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USAD 2022 Science 词汇此学习集的词语(341)
Marine Biology
海洋⽣物学 / It refers to the scientific study of biological processes and
organisms in an ocean setting.
Ocean
海洋 / It is a vast body of saline water that occupies the depressions on the
surface of the Earth.
Oceanography
海洋学 / It refers to the field of study that researches on chemical
and physical processes in the sea.
Chronometer
航海经线仪 / It is a timepiece used for determining longitude.
Circumnavigate
/ It refers to the action of sailing around the Earth. 环航
Rovs
遥控操作装置 / Acronym for remotely operated vehicles.
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Scuba
⽔肺 / It is also known as self-contained Underwater Breathing
Apparatus.(
Sonar
/ It is also known as Sound Navigation Ranging. 声呐
Deduction
推演法 / It refers to a form of reasoning that predicts what the specific consequences would be if the statement made above is true.
Experiment 实验 / It is an action of creating artificial situations to test hypotheses.
Hypotheses假定;臆测 / It is a proposed explanation of what has been observed by a
scientist that might be true and is testable.
Induction归纳法 / It refers to a form of reasoning that has no predetermined goal
or outcome and is more objective as opposed to deduction.
Observations / It refers to the description and exploration of the natural world. 观察
Scientific Theory
科学理论 / Idea that is supported by overwhelming evidence and
represents a comprehensive explanation of how the world works.
Testable
可试验的 / In describing a hypothesis, it means that it can be tested and
potentially proved false.
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The Scientific Method
科学⽅法 / It is a set of procedures scientists use to learn about the natural
world.
Variables / It describes factors that might affect the observations. 变量
The Arctic Ocean
北冰洋 / It is the forth major ocean basin in the world, located in the Arctic
region.
The Atlantic Ocean
⼤⻄洋 / It is the second largest ocean basin in the world, located between
the Americas, Europe, and Africa.
The Indian Ocean
印度洋 / It is the thrid largest ocean basin in the world, located between
South-East Asia and Africa, and well above Antarctica.
The Pacific Ocean
太平洋 / It is the largest and deepest ocean on the Earth.
The Southern Ocean
南⼤洋 / It is the ocean that is defined by the meeting of currents near
Antarctica called the Antarctic Convergence.
Continental Crust
⼤陆地壳 / It is a relatively lighter type of crust (compared to oceanic
crust), while it remains thick and is made of silicated materials such
as granite.
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Core
/ It is the innermost layer of the Earth. 地核
Crust / It is the outermost layer of the Earth.地壳
Density / It describes the mass of a substance of a given volume. 密度
Mantle
地幔 / It is the thickest layer of the Earth, located in the middle of the core
and the crust.
Oceanic Crust海洋地壳 / It refers to the thin, dark, and heavy type of crust (compared to
continental crust) which consists of basalt.
Protoearth
原型地球 / It refers to the First Earth, or the Earth just after its creation.
Continental Drift
⼤陆漂移 / It is a hypothesis proposed by Alfred Wegner based on Sir
Francis Bacon's observations that the continents on opposite sides of the
Atlantic Ocean fit together.
Convection Currents
对流 / It refers to the movements of the mantle that are driven by the
downward movement of coller, denser material and the upward
movement of hotter, less dense material.
Convergent Plate Boundaries
汇聚板块边界 / It is the place where two plates are moving toward
each other, causing buckling and shortening of the plates.
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Divergent Plate Boundaries
离散板块边界 / It is the place where two plates are moving apart from
each other, causing splitting and rifting.
Island Arcs
岛弧 / It describes the result of convergence of plates, especially
between two oceanic plates, e.g, the Aleutian Islands.
Mid-Ocean Ridge
⼤洋中脊 / It is a continuous chain of underwater volcanoes (mountain
range) that encircles the globe, formed at the edges of divergent
plate boundaries.
Pangaea
泛⼤陆;盘古⼤陆 / It is the supercontinent Wegner had suggested at a
time when all the continents were joined together.
Seafloor Spreading
海底扩张 / It refers to the process of which volcanic activity creates
new seafloors.
Subduction
俯冲 / It is the place where one plate slides beneath another, e.g., the
Andes Mountains.
Tectonic Plates
板块 / They are rigid plates that are made up of oceanic crust or continental
crust, or both.
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Theory Of Plate Tectonics
板块构造说 / It refers to the theory that states that the Earth's outer layer
is made up of moving plates.
Transform Plate Boundaries
变换板块边界 / It is the place where two plates slide past each other,
causing a process called shearing.
Gondwana
冈瓦那⼤陆 / It refers to the large continent separated from Pangaea
which consists of modern day South america, Africa, Antarctica, and India.
Laurasia
劳亚古⼤陆 / It refers to the large continent separated from Pangaea,
within which lies modern-day North America and Eurasia.
