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ENGINEERING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL, VOL.1, NO.3, SEP, 2017
Corresponding Author Email Address: [email protected]
Sajjad Ali Mangi1, Norwati Jamaluddin
2, Wan Ibrahim M.H
3, Noridah Mohamad
3, Samiullah Sohu
4
1PhD Research Fellow, Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering, UTHM Malaysia
2Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering, UTHM Malaysia
3Associate Professor, Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering, UTHM Malaysia
4PhD Research Fellow, Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering, UTHM Malaysia
Keywords: Sawdust ash, Pozzolanic material, cement replacement, concrete, compressive strength.
1. Introduction
he present boom in the field of construction has caused
the huge rise in the demand for Portland cement which
is the important material in the production of concrete. It
was noted by Ramos, Matos, & Sousa-Coutinho, [1] that
globally more than one cubic meter of concrete is produced
per person per year with Portland cement being the main
component, but it produces the greatest environmental
burden. Currently, about 3 billion tons of Portland cement
are consumed worldwide and for the every 600 kg
production of cement, a 400 kilograms of carbon dioxide
(CO2) gas is released. In the recent years, raising concern
about global environment and utilization of renewable
energy resources leads to modify the traditional practices of
energy production. Among these resources, wood waste is a
promising source of renewable energy [2].
Wood biomasses namely sawdust is the significant
waste produced from the wood industries. The utilization of
wood-fuel for generating energy is the ultimate solution for
problems connected to wood waste. However, the thermal
combustion generally reduces the mass and the volume of
the wood waste but it yields an inheritance problem that is
formation wood ash (Sawdust ash). In the USA alone,
about 3 million tons of wood ash are produced annually [3].
Usually, timber industries have its own small-scale boiler
units which employ generated wood waste in the unit itself
as fuel for heat energy production regarding other processes
like drying the finished products. Moreover, it was detected
that wood ash produced by timber manufacturing industries
is not handled properly, which may cause serious
environmental and health problems. Research has been
conducted on SDA as a cement replacement material.
Findings have indicated that SDA can effectively be used
as cement replacement material in the concrete of adequate
strength and durability performances. In long term, the
utilization of SDA as replacement of cement is expected to
carry substantial decrease in the cost of construction since
cement is the most expensive integral part of the concrete.
2. Previous Research
The summary of literature review has been presented in
Table 1. It indicates the previous findings on the utilization
of SDA as replacement of cement in the concrete. It was
explored by the researchers that the sawdust ash has great
potential to perform as a Pozzolanic material, it can be
considered for the normal and high strength concrete as a
cement replacement. Through the adoption of these
practices can reduce the environmental burden and creates
a solution to the sustainable construction material to build
cost-effective structures.
T
Abstract: Cement is the main materials for the construction and it is very expensive. Considering the growing demand
of cement, the researchers are probing towards the new cement replacement materials. To achieve the sustainable
development, it is imperative to use supplementary cementing materials in the field of concrete engineering. Currently,
numerous research has been conducted on the utilization of sawdust ash as a cement replacement in the production of
green building material and an alternative means of wood waste minimization. The result of this research work has
indicated that sawdust ash has a good potential to be utilized as replacement of ordinary Portland cement for the
production of concrete. The aim of this review work is to summarize previous research studies on utilization of
sawdust ash as a cement replacement. Hence, this review paper will provide the significant idea and valuable
information for the fellow researchers working for the composite cement materials, supplementary cementing materials
in the field of concrete technology and it is the considerable verdict that more research is deserved to be carried out on
the development of high-strength concrete incorporating sawdust ash as a cement replacement.
ISSN (e) 2520-7393
ISSN (p) 2521-5027
Received on 19th Jun, 2017
Revised on 21st Sept, 2017
www.estirj.com
Utilization of Sawdust Ash as Cement
Replacement for the Concrete Production:
A Review
S.A MANGI et.al: UTILIZATION OF SAWDUST ASH AS REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT FOR THE CONCRETE PRODUCTION: A REVIEW
Copyright ©2017 ESTIRJ-VOL.1, NO.3 (11-15)
Table 1: Summary of pervious research findings
Ref. Country Materials Design & Mix Proportion Research Findings
[2]
India
Ash obtained from
uncontrolled burning of
Sawdust,
5, 10, 15,18 and 20%
w/b : 0.4 & 0.45
curing period 7 and 28 days
Strength decrease slightly with increase
in wood ash content
[3]
Malaysia
OPC, Silica fume,
Rubber wood ash with
SP dosage 0.5 to 3.0
7% Silica fume with
0, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21,
24 & 27%
w/b ratio: 0.32
curing period 3,7, 28, 90,
180 and 364 days
As compared to OPC, Silica fume with
OPC with 6% wood ash gives higher
compressive strength.
