Utilization of renewable raw materials in Germany

Martina Haase, Rebecca Ilsen, Magnus Fröhling

Institute for Industrial Production, Universität Karlsruhe (TH), Germany

IIP Institute for Industrial Production (IIP)ord. Prof. Dr. rer. nat. O. Rentz

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Overview of the use of renewable resources in Germany– Energetic use– Non-energetic use

Motivation and general framework for the increasing use of biomass– Usage competition– Legal framework– Techno-economic and ecological evaluation of biomass

utilization pathways

Conclusion

Outline

volume of international renewable energy markets highly increasing

German renewable energy industry has a good market position and is seen as technology leader in many areas.

Strengths: technological innovation, product quality, system-know-how, references from home market, experiences in application.

Situation of the German renewable energy sector

Weltmarkt 2005: 45 Mrd. €

14,1

11,38,0

3,4

2,1 2,1 3,7

Wasserkraft (groß)

Windkraft

Photovoltaik

Solarthermie

Biomasse

Geothermie

Wasserkraft (klein)

Source: UBA, BMU 2007

World market Billion €

Hydropower (large)

Wind energy

Photovoltaics

Solar thermal energy

Geothermal energy

Biomass

Hydropower (small)

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Energetic use of renewable resources (1)

Renewable energy sources as a share of energy supply in Germany

3.14.8

0.22.1

8.6

14.2

6.67.6

3.5

6.7

182)

141)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Share of total final energyconsumtion

Share of gross electricityconsumption

Share of final energyconsumtion for heat

Share of fuel consumption Share of primary energyconsumption

Sh

are

in [

%]

1998 2000

2002 2004

2006 2007

2020

3)

minimum 301)

1 ) Resolution of the German P arlament, 6th J une 2008; 2) Directive of the Euopean P arlament and the Council on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, 23 J anuary 2008;

3) For calculating the share of primary energy consumption (P EC), the (official) physical energy content method has been used (acc. to the substitution method: 9.2 %) RE - renewable energiy, Source: BMU-Brochure:"Renewable energy sources in figures – national and international development", KI III 1; Version: J une 2008; all figures provisional

German Government Targets

5

Energetic use of renewable resources (2)

Share of renewable energy sources in total final energy consumption in Germany, 2006/2007

3.2 3.4

5.06.4

3.1

3.8

5.4 6.1 6.37.6

0.6

0.4

0.30.2

0.10.2

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

2006 (11.7 %) 2007 (14.2 %) 2006 (5.8 %) 2007 (6.6 %) 2006 (6.3 %) 2007 (7.6 %)

electricity * heat * biogenic fuels

[%

]

Hydropower Wind energyBiomass PhotovoltaicsSolar thermal energy Geothermal energy

* biomass: solid, liquid; gaseous biomass, biogenic share of waste, landfill and sewage gas; Deviations in the totals are due to roundingSource: BMU-Brochure: "Renewable energy sources in figures – national and international development", KI III 1; Version: J une 2008; all figures provisional

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nearly 70% of renewable energy is delivered from biomass utilization

Biomass is mainly used for heat and fuel generation

for electricity production wind energy and hydropower are the most important renewable resources

73,90%

18,80%

7,30%

biodiesel vegetable oil bioethanol

7,6% of the fuel consumption is provided by biofuels in 2007

– therein more than 70% is biodiesel

– biodiesel is produced mainly from rape

– available at 1900 fuel stations– biofuels of 2nd generation not

yet available

Structure of biogenic fuel in Germany, 2007

Structure for the provision of final energy from renewable resources in Germany (basic year 2007):

Energetic use of renewable resources (3)

Source: BMU 2008

Source: BMU 2008

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Energetic use of renewable resources in Germany - heat

Approximately 1370 TWh heat are annually generated in Germany (basic year 2007)

Ca. 7% of the entire heat generation are provided by renewable resources (basic year 2007)

Source: BMU 2008

Structure of the heat generation from renewable resources in Germany2007

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The usage of inland wood accounts for ca. 106 mill. m3 (ca. 42 – 80 Mt) (base year 2005)1

Additionally ca. 78 mill. m3 of semi-finished wood are imported (base year 2005)

The non-energetic use of wood accounts for approx. 146 mill. m3 wood (base year 2005)– Sawmill and veneer industry: 37,2 mill. m3 – Derived timber product industry: 20,5 mill. m3

– Pulp and paper industry : 9,8 mill. m3 – Semi-finished wood (imports): 78 mill. m3

On the other hand ca. 40 mill. m3 wood are used for electricity and heat generation.2

1 1 m3 wood = 0,4 – 0,77 t wooddry

2 including forest wood, pulpwood and old forest

Source: FNR 2007

Non-energetic use of renewable raw materials - wood

Usage competition between energetic and non-energetic use:

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Non-energetic use of renewable raw materials

Raw material Amount [t]

Vegetable oils 800.000

Starch 630.000

Animal fats 350.000

Cellulose 320.000

Sugar 295.000

Natural fibres 176.000

Others 117.000

TOTAL 2.688.000

Ca. 2.7 mill. t of renewable raw materials are used in the industry per year

Thereof ca. 2 mill. t are used in the chemical industry and ca. 0,7 mill. t in the pulp and paper industry (base year 2007)