Panthalassa
泛古洋 / It describes the single enormous ocean that surrounds Pangaea
the supercontinent.
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge
⼤⻄洋洋中脊 / It describes the great ocean ridge in the middle of the
Atlantic Ocean
Bathymetry
海洋测深学 / It is the discovery and scientific study of the ocean floor
contours.
Echo Sounders
回声测深仪 / They are multibeam sonar systems that bounce sound off of
the seafloor to measure ocean depth.
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Active Margins
活动⼤陆边缘 / These are the margins near the edges of converging plates,
frequent earthquakes and volcanic activity, commonly found in the Pacific
Ocean basin.
Continental Margins
⼤陆边缘 / These are the edges of continents that are submerged by the
ocean and the boundaries between the continental and oceanic crust.
Continental Rise
⼤陆崛起 / It describes the base of the continental slope that is covered by
an apron of accumulated sediment.
Continental Shelf
⼤陆架 / It is the shallow, submerged extension of the granite
continental crust.
Continental Slope
⼤陆坡 / It is the continuity of the Continental shelf with a greatly increased
slope.
Passive Margins
被动边缘 / These are the margins that are facing the edges of diverging
plates, with very little volcanic and earthquake activity.
Shelf Break
陆架坡折 / It is the place where the steepness of the slope at the brink of
continental shelves greatly increases.
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Abyssal Hills
深海⼭ / It refers to any volcanic features on the abyssal plains that are
less the 1000m tall.
Abyssal Plains
深海平原 / These are the extension from the edge of the continental rise,
covered with thick blankets of sediment.
Black Smokers
海底⿊烟囱 / These are vents that have water temperatures above
350 degrees Celsius.
Continental Arc
⼤陆弧 / It is a volcanic mountain range along the edge of a continent, e.g.,
the Andes Mountains.
Deep-Sea Floor深海底 / It covers a range of more than half of the ocean, with most of its
habitats ranging in depth from 3000 to 5000 meters.
Guyots
平顶⼭ / It describes the volcanoes below the surface which have a flatted
top as a result of wave action and subsidence.
Hydrothermal Vents
海洋热泉 / Deep-water hot springs on active ridges. It is a type of deep-sea
habitats that is discovered near hydrothermally active areas all around the
world.
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Ocean Trenches
海沟 / Narrow, steep-sided, arc-shaped depressions in the ocean
floor, occurred at convergent plate boundaries.
Seamounts
海底⼭ / These are the volcanic peaks that don't reach the surface of the
oceans.
Volcanic Peaks⽕⼭⼭峰 / These are the peaks developed on the Abyssal plains by
volcanic activities.
Warm-Water Vents
温⽔喷⼝ / They are vents which have water temperatures below
30 degrees Celsius.
White Smokers
海底⽩烟囱 / These are the vents which have water temperatures
ranging from 30 degrees Celsius to 350 degrees Celsius.
Abyssopelagic Zone
深渊⽔层带 / It is part of the pelagic zone that extends from 4000 meters to
where the seafloor locates, also known as the lower midnight zone.
Bathyal, Abyssal, And Hadal Zones半深海,深海和超深渊区 / They are the three zones categorized as part of
the benthic zone which is part of the deep-sea floor.
Bathypelagic Zone
半深海带 / It is part of the pelagic zone that extends from 1000 to 4000
meters, also known as the midnight zone.
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Benthos
底栖⽣物 / It describes the organisms that live on the bottom of the ocean,
or the benthic environment.
Epipelagic Zone
海洋光合作⽤带 / It is part of the pelagic zone which extends to a depth of
200 meters, which has plenty of light for photosynthesis.
Hadopelagic Zone超深渊带 / It refers to a part of the pelagic zone, where water is deep
in trenches.
Intertidal Zone
潮间带 / It describes a part of the benthic zone which is exposed when the
tide is out while underwater at high tide.
Mesopelagic Zone
中⽔层 / Part of the pelagic zone. It is beyond the continental shelf with
depth reaching 700m and has some light but not enough for
photosynthesis. It is also known as the Twilight zone.
Nektons
⾃游⽣物 / They are animals that swim well enough to oppose currents.
Neritic Zone
浅海区 / It is the pelagic environment above the continental shelf to which
where the shelf breaks.
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Oceanic Zone
远洋区 / It refers to the water beyond the shelf break, part of the
pelagic environment.
Pelagic Environment
深海域环境 / It refers to the environment up in the water column and
away from the benthic zone.
Phytoplanktons
浮游植物 / Plant-like creatures such as microscopic autotrophic algae and
cyanobacteria that generate glucose through the process of
photosynthesis.
Planktons
浮游⽣物 / It refers to those pelagic organisms that live suspended in
seawater drifting to currents from place to place.