[4]
Nigeria
Species are Abura,
Afara, Obeche,
Mahogany and Iroko.
Open burning method
used
1:2:4 with 0%, 5%, 10%,
15%, 20%, 25%, 30% SDA
w/b ratio: 0.32 to 0.42
curing period 3, 7, 14 and
28 days
At 28-day, 68% increased while 15% of
cement replacement
[5] Malaysia wood ash obtained from
different species
0%, 10% to 40% SDA
w/b ratio: 0.60
curing period 7, 18, 91 and
180 days
Use of wood ash as a cement
replacement in concrete up to 25% of
binder weight does not have adverse
effects.
[6] Malaysia
OPC, Silica fume,
Rubber wood ash with
SP dosage 0.4 to 2.6
binder: sand 1:2.25 with
7.5% Silica fume with
0, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, & 16%
wood ash
w/b ratio: 0.32
curing period 3, 7 and 28
days
Utilization of wood ash as replacement
of cement up to 16% by weight of
binder corresponding with small
quantity (7.5%) of DFS contribute to
refinement in pore structure of a cement
matrix, hence, it reduces the chloride
diffusivity in mortar.
[7]
Thailand
OPC, LFA and Rubber
sawdust ash
1:2.75 ration cement to sand
by weight
Curing days 7 & 28
Increased 51% with 40% of LFA for
curing period of 28 days.
[8]
Nigeria
SDA was obtained
through uncontrolled
burning and sieved
through 425µm
1:2:4 , with 5%, 10%, 15%,
20% and 25% by weight of
OPC
w/b ratio 0.5-0.6
Curing period 3, 7, 28, 56
and 90 days
Compressive strength of SDA concrete
was inferior at early age but progresses
well up to 90 days.
The optimum compressive strength value
were recorded as 23.26N/mm2 with 5%
SDA replacement at 90 days.
[9] India SDA collected from
different timber mills,
retained on sieve 45 µm,
12, 23, 40, 60 and 90%
5%, 10%, 15%, 20% , 25%
and 30% by weight of OPC
Curing period 3, 7 and28
days
Utilizing wood ash as replacement of
OPC, decreases the slump values of
concrete even increases the water
demand.
10% replacement by weight of binder
found to be good for structural grade
concrete.
[10]
Nigeria
Sawdust ash obtained
through uncontrolled
burning sieved through
212µm
Mortor mix of 1:3 with 0, 5,
10, 15, 20, 25 and 30%
SDA
w/b ration 0.60
Curing period of 3, 7, 28
and 60 days
At 10% replacement of cement with
SDA for curing of 28 and 60days 17.63
& 21.45 N/mm2.
[11]
Nigeria
Ash obtained from
uncontrolled burning of
Sawdust and through
600μm
1:2:4 with 0, 5, 10, 15, 20,
25 and 30% SDA curing
period 7, 14 and 28 days
28days compressive strength were
recorded as 19.05 N/mm2 at 15% cement
replacement with SDA, 32%
compressive strength were increased as
compare with control mix.
OPC: Ordinary Portland cement, FA: Fine Aggregate, SDA: Sawdust Ash, LFA: Lignite Fly Ash, SP: Supper plasticizer
S.A MANGI et.al: UTILIZATION OF SAWDUST ASH AS REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT FOR THE CONCRETE PRODUCTION: A REVIEW
Copyright ©2017 ESTIRJ-VOL.1, NO.3 (11-15)
3. Discussion on Previous Findings
3.1Physical and Chemical characteristics of SDA
The sawdust ash having an angular shape with a
heterogeneous mixture of different particle size. These
particles mostly consisted of partially incinerated or
unburned wood.
To assess the fineness, typical quantity of wood ash
passing through sieve #200 (75 µm) is 50% and
percentage retained on sieve #325 (45 µm) is 31%. It was
noted by Swaptik Chowdhury, Mishra, & Suganya, [2]
that the unit weight of SDA or wood ash as 490 kg/m3 and
827 kg/m3 respectively and average specific gravity were
recorded as 2.48 and 1.65 respectively [2]. It was
generally observed that bulk density reduces as the
percentage SDA is increased.
