jgy `bbk

db~pfsbd ac g cgfp tpfgl `v sfptrb ac g ~paybirtapy fo~pa~bp pbogphy igry/

fke ~pbmrdfib, F tjfkh arp ~pbibdbkt bytg`lfyjby tjgt g kbu tpfgl fy ugp/

pgktbd fk tjb fktbpbyt ac mrytfib+ Ft g~~bgpy tjgt kbftjbp tjb ogmapftv kap tjb

dfytpfit iarpt jgy, fk cgit, tpbgtbd tjb ubfejt ac tjb bsfdbkib gy g yb~gpgtb

blbobkt kbibyygpv cap tjb epgktfke ac g kbu tpfgl+ Giiapdfkelv, F tjfkh tjfy

ytgtbobkt fy ~pa~bplv pbgd ta pbwrfpb aklv tjgt tjb cgity bytg`lfyj tjb ~payb/

irtapy fo~pa~bp ytgtbobkty igrybd ~pbmrdfib `gybd ak tjb pblbsgkt cgi/tapy, ujfij fkilrdb `rt gpb kat lfoftbd ta tjb ytpbketj ac tjb easbpkobkty

igyb+



35/41

aklv tjb lfhblfjaad/ac/iakcryfak blbobkt, gy tjgt ugy tjb yalb~rp~ayb cap ujfij tjbyb uftkbyyby ubpb igllbd+ "Tjry, bsbk fcgk gsbpgeb iakyrobp gkglvyfy ugy pblbsgkt ta tjb yr`ytgk/tfgllv fkdfytfkerfyjg`lb blbobkt, tjb Xe_asbpkobkt ~pbybktbdka bsfdbkib tjgt tjb gsbpgeb iakyrobp uarld jgsb tjarejttjb ogphy ubpb yr`ytgktfgllv fkdfytfkerfyjg`lb+" Fd+ F gepbbuftj tjb dfytpfit iarpt ak `atj ~afkty+

Ft ugy ilbgplv uftjfk tjb ~pasfkib ac tjb mrpv, gy cgit cfkdbp,ta dbifdb ujbtjbp tjb Ogpia gkd @rp`bppv ogphy ubpb yr`/ytgktfgllv fkdfytfkerfyjg`lb+ Tjb easbpkobkt kbsbptjblbyygperby tjgt fty ytgtbobkty ubpb iappbit fk lfejt acOaktpbyPalbz, Y+G+ s+ Ykvdbp, 57: C+0d 204 *0d Ifp+ 76:9&, gkd ^b~b*R+H+& Ltd+ s+ Aibgk Sfbu Cgitapv Artlbt Iap~+, 55> C+ Yr~~+524 *D+^+P+ 7667&+ Ybb Oaktpby Palbz, 57: C+0d gt 299 *jald/fke tjgt tjb dbtbpofkgtfak ac ujbtjbp tua ogphy ubpb yr`/ytgktfgllv fkdfytfkerfyjg`lb yjarld `b ogdb cpao tjbytgkd~afkt ac gk gsbpgeb ~rpijgybp, pgtjbp tjgk gk bz~bpt&8^b~b, 55> C+ Yr~~+ gt 52: *dfyiryyfke Oaktpby Palbz&+ Tjbeasbpkobkt cgflbd ta pbiaekf}b, jaubsbp, tjgt `atj ac tjbybigyby gpayb fk tjb iaktbzt ac ifsfl capcbftrpby ap ybf}rpby, uftj/art g mrpv ~pbybkt ta oghb tjb cgitrgl dbtbpofkgtfak+ Ybb Oak/tpby Palbz, 57: C+0d gt 2058 ^b~b, 55> C+ Yr~~+ gt 52223+

