Usa Safety2

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Definitiopn of occu and health standard

Your health and safety at work

INTRODUCTION TO

OCCUPATIONAL

HEALTH AND SAFETY

Goal of the Module

This Module provides trainees with general background information onoccupational health and safety, and on the magnitude and variety ofhealth and safety problems worldwide, and explains the role of thehealth and safety representative.

Objectives

At the end of this Module, trainees will be able to:

(1) explain that occupational health and safety is more thanaccident prevention that it encompasses all aspects ofworking conditions;

(2) explain why management's commitment to health and safetyis crucial;

(3) explain why training is a critical component of any health and


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safety programme;

(4) recognize a number of occupational hazards and some of thetypes of work generally associated with those hazards;

(5) discuss the range of hazards in their own workplaces.

What is in this Module

I. IntroductionII. Extent of the problems worldwide

A. AccidentsB. Diseases

III. The range of hazardsIV. The importance of management commitmentV. The importance of trainingVI. Role of the health and safety representativeVII. SummaryExercise. Identifying hazards in the workplace

I. Introduction

What is occupational health and safety?

Occupational health and safety is a discipline with a broad scopeinvolving many specialized fields. In its broadest sense, it should aimat:

the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree ofphysical, mental and social well-being of workers in alloccupations;

the prevention among workers of adverse effects on healthcaused by their working conditions;

the protection of workers in their employment from risks

resulting from factors adverse to health; the placing and maintenance of workers in an occupational

environment adapted to physical and mental needs; the adaptation of work to humans.

In other words, occupational health and safety encompassesthe social, mental and physical well-being of workers, that is thewhole person.
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Successful occupational health and safety practice requires thecollaboration and participation of both employers and workers in healthand safety programmes, and involves the consideration of issuesrelating to occupational medicine, industrial hygiene, toxicology,education, engineering safety, ergonomics, psychology, etc.

Occupational health issues are often given less attention thanoccupational safety issues because the former are generally moredifficult to confront. However, when health is addressed, so is safety,because a healthy workplace is by definition also a safe workplace. Theconverse, though, may not be true - a so-called safe workplace is notnecessarily also a healthy workplace. The important point isthat issues of both health and safety must be addressed inevery workplace. By and large, the definition of occupational healthand safety given above encompasses both health and safety in theirbroadest contexts.

Poor working conditions affect worker health and safety

Poor working conditions of any type have the potential to affect aworker's health and safety.

Unhealthy or unsafe working conditions are not limited tofactories they can be found anywhere, whether the workplaceis indoors or outdoors. For many workers, such as agriculturalworkers or miners, the workplace is outdoors and can posemany health and safety hazards.

Poor working conditions can also affect the environment workers

live in, since the working and living environments are the samefor many workers. This means that occupational hazards canhave harmful effects on workers, their families, and other peoplein the community, as well as on the physical environment aroundthe workplace. A classic example is the use of pesticides inagricultural work. Workers can be exposed to toxic chemicals ina number of ways when spraying pesticides: they can inhale thechemicals during and after spraying, the chemicals can beabsorbed through the skin, and the workers can ingest thechemicals if they eat, drink, or smoke without first washing theirhands, or if drinking water has become contaminated with the

chemicals. The workers' families can also be exposed in anumber of ways: they can inhale the pesticides which may lingerin the air, they can drink contaminated water, or they can beexposed to residues which may be on the worker's clothes. Otherpeople in the community can all be exposed in the same ways aswell. When the chemicals get absorbed into the soil or leach intogroundwater supplies, the adverse effects on the naturalenvironment can be permanent.


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Overall, efforts in occupational health and safety must aimto prevent industrial accidents and diseases, and at the same timerecognize the connection between worker health and safety, theworkplace, and the environment outside the workplace.

Why is occupational health and safety important?

Work plays a central role in people's lives, since most workers spend atleast eight hours a day in the workplace, whether it is on a plantation,in an office, factory, etc. Therefore, work environments should be safeand healthy. Yet this is not the case for many workers. Every dayworkers all over the world are faced with a multitude of health hazards,such as:

dusts; gases;

noise; vibration; extreme temperatures.

Unfortunately some employers assume little responsibility for theprotection of workers' health and safety. In fact, some employers donot even know that they have the moral and often legal responsibilityto protect workers. As a result of the hazards and a lack of attentiongiven to health and safety, work-related accidents and diseases arecommon in all parts of the world.

Costs of occupational injury/disease


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How muchdoes anoccupational diseaseor accidentcost?

Work-related accidents or diseases are very costly and can have manyserious direct and indirect effects on the lives of workers and theirfamilies. For workers some of the direct costs of an injury or illnessare:

the pain and suffering of the injury or illness;

the loss of income; the possible loss of a job; health-care costs.