Sessile
固着的 / It is a characteristic used to describe the state of living while
attached to one place.
Subtidal Zone
潮下带 / It is part of the benthic zone below the intertidal zone.
Zooplanktons
浮游动物 / These are heterotrophic planktons that eat other primary
producrs, such as microflagellates, microcilliates, and copepods.
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Sediments
沉积物 / It refers to those particles of organic or inorganic material
that accumulate in a loose and unconsolidated form.
Terrigenous Sediments
陆源沉积物 / It refers to sediments originated form erosion of continents or
islands (volcanic eruptions or dust).
Biogenous Sediments
⽣物源沉积物 / It refers to the sediments that were the silicon and calcium
carbonate shells of once-living organisms, often abundant at sites with high
nutrition.
Hydrogenous Sediments氢沉积物 / It refers to sediments of minerals that directly precipitate
from water.
Cosmogenous Sediments宇宙沉积物 / It refers to sediments with extraterrestrial origins
from interplanetary dust.
The Sediment Cycle
沉积物周期 / It is a cycle for all sediment types to undergo: mountains
erodes -> sediments flow to ocean -> deposits left on ocean floors ->
deposits uplift/subducted by plate movements and form mountains.
Neritic Sediments
浅海沉积物 / It refers to sediments on continental shelves that consist
primarily of terrigenous sediments.
Pelagic Sediments
远洋沉积物 / It refers to sediments originated from the ocean, often on
continental slopes, rises and ocean floors that consist primarily of
biogeous sediments.
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Diatoms
硅藻 / These are microscopic photosynthetic unicellular algae that often
aggregate together into chains or stars, which has a glass-like cell wall
(made of sillica) and are often harvested and used as diatomic earth.
Atmosphere
⼤⽓层 / It is a thin layer of gases, water vapor and airborne particles where
water and gas are exchanged from the atmosphere and ocean.
Troposphere
对流层 / The layer of atomsphere that is the closest to Earth's surface, most
turbulent, and contains most of the atmosphere's mass. It is where
weather patterns take form.
Climate
/ It refers to the longterm average of weather. ⽓候
Coriolis Effect
科⾥奥利效应 / It is a phenomenon in which the spinning of air on earth
causes bodies of air to be defected, which drives atmospheric circulation
along with the uneven heating of earth.
Doldrums (Intertropical Convergence Zone)
⾚道⽆⻛带(热带辐合带) / It is the calm equatorial climate areas where
two Hadley cells converge.
Heat Budget (Of Earth)热量平衡(地球的) / It is the balance of heat input and outflow. In a stable
equilibrium, the heat input = the heat outflow.
Mesosphere
中间层 / It refers to the upper middle layer of the atmosphere, where air
is cold, thin and tenuous.
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Stratosphere平流层 / It refers to the middle layer of the atmosphere, where air is
less turbulent and is where air travel takes place.
Trade Winds (Easterlies)
信⻛(东⻛) / This refers to surface winds of Hadley cells as they
move from horse latitudes to doldrums.
Weather
天⽓ / It refers to the condition of the atmosphere at a given place and
time.
Downwelling
下降 / It is the downward movement of water that supplies the deep ocean
with dissolved gas (like oxygen).
Five Gyres Of The World
世界五⼤环流 / It refers to the inclusion of the North Pacific Gyre, the South
Pacific Gyre, the North Atlantic Gyre, the South Atlantic Gyre, and the
Indian Ocean Gyre.
Four Main Currents That Compose Gyres
组成环流的洋流 / It refers to the inclusion of the equatorial currents,
western boundary currents, northern or southern boundary currents, and
eastern boundary currents.
Gyres
环流 / These are currents that flow continuously around the periphery of
each ocean basin (formed by surface currents).
Surface Currents
表⾯洋流 / It describes the horizontally-flowed ocean water in the
uppermost 400m of ocean.
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Thermohaline Circulation
温盐环流 / What is the process where surface water sinks and displaces its
water below depending on density called?
Upwelling
上涌 / It is the upward movement of water that brings deep, cold,
nutrient-rich water to the surface.
Waves
海浪 / It is the undulations of water surface resulting from energy transfer,
or more commonly defined as disturbances caused by movement of
energy from a souce through a medium.
Wave Crest
波峰 / It is the highest point of elevation of wave above average
water level.
Wave Frequency
波频 / It is the number of wave crests or troughs that pass a fixed point per
second.
Wave Height
波⾼ / It is the vertical distance between the wave crest and adjacent
trough.
Wave Period
波的周期 / It refers to the time it takes a wave to move a distance of
one wavelength.
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Wave Trough
波⾕ / It is the lowest part of waves, or the valley between wave crests
below average water level. (p. 32)
Wavelength (Λ)波⻓ / It is the horizontal distance between two adjavent crests or trough.