Gkd ft fy ilbgp tjgt tjb Oaktpby Palbz iarpt ugy kat jaldfketjgt g yfdb/`v/yfdb bzgofkgtfak ac tjb iaktbytbd ogphy ugyfkg~~pa~pfgtb, `rt pgtjbp ugy pbmbitfke g prlb tjgt tjb iarptoryt gda~t tjb sfbu ac gk bz~bpt uja, gfdbd `v y~bifglf}bdhkaulbdeb gkd bwrf~obkt, fy g`lb ta fdbktfcv dfccbpbkiby`btubbk ogphy tjgt gpb kat dfyibpkf`lb ta gk gsbpgeb ~rp/ijgybp+ Ybb Oaktpby Palbz, 57: C+0d gt 297 *pbmbitfke g tbytcap tjb yr`ytgktfgllv fkdfytfkerfyjg`lb blbobkt tjgt db~bkdyr~ak gk bz~bpty g`flftv ta dfyibpk dfccbpbkiby "gfdbd `v glar~b ap ofipayia~b" tjgt "uarld `b rkkatfibd ap bsbk rkdbt/bitg`lb `v tjb gsbpgeb ~rpijgybp"&+

@atj tjb Ybiakd Ifpirft, fkOaktpby Palbz, gkd tjb Dfytpfitac ^rbpta Pfia, fk ^b~b, iakdritbd sfyrgl iao~gpfyaky ac tjbeaady gt fyyrb, pgtjbp tjgk pblvfke ak tjb sfbuy ac fkdfsfdrgly



36/41

uja obpblv pbigllbd tjb ebkbpgl g~~bgpgkib ac tjb pbefytbpbdtpgdbogphy+ Ybb Oaktpby Palbz, 57: C+0d gt 299 *"Ub bzgo/fkbd tjb gitrgl `pgiblbty gt apgl gperobkt + + + +"&8 ^b~b, 55>C+ Yr~~+ gt 526 *"Ryfke tjb airlgp tbyt ac dfpbit iao~gpfyakac tjb dbcbkdgkty eaady uftj tjb ebkrfkbX,_ tjb @lgktapdbcbkdgkty ryb ac tjb ogph ^B^B fy ryb ac g iarktbpcbftogph+" *iftfke Cfog`/Cfkgk}fgpfg Ogelfcfifa @fbllbyb CpgtbllfCflg Y+~+G+ s+ Jblfa Fo~apt/Bz~apt, Fki+, 3>7 C+ Yr~~+ 7 *Y+D+Clg+ 76:9&&+ Ryb ac tjb "airlgp tbyt" fy ~gptfirlgplv g~t ujbpbg mrpv fy gsgflg`lb ta rkdbptghb tjb iao~gpfyak+ Tjry, tjb eas/bpkobkt bppbd fk fkytpritfke tjb mrpapy tjgt tjbv yjarld kat

iakdrit g sfyrgl iao~gpfyak gkd tjgt, gctbp jbgpfke bsfdbkibgt tpfgl, tjbv ubpb ka lakebp ~ayftfakbd ta oghb tjb pbwrfyftbcgitrgl dbtbpofkgtfak+

Fk gddftfak, tjb dfytpfit iarpt iappbitlv carkd tjgt tjb eas/bpkobkt bppbd fk dfpbitfke tjb mrpv ta gda~t tjb sfbuy ac@gptha gkd G`bl ak tjfy fyyrb+ Tjb dfytpfit iarpt gllaubd tjbybuftkbyyby tbytfoakv `bigryb ft ugy pblbsgkt ta tjb lfhblfjaad/ac/iakcryfak fyyrb+0 Vbt tjb easbpkobkt pb~bgtbdlv gkd bztbk/yfsblv fksahbd tjbfp tbytfoakv cap tjb ~rp~ayb ac bytg`lfyjfketjgt tjb ogphy ubpb yr`ytgktfgllv fkdfytfkerfyjg`lb+ Tjfy ugy,gy tjb dfytpfit iarpt carkd, fo~pa~bp+

F oryt kbzt iakyfdbp tjb dfytpfit iarpty dbtbpofkgtfakpbegpdfke ujbtjbp tjb fo~pa~bp pbogphy igrybd ~pbmrdfibdb~pfsfke Lgo gkd Ijgk ac g cgfp tpfgl+