It has been estimated that the indirect costs of an accident or illnesscan be four to ten times greater than the direct costs, or even more.An occupational illness or accident can have so many indirect costs toworkers that it is often difficult to measure them. One of the mostobvious indirect costs is the human suffering caused to workers'families, which cannot be compensated with money.

The costs to employers of occupational accidents or illnesses are alsoestimated to be enormous. For a small business, the cost of even oneaccident can be a financial disaster. For employers, some of the directcosts are:

payment for work not performed; medical and compensation payments; repair or replacement of damaged machinery and equipment;


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reduction or a temporary halt in production; increased training expenses and administration costs; possible reduction in the quality of work; negative effect on morale in other workers.

Some of the indirect costs for employers are:

the injured/ill worker has to be replaced; a new worker has to be trained and given time to adjust; it takes time before the new worker is producing at the rate of

the original worker; time must be devoted to obligatory investigations, to the writing

of reports and filling out of forms; accidents often arouse the concern of fellow workers and

influence labour relations in a negative way; poor health and safety conditions in the workplace can also

result in poor public relations.

Overall, the costs of most work-related accidents or illnesses toworkers and their families and to employers are very high.

On a national scale, the estimated costs of occupational accidents andillnesses can be as high as three to four per cent of a country's grossnational product. In reality, no one really knows the total costs of work-related accidents or diseases because there are a multitude of indirectcosts which are difficult to measure besides the more obvious directcosts.

Health and safety programmes

For all of the reasons given above, it is crucial that employers, workersand unions are committed to health and safety and that:

workplace hazards are controlled - at the source wheneverpossible;

records of any exposure are maintained for many years; both workers and employers are informed about health and

safety risks in the workplace;

there is an active and effective health and safety committee thatincludes both workers and management;

worker health and safety efforts are ongoing.

Effective workplace health and safety programmes can help to savethe lives of workers by reducing hazards and their consequences.Health and safety programmes also have positive effects on bothworker morale and productivity, which are important benefits. At the


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and reporting mechanisms, it can be assumed that the real figures aremuch higher than this.) The number of fatal accidents is much higherin developing countries than in industrialized ones. This difference isprimarily due to better health and safety programmes, improved first-aid and medical facilities in the industrialized countries, and to active

participation of workers in the decision-making process on health andsafety issues. Some of the industries with the highest risk of accidentsworldwide are: mining, agriculture, including forestry and logging, andconstruction.

Identifying the cause of an accident

In some cases, the cause of an industrial injury is easy to identify.However, very often there is a hidden chain of events behind theaccident which led up to the injury. For example, accidents are oftenindirectly caused by negligence on the part of the employer who may

not have provided adequate worker training, or a supplier who gavethe wrong information about a product, etc. The consistently high fatalaccident rates in developing countries emphasize the need foroccupational health and safety education programmes that focus onprevention. It is equally important to promote the development ofoccupational health services, including the training of doctors torecognize work-related diseases in the early stages.

B. Diseases

Exposuretohazards intheworkplacecan leadto seriousillness.

Some occupational diseases have been recognized for many years,and affect workers in different ways depending on the nature of thehazard, the route of exposure, the dose, etc. Some well knownoccupational diseases include:


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asbestosis (caused by asbestos, which is common in insulation,automobile brake linings, etc.);

silicosis (caused by silica, which is common in mining,sandblasting, etc.);

lead poisoning (caused by lead, which is common in battery

plants, paint factories, etc.); and noise-induced hearing loss (caused by noise, which is

common in many workplaces, including airports, and workplaceswhere noisy machines, such as presses or drills, etc. are used).

There are also a number of potentially crippling health problems thatcan be associated with poor working conditions, including:

heart disease; musculoskeletal disorders such as permanent back injuries or

muscle disorders;

allergies; reproductive problems; stress-related disorders.

Many developing countries report only a small number of workersaffected by work-related diseases. These numbers look small for avariety of reasons that include:

inadequate or non-existent reporting mechanisms; a lack of occupational health facilities; a lack of health care practitioners who are trained to recognize

work-related diseases.

Because of these reasons and others, it is fair to assume that in reality,the numbers of workers afflicted with occupational diseases are muchhigher. In fact, overall, the number of cases and types ofoccupational diseases are increasing, not decreasing, in bothdeveloping and industrialized countries.

Identifying the cause of occupational disease

The cause of work-related diseases is very often difficult to determine.

One factor is the latency period (the fact that it may take years beforethe disease produces anobvious effect on the worker's health). By thetime the disease is identified, it may be too late to do anything about itor to find out what hazards the worker was exposed to in the past.Other factors such as changing jobs, or personal behaviours (such assmoking tobacco or drinking alcohol) further increase the difficulty oflinking workplace exposures to a disease outcome.