Raw material proportions of the chemical industry in Germany (basic year 2007)

Renewable raw materials in the chemical-technical area

Sources: FNR 2007, VCI 2008

75%

11%

2%

12%

petroleum natural gas coal renewable primary products

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Biomass utilization pathways in Germany

Biomass Process steps Products

Gasification,Synthesis

Straw, woodBtl-fuelSynFuel

WoodDisintegration,

Enzymatic hydrolysis, Fermentation

platform chemicals (e.g. ethanol, lactic acid)

Cereal, Sugar beet

ethanolEnzymatic hydrolysis,

Fermentation, Distillation

Oil mill,Refining,

Transesterification

Oil plants(rape, sunflower)

FAME(biodiesel)

Anaerobe fermentation

corn, liquid manure, sewage sludge, Biowaste

Biogas Methane

Application

fuel:2 pilot installations- Choren, Freiberg- FZK, Karlsruhe

Research projects

fuel: Flexible-Fuel-Vehicles for E85 availableInfrastructure: 75 petrol stations for E85

fuel:cars for B100 available, good infrastructure

heat and electricity:950 MW in 3300 installations

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Increase of the cultivated area for renewable raw materials in Germany:

– from ca. 290.000 ha in the year 1993

– to ca. 2 mill. ha in the year 2007 (approximately 17% of the agricultural crop land in 2007)

In 2020 3,5 m ha might be available for biomass production because of

– increase in production efficiency– decrease in population in Germany– reduction of European food

overproduction

if 3,5 m ha were used to produce BtL-fuel, 25% of German fuel consumption could be substituted.

Source: FNR 2007, BMU

Biomass Usage competition

Energetic vs. non-energetic use

Land use

1993: 85% of this area served for the material utilization

2007: only about 13%.

In particular increase of the cultivated area for rape for the production of biofuels (ca. 1,1 mill. ha in the year 2007)

Especially vegetable oils and starch (from rape and cereals) do also represent important industrial raw materials

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Replacement of limited fossil raw materials

Reduction of dependence of crude oil imports

Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions

Biomass represents a renewable but limited resource

Competition for land use and between different utilisation pathways requires an efficient and sustainable use of biomass

General Framework for an increasing use of biomass

Constraints

Motivation

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Legal framework for the use of biomass

EU: – Guideline 2003/30/EG: Increase of biofuels on the fuel market to

5,75 % until the end of 2010 and to 10 % until the end of 2020

– and others

D:– BioKraftQuG: a given part of fuel sold has to be biofuel

– EnergieStG: no or less tax on biofuels compared to fossil fuels

– EEG: fixed purchasing prices for electricity from renewable sources

– Financial investment programs

– BioNachV: Regulation of sustainability of biomass for the certification of biofuels (concept October 2007)

Sustainable cultivation of agricultural areas

Protection of natural habitats

Potential for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.

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Techno-economic and ecological evaluation (1)

Estimation of the economic efficiency and the environmental effects of process chains for the use of biomass

Identification of economic and ecological key factors to ensure sustainability

Modelling of material and energy flows along the whole value chain

Estimation of environmental impacts

Location and logistics planning

Estimation of investments and total costs

Process determination

Sensitivity analysis

Identification of key factors

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Estimation of the necessary investments:

– Individual identification of investments for the main plant components

– Application of economies of scale

Determination of annual overall costs of the process chain:

– Investment dependent costs (depreciations, interests,...)

– Operating costs (costs for raw materials, electricity, etc.)

– Labour costs– Costs for transportation– Revenues for by-products

Methodology for life cycle assessment (LCA) according to the European standard DIN EN ISO 14040 and 14044

Goal and scope definition for life cycle inventory analysis

Selection of adequate impact categories, e.g.

- Climate change- Eutrophication- Acidification

Identification of relevant material and energy flows and conversion to indicator values, e.g. CO2 equivalents)

Cultivation of biomass

Production process

Use of product

Transport Transport

Emissions(CO2, NOx,

NH3,...)

Energy Operating materials

Environmental impactsEconomic evaluation

Techno-economic and ecological evaluation (2)

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Biomass is used energetically as well as non-energetically in Germany

The increasing use of biomass is supposed to reduce the dependence on crude oil imports and to assure the raw materials supply

New utilization concepts amplify existing biomass usage competitions

The techno-economic and ecological evaluation at an early stage of process development aims at the identification of sustainable ways of biomass utilization

Identification of reasonable biomass utilization paths in respect of local conditions (available technologies and feedstock potentials)

Summary and conclusion

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Hertzstr. 1676187 KarlsruheGermany

Dr. rer. pol. Magnus Fröhling +49 (0)721 608-4400 magnus.froehling@wiwi.uni-karlsruhe.de

Dipl.-Umweltwiss. Martina Haase+49 (0)721 608-4467 martina.haase@wiwi.uni-karlsruhe.de

Dipl.-Wi.Ing. Rebecca Ilsen+49 (0)721 608-4589rebecca.ilsen@wiwi.uni-karlsruhe.de

IIP Institute for Industrial Production (IIP)ord. Prof. Dr. rer. nat. O. Rentz

Thank you for your attention.