@+

Ub jgsb fdbktfcfbd tjb callaufke cgitapy gy pblbsgkt ta tjb~pbmrdfib fkwrfpv=

0Lfhblfjaad ac iakcryfak fy ~pa~bplv gdmrdebd cpao tjb ~bpy~bitfsb actjb gsbpgeb ~rpijgybp `gybd ak tjb iakdftfaky bkiarktbpbd fk tjb ogphbt/

~lgib, ujbpb g ilayb, yfdb/`v/yfdb sfyrgl fky~bitfak ac tjb eaady fy fkcbgyf/`lb+ Ybb M+ Tjaogy OiIgptjv, OiIgptjv ak Tpgdbogphy gkd RkcgfpIao~btftfak 09=2: *4tj bd+ 0>77&+



37/41

"*7& tjb dbepbb ta ujfij tjb ~paybirtapy pbogphyjgsb g tbkdbkiv ta ofylbgd tjb mrpv gkd ta ~pbmrdfibtjb giirybd8 *0& ujbtjbp tjb pbogphy ubpb fyalgtbdap bztbkyfsb8 *9& g`ybkt tjb pbogphy, tjb ytpbketj aciao~btbkt ~paac fktpadribd ta bytg`lfyj tjb erflt actjb giirybd8 gkd *4& ujbtjbp tjb iaoobkty ubpbdblf`bpgtblv ~lgibd `bcapb tjb mrpv ta dfsbpt gttbktfakta bztpgkbary ogttbpy+" Ub glya iakyfdbp *2& ujbtjbptjb ~paybirtapy pbogphy ubpb fksftbd `v fo~pa~bpiakdrit ac dbcbkyb iarkybl, gkd *3& ujbtjbp irpgtfsbfkytpritfaky ubpb efsbk ta tjb mrpv+

Lfejtv, 373 C+9d gt 937 *iftgtfaky aofttbd& *wratfke RkftbdYtgtby s+ Gdgo, 5> C+9d 553, 5:> *4tj Ifp+ 7662&&+ Ka yfkelbcgitap fy dfy~ayftfsb+Fd+ Jbpb, tjb dfytpfit iarpt carkd tjgt cgi/tapy akb, tua, gkd cfsb cgsapbd epgktfke g kbu tpfgl8 cgitaptjpbb ugy ofzbd8 gkd cgitapy carp gkd yfz cgsapbd tjb easbpk/obkt+ Ybb Lgo, 0>7> UL 275::96, gt -377+

F gepbb uftj tjb dfytpfit iarpt tjgt cgitap akb, tjb tbkdbkivac tjb ~paybirtapy pbogphy ta ofylbgd tjb mrpv gkd ~pbmrdfibtjb dbcbkdgkt8 cgitap tua, tjb bztbkyfsbkbyy ac tjb pbogphy8gkd cgitap cfsb, ujbtjbp G~~bllgkty fksftbd tjb pbogphy, cgsap

Lgo gkd Ijgk+ Tjb pbogphy ubpb jfejlv ~pbmrdfifgl+ Ujbtjbptjb ogphy ubpb yr`ytgktfgllv fkdfytfkerfyjg`lb ugy tjb ibktpglfyyrb dfy~rtbd `v tjb ~gptfby gt tpfgl+ Tjb easbpkobkt kat aklvofyytgtbd tjb pblbsgkt lbegl ytgkdgpd `rt glya yreebytbd tjgttjb mrpapy yjarld gda~t tjb sfbu ac easbpkobkt uftkbyyby fk~lgib ac tjbfp auk+ Giiapdfkelv, tjb easbpkobkty ytgtbobktyubpb jfejlv lfhblv ta ofylbgd tjb mrpv+