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Although more is understood now about some occupational hazardsthan in the past, every year new chemicals and new technologies arebeing introduced which present new and often unknown hazards toboth workers and the community. These new and unknown hazardspresent great challenges to workers, employers, educators, and

scientists, that is to everyone concerned about workers' health and theeffects that hazardous agents have on the environment.

Points to remember aboutthe extent of the problemworldwide

1. There are at least 250 million occupational accidents every yearworldwide, at least 335,000 of which result in death.

2. Developing countries have more fatal accidents than industrialized

nations, emphasizing the need for health and safety educationprogrammes that focus on prevention.

3. Some occupational diseases have been recognized for many yearsand affect workers in different ways. Such diseases are stillproblems in all parts of the world.

4. The numbers of work-related diseases in developing countries aremuch higher in reality than the numbers that are reported.

5. The numbers of cases and types of occupational diseases areincreasing in both developing and industrialized countries.

6. It is often difficult to identify the cause of both occupational

accidents and diseases.

III. The range of hazards

There is an unlimited number of hazards that can be found in almostany workplace. There are obvious unsafe working conditions, such asunguarded machinery, slippery floors or inadequate fire precautions,but there are also a number of categories of insidious hazards (that is,those hazards that are dangerous but which may not be obvious)including:

chemical hazards, arising from liquids, solids, dusts, fumes,vapours and gases;

physical hazards, such as noise, vibration, unsatisfactorylighting, radiation and extreme temperatures;

biological hazards, such as bacteria, viruses, infectious wasteand infestations;

psychological hazards resulting from stress and strain;


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hazards associated with the non-application of ergonomicprinciples, for example badly designed machinery, mechanicaldevices and tools used by workers, improper seating andworkstation design, or poorly designed work practices.

Most workers are faced with a combination of these hazards at work.For example, it is not difficult to imagine a workplace where you areexposed to chemicals, unguarded and noisy machines, hottemperatures, slippery floors, etc. all at the same time. Think aboutyour own workplace. Are there various hazards there that you canthink of?

Hazards areoften builtinto

workplace.

Workprocessescan bedesigned topreventaccidentsand

illnesses.Existinghazardsshould beremovedfrom theworkplace.


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Workers do not create hazards - in many cases the hazards are builtinto the workplace. The trade union position on occupational healthand safety is to ensure that work is made safer by modifying theworkplace and any unsafe work processes. This means that thesolution is to remove the hazards, not to try to get workers to adapt

to unsafe conditions. Requiring workers to wear protective clothingwhich may not be suited or designed for the climate of your region isan example of forcing workers to try to adapt themselves to unsafeconditions, which is also shifting the responsibility from managementto the worker.

It is important for unions to maintain this position because manyemployers blame workers when there is an accident, claiming that theworkers were careless. This attitude implies that work can be madesafer if workers change their behaviour or if employers only hireworkers who never make mistakes. Everyone makes mistakes it is

human nature, but workers should not pay for mistakes with their lives.Accidents do not stop simply by making workers more safetyconscious. Safety awareness may help but it does not remove unsafework processes or conditions. The most effective accident anddisease prevention begins when work processes are still in thedesign stage, when safe conditions can be built into the workprocess.

Points to remember

about the range of hazards1. There is an unlimited number of hazards that can be found in

almost every workplace. These include both obvious unsafe workingconditions and insidious, less obvious hazards.

2. Hazards often are built into the workplace. Therefore, trade unionsmust ensure that hazards are removed, rather than trying to getworkers to adapt to unsafe conditions.

3. The most effective accident and disease prevention begins whenwork processes are still in the design stage, when safe conditions

can be built into the work process.

IV. Importance of managementcommitment


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Asuccessfulhealth andsafety

programme requiresstrongmanagementcommitment andworkerparticipation.

In order to develop a successful health and safety programme, it isessential that there be strong management commitment and strongworker participation in the effort to create and maintain a safe andhealthy workplace. An effective management addresses all work-related hazards, not only those covered by government standards.

All levels of management must make health and safety a priority. Theymust communicate this by going out into the worksite to talk withworkers about their concerns and to observe work procedures andequipment. In each workplace, the lines of responsibility from top to

bottom need to be clear, and workers should know who is responsiblefor different health and safety issues.

Points to remember about theimportance of management

commitment


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1. Strong management commitment and strong worker involvementare necessary elements for a successful workplace health andsafety programme.

2. An effective management addresses all work-related hazards, not

only those covered by government standards, and communicateswith workers.

V. The importance of training

Effectivetraining isa keycomponent

of anyhealth andsafetyprogramme.

