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USE OF DNA TECHNOLOGY:
DNA PROFILING
USES OF DNA TECHNOLOGY
• DNA Profiling• Parentage Testing• Genealogy • Genetic Screening • Genetically Modified Organisms
DNA PROFILING
• Method to identify an individual based upon their DNA
• Used in:• Criminal investigations• Parentage Testing
UNDERLYING PRINCIPLE
• Over 99.9% of our DNA is identical across all people• BUT this means some is different
UNDERLYING PRINCIPLE• In our different DNA:• Variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs)• DNA made up of repetitive sequences that can
be found in different numbers for different people • STRs: short tandem repeats (2-5nt long)• LTRs: long tandem repeats
UNDERLYING PRINCIPLE
UNDERLYING PRINCIPLE
• VNTRs:• Are genetic…• The number of repeats in any given VNTR
would have been passed down from a parent
UNDERLYING PRINCIPLE• VNTRs:• Are very numerous in our genome• Take home message:• The number of repeats in each VNTR is unique
amongst individuals (unless identical twins)• You share roughly 50% of these repeats in
common with your parents and siblings
DNA PROFILING OVERVIEW
• Uses PCR to amplify VNTRs and then gel electrophoresis to visualize the DNA fragments created• This creates a unique DNA profile for each
person
DNA PROFILING: PCR
• Primers are designed to “bookend” a VNTR of interest• Primers need to anneal to a conserved region
of DNA that is identical to each person
UNDERLYING PRINCIPLE
DNA PROFILING: PCR
• Primers are designed to “bookend” a VNTR of interest• Primers need to anneal to a conserved region of
DNA that is identical to each person• PCR will therefore give different fragments lengths
based on how many repeats a person has
DNA PROFILING: GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
• After the PCR, DNA is run on a gel to visualize the lengths of the DNA products
UNDERLYING PRINCIPLE
DNA PROFILING
• To accurately identify a person and reduce false positives:• U.S. examines 13 separate VNTRs• UK has a system with 11 VNTRs
• Both of these have VNTRs that are found on different chromosomes• Think “Law of Independent Assortment”
DNA PROFILING
• Criminal Investigations:• Identifying who an
unknown DNA sample belongs to
DNA PROFILING
• Paternity Testing:• Identifying who the
father/parents of a child are