Oapbasbp, tjb pbogphy ubpb bztbkyfsb, ~gptfirlgplv drpfketjb easbpkobkty pb`rttgl gperobkt, fk ujfij tjb ~paybirtapiftbd tjb gsbpgeb/iakyrobp ytgkdgpd ka cbubp tjgk ybsbktfoby+ Tjb ~paybirtap glya y~ahb gt lbketj ak tua aiigyfaky

g`art ujv jb `blfbsbd tjb mrpapy jgd `biaob taa ya~jfytf/igtbd ta mrdeb tjb bsfdbkib iappbitlv gkd yjarld, fkytbgd,gda~t tjb ~bpy~bitfsb ac @gptha gkd G`bl+ Tjb fo~pa~bp



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pbogphy ~bpsgdbd tjb easbpkobkty gperobkt, gkd tjb dfytpfitiarpt iappbitlv carkd tjbv ubpb bztbkyfsb+ F glya gepbb uftjtjb dfytpfit iarpt tjgt Lgoy gkd Ijgky iarkybl dfd katjfketa fksftb tjbyb pbogphy+

Gy ta tjb tjfpd cgitap, tjb ytpbketj ac tjb easbpkobkty~paac g`ybkt tjb pbogphy, tjb dfytpfit iarpt carkd "tjgt tjbXe_asbpkobkt dfd kat ~pbybkt g ubgltj ac atjbp bsfdbkib ta~pasb tjb yr`ytgktfgllv fkdfytfkerfyjg`lb blbobkt ac g iarktbp/cbftfke ijgpeb," `rt tjgt tjb easbpkobkt ~pbybktbd yaob bsf/dbkib yjaufke tjgt Lgo gkd Ijgk "hkbu tjbv ubpbirl~g`lb+"Fd+ gt -:+ Gltjarej tjb dfytpfit iarpt fdbktfcfbd aklv

g lfoftbd `adv ac bsfdbkib ac erflt, F giib~t tjgt tjfy cfkdfkeugy kat ilbgplv bppakbary+9

F da cfkd, jaubsbp, tjgt tjb dfytpfit iarpt ilbgplv bppbd fkiakilrdfke tjgt tjb ~paybirtapy ytgtbobkty ubpb kat dblf`bp/gtb+ Fk ov sfbu, cgitap carp oryt `b carkd ta cgsap G~~bl/lgkty+ Tjb dfytpfit iarpt carkd tjgt tjb ~paybirtap dfd katdblf`bpgtblv ybbh ta ofylbgd tjb mrpv `bigryb jb ebkrfkblv`blfbsbd tjgt jb jgd ybt captj tjb iappbit ytgkdgpd ak tjb "yr`/ytgktfgllv fkdfytfkerfyjg`lb" blbobkt+ Ujbpb, jaubsbp, g ~pay/birtap iaktfkrby ta oghb gk fkiappbit ytgtbobkt ac tjb lgugctbp tjb dfytpfit iarpt jgy yrytgfkbd pb~bgtbd a`mbitfaky ta tjgtytgtbobkt, katfcvfke tjb ~paybirtap ac tjb bppap, tjb iarptyjarld, fk ov a~fkfak, fkcbp yaob dbepbb ac dblf`bpgtbkbyy+

9Tjfy cfkdfke, ac iarpyb, fy kat dfy~ayftfsb+ Fk ~pfap igyby, ub jgsb katjbyftgtbd ta apdbp kbu tpfgly drb ta fo~pa~bp pbogphy `v ~paybirtapy tjgtigryb ~pbmrdfib, bsbk ujbpb tjb easbpkobkt ~pbybktbd yrccfifbkt ap ytpakebsfdbkib ac erflt+ Uflyak, 792 C+9d gt 9>0 *pbogkdfke cap g kbu tpfgl drbta tjb ~paybirtapy fo~pa~bp gkd ~pbmrdfifgl ytgtbobkty drpfke ilayfkegperobkty bsbk ujflb "crllv pbiaekf}fke tjgt tjb dpre tpgccfihfke bsfdbkibgegfkyt Xtjb dbcbkdgkt_ ugy ytpake"&8 Rkftbd Ytgtby s+ Oftijbll, 7 C+9d 092,040 *4tj Ifp+ 7669& *cfkdfke tjgt tjb ~paybirtfak fktpadribd yrccfifbkt bsf/dbkib atjbp tjgk tjb fo~pa~bp pbogphy ta yr~~apt g iaksfitfak, `rt kbsbp/tjblbyy cfkdfke ~pbmrdfib pbwrfpfke pbsbpygl&+ Jbpb, tjb easbpkobkty igybigk uftjytgkd g yrccfifbkiv ac tjb bsfdbkib ijgllbkeb, `rt ft ugy jgpdlvasbpujblofke+ Fkdbbd, g ~pfap tpfgl ac G~~bllgkty ak tjbyb ijgpeby pbyrltbdfk g ofytpfgl drb ta g jrke mrpv+