Workers often experience work-related health problems and do notrealize that the problems are related to their work, particularly whenan occupational disease, for example, is in the early stages. Besidesthe other more obvious benefits of training, such as skillsdevelopment, hazard recognition, etc., a comprehensive trainingprogramme in each workplace will help workers to:

recognize early signs/symptoms of any potential occupationaldiseases before they become permanent conditions;

assess their work environment; insist that management make changes before hazardous

conditions can develop.


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Points to rememberabout the importance of training

A comprehensive health and safety training programme ineach workplace will, among other more obvious benefits, helpworkers to recognize any early signs/symptoms of potentialoccupational diseases before they become permanentconditions, to assess their work environment, and to insistthat management make changes before hazardous conditionscan develop.

VI. Role of the health and safety

representative

Health andsafetyrepresentative

As health and safety representative your role is to work proactively

(this means taking action before hazards become a problem) toprevent workers from being exposed to occupational hazards. You cando this by making sure management eliminates hazards or keeps themunder control when they cannot be eliminated.

Steps to help you reach your goals are:


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1. Be well informed about the various hazards in your workplace andthe possible solutions for controlling those hazards.

2. Work together with your union and the employer to identify andcontrol hazards.

3. Although these Modules have been developed for the protection ofworkers, you may occasionally need to share some of this informationwith your supervisors and employer in the process of working towardsa safe and healthy workplace.

Being a health and safety representative is not always easy,but helping to protect the lives of your fellow workers is worthall the time and effort you put into the job.


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Use avariety ofsources forinformation

aboutpotential orexistinghazards inyourworkplace.

VII. Summary


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Workers in every occupation can be faced with a multitude ofhazards in the workplace. Occupational health and safetyaddresses the broad range of workplace hazards from accidentprevention to the more insidious hazards including toxic fumes,dust, noise, heat, stress, etc. Preventing work-related diseases

and accidents must be the goal of occupational health andsafety programmes, rather than attempting to solve problemsafter they have already developed.

Hazards in the workplace can be found in a variety of forms,including chemical, physical, biological, psychological, non-application of ergonomic principles, etc. Because of themultitude of hazards in most workplaces and the overall lack ofattention given to health and safety by many employers, work-related accidents and diseases continue to be serious problemsin all parts of the world. Therefore, trade unions must insist that

employers control hazards at the source and not force workersto adapt to unsafe conditions.

Management commitment to health and safety and strongworker participation are two essential elements of any successfulworkplace health and safety programme. The most effectiveaccident and disease prevention begins when work processesare still in the design stage.

Exercise. Identifying hazards in the

workplaceNote to the instructor

For this exercise, ask trainees to work in small groups of two tothree people. Give several of the pictures in your text to eachgroup. You will also need a flipchart (or some large sheets ofpaper taped to the walls) and markers or a chalkboard andchalks.

Instructions

The pictures below show different workplaces where a variety ofhazards can be found. Ask trainees to look at the pictures andimagine what sort of problems might exist in each workplace.Write the trainees' responses for each workplace on a flipchart orchalkboard. Some of the major hazards associated with each ofthese jobs are given below.


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When you finish discussing the jobs shown in the pictures,discuss the hazards in the trainees' own workplaces. Traineesshould discuss the questions listed in the section In you ownworkplace below.

Discuss the hazards that may be associated with these jobs

1. Welder A welder can be burnt from the sparks and there is alwaysthe danger of the work process starting a fire. There is the problem ofthe intense light which can cause permanent eye damage as well asthe fumes given off by the process which can damage the lungs.

2. Mechanic -Depending on theprecise nature of amechanic's duties,there may be safetyproblems from cutsand falls, etc., andexposure to chemicalhazards: oils,solvents, asbestosand exhaust fumes.

Mechanics can alsohave back and othermusculoskeletalproblems from lifting

heavy parts or bending forlong periods.

3. Port worker - Againhazards depend largely onthe nature of the job and inparticular the cargo beinghandled. Port workers oftenhave no idea of thedangerous nature of thecargo; there may be a sign


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on the side of a box or drum, but the information may not be in theirlanguage or in words that make much sense to the average worker.The condition of the cargo is also important as leaking drums or splitbags can be very hazardous for the handlers. Other risks include falls,cuts, back and other musculoskeletal problems as well as collisions

with fast moving vehicles such as fork-lift trucks or delivery trucks.

4. Textile worker - Thetextile worker faces avariety of problems. Firstthere is the problem ofsafety with many machinesaround that are often

unguarded, as well as therisk of fire with so muchcombustible material in theworkplace. Then there arethe hazards of noise andvibration. There is also

exposure to dust from the material which can seriously affect thelungs. Exposure to cotton dust can lead to the occupational diseaseknown as byssinosis.