(p. 32)
Forced Waves
强迫波 / These are waves that are maintained by a disturbing force (such as
tides). (p. 32)
Free Waves⾃由波 / These are waves formed and propagated across the surface
of ocean without further inclusion from the force (such as tsunamis).
Tsunamis
海啸 / These are huge powerful waves produced by water displacement
resulting from earthquakes, landslides, volvanoes, asteroid impacts or
falling icebergs, which is also known as "harbor waves".
High Tides
涨潮 / It refers to bulges of water pulled on each side of Rarth by
the gravity of moon and sun.
Low Tides
低潮汐 / It refers to troughs of planet-sized waves, or areas
between bulges.
Tides
潮汐 / They are periodic, short-term changes in the height of the surface of
ocean at a particular place. Caused by gravitational pull between moon,
sun and earth.
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Diurnal Tides
周⽇潮汐 / It is the tidal pattern that consists of one high and one low tide
in a lunar day.
Mixed Semidiurnal Tides
混合半⽇潮汐 / It refers to the tidal patterns with successive high tides / low
tides of significantly different heights in a lunar day.
Neap Tides
⼩潮 / This change of tides occurs when solar tides diminish luner tides
while the earth, sun and moon form a right angle.
Semidiurnal Tides
半⽇潮 / It refers to the tidal pattern that consists of two high and two low
tides in a lunar day.
Spring Tides
⼤潮 / It occurs when lunar and solar tides area additive (while earth, moon
and sun are in a straight line).
Cellulose
纤维素 / It is a structural carbohydrate that is produced by algae and plants
to support themselves.
Chitin
⼏丁质 / It is a modified carbohydrate used on shelled marine animals.
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Autotrophs
⾃养⽣物 / It refers to organisms that can conduct photosynthesis and
produce their own food, also known as primary producers.
Cellular Respiration
细胞呼吸 / It is the process by which sugar are broken down using oxygen,
energy is released and stored as ATP, and while carbon dioxide and
water are produced as byproducts.
Heterotrophs
异养⽣物 / Organisms that obtain energy by consuming organic matter
produced by autotrophs.
Photosynthesis
光合作⽤ / It refers to the process by which organisms convert sunlight
energy into food energy by making organic molecules from carbon
dioxide and water. (CO2 + H2O (+energy) => C6H12O6 + O2)
Primary Producers
初级⽣产者 / They are organisms in the ecosystem that can synthesize
organic molecules from inorganic substances via photosynthesis or
chemosynthesis.
Eutrophication
富营养化 / It is the process of inputting excess materials from humans via
agricultural runoff and waste into waters.
Chemical Precipitation
化学沉淀 / It calles for the transfer of dissolved substance into insoluble
solids in a chemical fashion. (the opposite of dissolving)
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Binomial Nomenclature
双名法 / It refers to the system of naming organisms by using their genus
and species names. For example, the scientific name Homo sapiens has the
genus name of Homo and sapiens as its species name.
Taxonomy
⼆项分类 / It is the study of biological classification mainly developed by
Carolus Linnaeus.
Eukaryotes
真核⽣物 / It describes organisms with cells that have a nucleus. They can
be either unicellular or multicellular, e.g., fungi, protists, animals, plants.
Prokaryotes
原核⽣物 / It describes the single-celled organisms without nuclei or
organelles, bacteria and archaea.
Intertidal zone
潮间带 / It denotes the area of a seashore which is covered at high tides
and uncovered at low tides.
Microorganisms
微⽣物 / These are organisms that are microscopic, i.e., they are not
visible to the human eye while only becomes visible under a microscope.
Dissolved Organic Matter
溶解的有机物 / It describes the inclusion of organic molecules, nutrients,
cellular debris, etc. (formed by viruses bursting open bacterial/algal
cells)
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Cyanobacteria
蓝藻 / It refers to a group of photosynthetic bacteria that were among the
first photosynthetic organisms on Earth, which played an important role
in the accumulation of oxygen.
Peptidoglycan
肽聚糖 / It is a substance forming the cell walls of many bacteria,
containing muramic acid and chains of amino sugars.
Archaea
古⽣菌 / It is the domain of single-celled prokaryotic organisms.
Extremophiles
极端微⽣物 / It refers to microorganisms that live in conditions of
extremes (temperature, acidity, alkalinity, or concentration).
Algae
藻类 / It is an incredibly diverse group of simple marine and
freshwater photosynthetic organisms.
Bioluminescence
⽣物荧光 / It refers to the emission of light by living organisms for the
purpose of prey attraction, communication, and courtship displays through
a chemical reaction that occurs when the organism contains luciferin.
Dinoflagellates
钩鞭藻 / It refers to another common type of photosynthetic unicellular
algae, which possess two flagella and whose cell wall is made of
cellulose.
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