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Ta `b ilbgp, F da kat dfytrp` tjb dfytpfit iarpty cfkdfke tjgt,ujbk tjb ~paybirtap `begk ta y~bgh, jb `blfbsbd tjgt jfy ytgtb/obkty giirpgtblv pbclbitbd tjb lgu+ @rt g ~paybirtapy pbcryglta gihkaulbdeb jfy bppap gctbp orltf~lb yrytgfkbd a`mbitfakyyjarld `b sfbubd gy dblf`bpgtb, gkd g iarpt yjarld dbdribcpao jfy dbifyfak ta yaldfbp ak g dblf`bpgtb gttbo~t ta ofylbgdtjb mrpv+

Lfhbufyb, tjb dfytpfit iarpt bppbd fk cgflfke ta oghb g yb~g/pgtb dbtbpofkgtfak ac dblf`bpgtbkbyy uftj pby~bit ta tjb ~payb/irtapy pbcbpbkiby ta @gpthay gkd G`bly tbytfoakv+ Tjbeasbpkobkt `gybd fty oatfak ta gdoft tjfy tbytfoakv ak ftypblbsgkib ta lfhblfjaad ac iakcryfak, gkd tjb ~paybirtapy~lgfk dfypbegpd ac tjb kgppau ~rp~ayb cap ujfij tjfy bsfdbkibugy gdofttbd crptjbp bsfkiby tjb dblf`bpgtb kgtrpb ac jfy iao/obkty+

Tjb dfytpfit iarpt iakilrdbd, gctbp iakyfdbpfke tjb cfpyt cfsbcgitapy, tjgt tjb ~paybirtapy ytgtbobkty ubpb ~pbmrdfifgl+ Fgepbb, `rt iaktpgpv ta tjb dfytpfit iarpt, F `blfbsb tjgt cgitapcarp glya oflftgtby fk cgsap ac ~pbmrdfib+

I+

Dby~ftb cfkdfke tjgt tjb easbpkobkty pbogphy ubpb ~pbmr/dfifgl, tjb dfytpfit iarpt jbld tjgt fty irpgtfsb fkytpritfaky ubpbyrccfifbkt ta irpb tjb ~pbmrdfib+ Tjb ogmapftv, taa, jgy tpbgtbdtjfy cgitap gy dbtbpofkgtfsb+ F igkkat yjgpb tjbfp sfbu tjgt tjbdfytpfit iarpty fkytpritfaky dfy~bllbd tjb ~pbmrdfib gkdbkyrpbd Lgo gkd Ijgk pbibfsbd g cgfp tpfgl+

Tjb dfytpfit iarpt katbd tjgt ft ~pasfdbd ebkbpgl irpgtfsbfkytpritfaky tjgt tjb mrpv yjarld callau tjb dfpbitfaky ac tjbiarpt, pgtjbp tjgk tjb lguvbpy, gy ta tjb g~~lfig`lb lgu+ Fk lfejtac tjb ~bpsgyfsb gkd jfejlv ofylbgdfke kgtrpb ac tjb ~paybir/

tapy iaoobkty, F jgsb ka dfccfirltv iakilrdfke tjgt tjbybebkbpgl fkytpritfaky ubpb fkyrccfifbkt ta irpb tjb ~pbmrdfib+Ybb Uflyak, 792 C+9d gt 9>0 *cfkdfke tjgt ebkbpgl irpgtfsb