5. Tractor driver - One ofthe most serious problemswith tractors is that theyoften overturn and, if theyhave no safety cab, thedriver can easily becrushed. Other problemsinclude noise, vibration andexposure to chemicalherbicides and pesticideswhen being sprayed by

tractor.


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6. Agricultural worker -When spraying crops the

worker may be exposed tohazardous chemicalscontained in the spray.Many pesticides andherbicides that have beenbanned in some countriesbecause of their toxiceffects are still used inmany developing countries.If spraying takes place on a

windy day, the spray can be breathed into the lungs and blown on to

the skin where it can cause damage. It can also be absorbed into thebody through the skin.

7. Electronics assemblyworker - An electronicsassembly worker can suffereye problems from doingclose work, often in poorlight. Because such workerssit still for long periods withinadequate seating, theycan also suffer from backand other musculoskeletalproblems. For some workersthere are the dangers ofsolder fumes or solderflecks in the eye when theexcess solder is cut off with

pliers.


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8. Office worker - Manypeople may think that office

workers have no health andsafety problems; this is farfrom true. Stress is one ofthe most commoncomplaints, as well asexposure to chemicalhazards from officemachines such asphotocopiers. Poor lighting,noise and poorly designedchairs and stools can also

present problems.

9. Construction worker -Construction workers face avariety of hazards,particularly safety problemssuch as falls, slips, trips,cuts, and being hit byfalling objects. There arealso dangers from workinghigh up, often withoutadequate safety equipment,musculoskeletal problemsfrom lifting heavy objects,

as well as the hazards associated with exposure to noisy machinery.


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10. Miner - The hazards ofmining are well known and

include the ever presentdanger of dusts, fire,explosion and electrocution,as well as the hazardsassociated with vibration,extreme temperatures,noise, slips, falls, cuts, etc.

Note to the instructor

Now that trainees have begun to consider the possible hazards indifferent workplaces, ask them to consider and discuss the hazards intheir own workplaces. Trainees should answer the following questionsabout their own workplaces.


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(1) Describe the job you do.

(2) What hazards do you know exist in you workplace?

(3) Are there other conditions at work that you suspect may be

hazardous but you are not sure about?

Health standards of usa

1910.3(a)

Any interested person may petition in writing the Assistant Secretary of Labor to promulgate, mstandard. The petition should set forth the terms or the substance of the rule desired, the effectpromulgated, and the reasons therefor.1910.3(b)1910.3(b)(1)

The relevant legislative history of the Act indicates congressional recognition of the American NaInstitute and the National Fire Protection Association as the major sources of national consensusconsensus standards adopted on May 29, 1971, pursuant to section 6(a) of the Act are from thoHowever, any organization which deems itself a producer of national consensus standards, withsection 3(9) of the Act, is invited to submit in writing to the Assistant Secretary of Labor at any t1, 1973, all relevant information which may enable the Assistant Secretary to determine whethesatisfy the requirements of the definition of "national consensus standard" in section 3(9) of the ..1910.3(b)(2)

1910.3(b)(2)

Within a reasonable time after the receipt of a submission pursuant to paragraph (b)(1) of this sSecretary of Labor shall publish or cause to be published in the FEDERAL REGISTER a notice of sshall afford interested persons a reasonable opportunity to present written data, views, or argumthe question whether any standards of the organization making the submission are national con

1910.4(a)

The Assistant Secretary of Labor shall have all of the authority of the Secretary of Labor under s

of the Act.1910.4(b)

The Assistant Secretary of Labor may at any time before April 28, 1973, on his own motion or upof any person, by rule promulgate as a standard any national consensus standard and any estabstandard, pursuant to and in accordance with section 6(a) of the Act, and, in addition, may modistandard in this Part 1910. In the event of conflict among any such standards, the Assistant Sectake the action necessary to eliminate the conflict, including the revocation or modification of a so as to assure the greatest protection of the safety or health of the affected employees.


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1910.5(a)

Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, the standards contained in thispart shall apply with respect to employments performed in a workplace in a State,the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands,American Samoa, Guam, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, Wake Island, Outer

Continental Shelf lands defined in the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act, JohnstonIsland, and the Canal Zone.1910.5(b)

None of the standards in this part shall apply to working conditions of employees withrespect to which Federal agencies other than the Department of Labor, or Stateagencies acting under section 274 of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended (42U.S.C. 2021), exercise statutory authority to prescribe or enforce standards orregulations affecting occupational safety or health...1910.5(c)

1910.6(a)(1)

The standards of agencies of the U.S. Government, and organizations which are notagencies of the U.S. Government which are incorporated by reference in this part,have the same force and effect as other standards in this part. Only the mandatoryprovisions (i.e., provisions containing the word "shall" or other mandatory language)of standards incorporated by reference are adopted as standards under theOccupational Safety and Health Act.1910.6(a)(2)

Any changes in the standards incorporated by reference in this part and an officialhistoric file of such changes are available for inspection in the Docket Office at thenational office of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S.Department of Labor, Washington, DC 20910; telephone: 202-693-2350 (TTY number:877-889-5627).1910.6(a)(3)

The materials listed in paragraphs (b) through (w) of this section are incorporated byreference in the corresponding sections noted as they exist on the date of the

approval, and a notice of any change in these materials will be published in theFederal Register. These incorporations by reference were approved by the Director ofthe Federal Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51.1910.6(a)(4)

Copies of standards listed in this section and issued by private standardsorganizations are available for purchase from the issuing organizations at theaddresses or through the other contact information listed below for these privatestandards organizations. In addition, these standards are available for inspection atthe National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). For information on theavailability of these standards at NARA, telephone: 202-741-6030, or gotohttp://www.archives.gov/federal_register/code_of_federal_regulations/ibr_locations.html. Also, the standards are available for inspection at any Regional Office of theOccupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), or at the OSHA Docket Office,U.S. Department of Labor, 200 Constitution Avenue, NW., Room N-2625, Washington,DC 20210; telephone: 202-693-2350 (TTY number: 877-889-5627).1910.6(b)

1910.7(a)

Application. This section shall apply only when the term "nationally recognized testing laboratorsections of this part.
http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/code_of_federal_regulations/ibr_locations.htmlhttp://www.archives.gov/federal_register/code_of_federal_regulations/ibr_locations.htmlhttp://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0007&src_anchor_name=1910.7(a)http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/code_of_federal_regulations/ibr_locations.htmlhttp://www.archives.gov/federal_register/code_of_federal_regulations/ibr_locations.htmlhttp://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0007&src_anchor_name=1910.7(a)


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1910.7(b)

Laboratory requirements. The term nationally recognized testing laboratory(NRTL) means an orrecognized by OSHA in accordance with Appendix A of this section and which tests for safety, anaccepts, equipment or materials and which meets all of the following criteria:1910.7(b)(1)

For each specified item of equipment or material to be listed, labeled or accepted, the NRTL has(including proper testing equipment and facilities, trained staff, written testing procedures, and

control programs) to perform:1910.7(b)(1)(i)

Testing and examining of equipment and materials for workplace safety purposes to determine cappropriate test standards; or1910.7(b)(1)(ii)

Experimental testing and examining of equipment and materials for workplace safety purposes tconformance with appropriate test standards or performance in a specified manner.1910.7(b)(2)

The NRTL shall provide, to the extent needed for the particular equipment or materials listed, lafollowing controls or services:1910.7(b)(2)(i)

Implements control procedures for identifying the listed and labeled equipment or materials;1910.7(b)(2)(ii)

Inspects the run of production of such items at factories for product evaluation purposes to assu

the test standards; and1910.7(b)(2)(iii)Conducts field inspections to monitor and to assure the proper use of its identifying mark or labe1910.7(b)(3)

The NRTL is completely independent of employers subject to the tested equipment requirementmanufacturers or vendors of equipment or materials being tested for these purposes; and,1910.7(b)(4)

The NRTL maintains effective procedures for:1910.7(b)(4)(i)

Producing creditable findings or reports that are objective and without bias; and1910.7(b)(4)(ii)

Handling complaints and disputes under a fair and reasonable system.1910.7(c)

Test standards. An appropriate test standardreferred to in 1910.7(b)(1)(i) and (ii) is a documesafety requirements for specific equipment or class of equipment and is:

1910.7(c)(1)Recognized in the United States as a safety standard providing an adequate level of safety, and1910.7(c)(2)

Compatible with and maintained current with periodic revisions of applicable national codes andand1910.7(c)(3)

Developed by a standards developing organization under a method providing for input and consindustry groups, experts, users, consumers, governmental authorities, and others having broad safety field involved, or1910.7(c)(4)

In lieu of paragraphs (c)(1), (2), and (3), the standard is currently designated as an American NaInstitute (ANSI) safety-designated product standard or an American Society for Testing and Matestandard used for evaluation of products or materials.1910.7(d)

Alternative test standard. If a testing laboratory desires to use a test standard other than one al(c) of this section, then the Assistant Secretary of Labor shall evaluate the proposed standard toprovides an adequate level of safety before it is used.1910.7(e)

Implementation. A testing organization desiring recognition by OSHA as an NRTL shall request thtesting and control programs against the requirements in this section for any equipment or mate