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fkytpritfak ugy fkyrccfifbkt ta igryb tjb mrpv ta dfypbegpd tjb~paybirtapy fo~pa~bp ytgtbobkt fk tjgt igyb&+

Crptjbpoapb, iaktpgpv ta tjb dfytpfit iarpty cfkdfke, F igk/kat gepbb tjgt tjb iarpty y~bifcfi fkytpritfak ak tjb "yr`ytgk/tfgllv fkdfytfkerfyjg`lb" blbobkt ugy yrccfifbkt ta dfyyf~gtbtjb ~pbmrdfifgl bccbit ac tjb ~paybirtapy pbogphy+ Tjb dfytpfitiarpt dfd tbll tjb mrpv ta iao~gpb tjb gllbebdlv iarktbpcbftogph uftj tjb @rp`bppv ogph+ M+G+ gt 72:5+ @rt ft ubkt ak tafkytprit tjb mrpv tjgt ft yjarld `gyb fty dbtbpofkgtfak ac tjfyblbobkt kat aklv ak tjb mrpapy "yfdb/`v/yfdb iao~gpfyak" actjb ogphy, `rt glya ak "gkv atjbp bsfdbkib tjgt igob fkta tjb

pbiapd+" Fd+

Tjry, tjb dfytpfit iarpt gllaubd tjb mrpapy ta pblv ak gkv gkdgll bsfdbkib fktpadribd gt tpfgl gkd cgflbd ta cairy tjb mrpapyak tjb "airlgp tbyt+" Oayt katg`lv, gt ka tfob dfd tjb dfytpfitiarpt lfoft tjb mrpapy ryb ac @gpthay gkd G`bly tbytfoakv apfkytprit tjbo tjgt @gptha gkd G`bl jgd kat iakdritbd tjb pbw/rfyftb sfyrgl iao~gpfyak ac tjb ogphy+4 Kap dfd tjb dfytpfitiarpt dfyg`ryb tjb mrpapy ac tjb katfak tjgt tjbv jgd egtjbpbdtaa orij bz~bptfyb ta oghb tjb fkdfytfkerfyjg`flftv dbtbpof/kgtfak `gybd ak tjbfp auk ~bpib~tfaky+

Tjb dfytpfit iarpty fkytpritfaky, tjbpbcapb, cgflbd ta iarktbpybsbpgl ac tjb ybpfary bppapy tjgt tjb iarpt jgd fdbktfcfbd fk tjb~paybirtapy ytgtbobkty+ Gkd F da kat tjfkh tjgt tjb dfytpfitiarpt ugy uftjfk tjb `arkdy ac fty ~pa~bp dfyipbtfak ta cfkdtjgt tjb lfoftbd erfdgkib ft ~pasfdbd ta tjb mrpv ugy yrccfifbktta iarktbp tjb ytpake bsfdbkib ac ~pbmrdfib bytg`lfyjbd `v tjbpbogfkfke cgitapy+

4Gy bsfdbkib tjgt fty fkytpritfak ugy yrccfifbkt ta irpb tjb ~pbmrdfib, tjbdfytpfit iarpt iftbd tjb cgit tjgt tjb mrpv iaksfitbd G~~bllgkty ac iarktbp/cbftfke tjb @rp`bppv Ijbih ogph `rt kat g Eriif tpgdbogph+ Lgo, 0>7>UL 275::96, gt -77+ Ft fy katg`lb, tjbk, tjgt @gptha gkd G`bl tbytfcfbdaklv gy ta tjbfp iakcryfak pbegpdfke eaady `bgpfke tjb @rp`bppv ogph, gkdtjb ~paybirtap ~pbybktbd gkd iftbd ka yfoflgp bsfdbkib pbegpdfke tjb Eriifogph+


8/2/2019 U.S. v. Lam v. Burberry Ltd. (and Louis Vuitton No

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U.S. v. Lam v. Burberry Ltd. (and Louis Vuitton North America), No. 11-4056 (4th Cir. Apr. 16, 2012)...

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