The recognition procedure shall be conducted in accordance with Appendix A to this section.1910.7(f)
http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0007&src_anchor_name=1910.7(b)(1)http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0007&src_anchor_name=1910.7(b)(2)http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0007&src_anchor_name=1910.7(b)(3)http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0007&src_anchor_name=1910.7(b)(4)http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0007&src_anchor_name=1910.7(c)http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0007&src_anchor_name=1910.7(c)(1)http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0007&src_anchor_name=1910.7(c)(2)http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0007&src_anchor_name=1910.7(c)(3)http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0007&src_anchor_name=1910.7(f)http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0007&src_anchor_name=1910.7(b)(1)http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0007&src_anchor_name=1910.7(b)(2)http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0007&src_anchor_name=1910.7(b)(3)http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0007&src_anchor_name=1910.7(b)(4)http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0007&src_anchor_name=1910.7(c)http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0007&src_anchor_name=1910.7(c)(1)http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0007&src_anchor_name=1910.7(c)(2)http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0007&src_anchor_name=1910.7(c)(3)http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0007&src_anchor_name=1910.7(f)


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1910.7(a)

Application. This section shall apply only when the term "nationally recognized testing laboratorsections of this part.1910.7(b)

Laboratory requirements. The term nationally recognized testing laboratory(NRTL) means an orrecognized by OSHA in accordance with Appendix A of this section and which tests for safety, anaccepts, equipment or materials and which meets all of the following criteria:

1910.7(b)(1)For each specified item of equipment or material to be listed, labeled or accepted, the NRTL has(including proper testing equipment and facilities, trained staff, written testing procedures, and control programs) to perform:1910.7(b)(1)(i)

Testing and examining of equipment and materials for workplace safety purposes to determine cappropriate test standards; or1910.7(b)(1)(ii)

Experimental testing and examining of equipment and materials for workplace safety purposes tconformance with appropriate test standards or performance in a specified manner.1910.7(b)(2)

The NRTL shall provide, to the extent needed for the particular equipment or materials listed, lafollowing controls or services:1910.7(b)(2)(i)

Implements control procedures for identifying the listed and labeled equipment or materials;1910.7(b)(2)(ii)Inspects the run of production of such items at factories for product evaluation purposes to assuthe test standards; and1910.7(b)(2)(iii)

Conducts field inspections to monitor and to assure the proper use of its identifying mark or labe1910.7(b)(3)

The NRTL is completely independent of employers subject to the tested equipment requirementmanufacturers or vendors of equipment or materials being tested for these purposes; and,1910.7(b)(4)

The NRTL maintains effective procedures for:1910.7(b)(4)(i)

Producing creditable findings or reports that are objective and without bias; and1910.7(b)(4)(ii)

Handling complaints and disputes under a fair and reasonable system.

1910.7(c)Test standards. An appropriate test standardreferred to in 1910.7(b)(1)(i) and (ii) is a documesafety requirements for specific equipment or class of equipment and is:1910.7(c)(1)

Recognized in the United States as a safety standard providing an adequate level of safety, and1910.7(c)(2)

Compatible with and maintained current with periodic revisions of applicable national codes andand1910.7(c)(3)

Developed by a standards developing organization under a method providing for input and consindustry groups, experts, users, consumers, governmental authorities, and others having broad safety field involved, or1910.7(c)(4)

In lieu of paragraphs (c)(1), (2), and (3), the standard is currently designated as an American Na

Institute (ANSI) safety-designated product standard or an American Society for Testing and Matestandard used for evaluation of products or materials.1910.7(d)

Alternative test standard. If a testing laboratory desires to use a test standard other than one al(c) of this section, then the Assistant Secretary of Labor shall evaluate the proposed standard toprovides an adequate level of safety before it is used.1910.7(e)

Implementation. A testing organization desiring recognition by OSHA as an NRTL shall request thtesting and control programs against the requirements in this section for any equipment or mate

The recognition procedure shall be conducted in accordance with Appendix A to this section.
http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0007&src_anchor_name=1910.7(a)http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0007&src_anchor_name=1910.7(b)(1)http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0007&src_anchor_name=1910.7(b)(2)http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0007&src_anchor_name=1910.7(b)(3)http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0007&src_anchor_name=1910.7(b)(4)http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0007&src_anchor_name=1910.7(c)http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0007&src_anchor_name=1910.7(c)(1)http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0007&src_anchor_name=1910.7(c)(2)http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0007&src_anchor_name=1910.7(c)(3)http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0007&src_anchor_name=1910.7(a)http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0007&src_anchor_name=1910.7(b)(1)http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0007&src_anchor_name=1910.7(b)(2)http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0007&src_anchor_name=1910.7(b)(3)http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0007&src_anchor_name=1910.7(b)(4)http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0007&src_anchor_name=1910.7(c)http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0007&src_anchor_name=1910.7(c)(1)http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0007&src_anchor_name=1910.7(c)(2)http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0007&src_anchor_name=1910.7(c)(3)


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1910.7(f)

This section applies to all permanent places of employment, except where domestic, mining, or is performed. Measures for the control of toxic materials are considered to be outside the scope

1910.22(a)

"Housekeeping."

1910.22(a)(1)

All places of employment, passageways, storerooms, and service rooms shall be kept clean and sanitary condition.

1910.22(a)(2)

The floor of every workroom shall be maintained in a clean and, so far as possible, a dry conditioprocesses are used, drainage shall be maintained, and false floors, platforms, mats, or other dryshould be provided where practicable.

1910.22(a)(3)

To facilitate cleaning, every floor, working place, and passageway shall be kept free from protruholes, or loose boards.

1910.22(b)

"Aisles and passageways."

1910.22(b)(1)

Where mechanical handling equipment is used, sufficient safe clearances shall be allowed for aisthrough doorways and wherever turns or passage must be made. Aisles and passageways shall good repairs, with no obstruction across or in aisles that could create a hazard.

..1910.22(b)(2)

1910.22(b)(2)

Permanent aisles and passageways shall be appropriately marked.

1910.22(c)

"Covers and guardrails." Covers and/or guardrails shall be provided to protect personnel from thtanks, vats, ditches, etc.

1910.22(d)

"Floor loading protection."
http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0007&src_anchor_name=1910.7(f)http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0022&src_anchor_name=1910.22(a)(1)http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0022&src_anchor_name=1910.22(b)http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0022&src_anchor_name=1910.22(b)(2)http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0022&src_anchor_name=1910.22(d)http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0007&src_anchor_name=1910.7(f)http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0022&src_anchor_name=1910.22(a)(1)http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0022&src_anchor_name=1910.22(b)http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0022&src_anchor_name=1910.22(b)(2)http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0022&src_anchor_name=1910.22(d)


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1910.22(d)(1)

In every building or other structure, or part thereof, used for mercantile, business, industrial, or loads approved by the building official shall be marked on plates of approved design which shallsecurely affixed by the owner of the building, or his duly authorized agent, in a conspicuous plac

which they relate. Such plates shall not be removed or defaced but, if lost, removed, or defacedthe owner or his agent.

1910.22(d)(2)

It shall be unlawful to place, or cause, or permit to be placed, on any floor or roof of a building ogreater than that for which such floor or roof is approved by the building official.

This section applies to all permanent places of employment, except where domestic, mining, or is performed. Measures for the control of toxic materials are considered to be outside the scope

1910.22(a)

"Housekeeping."

1910.22(a)(1)

All places of employment, passageways, storerooms, and service rooms shall be kept clean and sanitary condition.

1910.22(a)(2)

The floor of every workroom shall be maintained in a clean and, so far as possible, a dry conditioprocesses are used, drainage shall be maintained, and false floors, platforms, mats, or other dryshould be provided where practicable.

1910.22(a)(3)

To facilitate cleaning, every floor, working place, and passageway shall be kept free from protruholes, or loose boards.

1910.22(b)

"Aisles and passageways."

1910.22(b)(1)

Where mechanical handling equipment is used, sufficient safe clearances shall be allowed for aisthrough doorways and wherever turns or passage must be made. Aisles and passageways shall good repairs, with no obstruction across or in aisles that could create a hazard.

..1910.22(b)(2)

1910.22(b)(2)
http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0022&src_anchor_name=1910.22(a)(1)http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0022&src_anchor_name=1910.22(b)http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0022&src_anchor_name=1910.22(b)(2)http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0022&src_anchor_name=1910.22(a)(1)http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0022&src_anchor_name=1910.22(b)http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0022&src_anchor_name=1910.22(b)(2)


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Permanent aisles and passageways shall be appropriately marked.

1910.22(c)

"Covers and guardrails." Covers and/or guardrails shall be provided to protect personnel from th

tanks, vats, ditches, etc.

1910.22(d)

"Floor loading protection."

1910.22(d)(1)

In every building or other structure, or part thereof, used for mercantile, business, industrial, or loads approved by the building official shall be marked on plates of approved design which shallsecurely affixed by the owner of the building, or his duly authorized agent, in a conspicuous placwhich they relate. Such plates shall not be removed or defaced but, if lost, removed, or defaced

the owner or his agent.

1910.22(d)(2)

It shall be unlawful to place, or cause, or permit to be placed, on any floor or roof of a building ogreater than that for which such floor or roof is approved by the building official.
http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0022&src_anchor_name=1910.22(d)http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0022&src_anchor_name=1910.22(d)

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