Figure 1: Setting time of SDA v/s OPC paste [4]
According to the findings of Elinwa & Mahmood, [4]
that that SDA conforms as a similar material as per
specifications for setting as shown in figure 1. Also, the
workability of the concrete decreases as the fraction of
SDA increases. In addition to that it was detected by
Cheah & Ramli, [5] on the basis of chemical
configuration, the important oxide compounds that
recognized appropriateness of wood ash / sawdust ash as a
replacement of cement i.e. Silica (SiO2), alumina
(Al2O3), ferrous oxide (Fe2O3) and lime (CaO) which
varies according to the type of species of the trees.
Table 2: Essential Oxides in SDA from different wood
species
Variety of
Species
SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO Ref.
Pine SDA 9.71 2.34 2.10 48.88
[5] OrkSDA 29.93 4.27 4.20 15.56
Alder-fir
SDA
37.49 12.23 8.09 26.41
High
calcium
Rubber
sawdust
2.70 1.30 1.30 61.0 [6]
Rubber
SDA
9.91 1.19 1.63 40.23 [7]
From table 2. Utilization of SDA as a cement
replacement can justify by requirement of ASTM C-618,
which indicated that SDA has a good potential to work as
pozzolanic material.
3.2 Mineralogical Properties
Considering the mineralogical properties of sawdust ash
(SDA), it has been found by Elinwa, A.U., and Ejeh,
[4]that through the X-ray diffraction analysis, Sawdust ash
has a higher amount of silica dioxide (SiO2) as compared
to the other oxidants as shown in Figure 2. It is the key
indicator for the pozzolanic activity occurs in the SDA.
Therefore, it can be utilized as the replacement ordinary
Portland cement for the production of concrete.
Figure 2: XRD Analysis of sawdust ash [4]
It was also observed by Swaptik Chowdhury, Mishra,
&Suganya, [2] and Raheem, Olasunkanmi, & Folorunso,
[8] that the SDA satisfied the requirement as specified in
ASTM C-618 that the sum of SiO2+Al2O3 +Fe2O3
within the range of 70%. Hence, Sawdust ash has a great
tendency to be work as a pozzolanic material.
Figure 3: Cement-Silica fume with 2% of wood ash at 28
days [3]
It could be observed from the Figure 3 that the mortar
mix initially forming agel of C-S-H from the hydration of
cement. With reference to the cement paste, the
microstructure analysis revealed that C and CS, at the
early age during hydration process ettringite crystals were
vanished on long curing up to 182 days. This is due to
depletion of presented calcium sulfate in cement paste on
extended curing process of the cement paste, the ettringite
crystals would respond with C3A mineral to form the
mono-sulfate.
3.2 Compressive strength performances
S.A MANGI et.al: UTILIZATION OF SAWDUST ASH AS REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT FOR THE CONCRETE PRODUCTION: A REVIEW
Copyright ©2017 ESTIRJ-VOL.1, NO.3 (11-15)
Considering the strength parameters It was noticed by
Elinwa & Mahmood, [4] that the compressive strength at
28-days were recorded, 5, 10 and 15% cement
replacement is about 93, 78 and 68% of the control mix
respectively as shown in figure 4. While 10% replacement
of OPC with SDA shows good strength performance and
desired workability.
Figure 4: Compressive strength of SDA v/s OPC
concrete at different curing period [4]
It was generally observed that the suitable range of
replacement of cement with wood ash according to the
compressive strength point of view is 10% to 20 by weight
of the binder. Moreover, the compressive strength concrete
containing SDA was lower at the early age but improves
significantly by increasing the curing period. For the long-
term curing process Cheah & Ramli, [3] were found that
wood ash at 16% to 20% replacement still produced good
strength mortar with compressive strength (ASTM)
beyond 55 N/mm2 at 364 days. It was suggested by and S.
Chowdhury et al., [2] that the future studies need to be
carried out on concrete improving durability and strength.
5. Conclusion
In the view of sustainable development, it is imperative to
use supplementary cementing materials in the field of
concrete engineering. The utilization of Sawdust ash
(SDA) has long been known as a cement replacement
material for normal strength concrete or mortar. The
review of the literature on Sawdust ash starting from the
early days till now suggest that no detailed study,
particularly on high-strength concrete developed through
incorporating sawdust ash and durability aspects, need to
be considered for the future studies. It was perceived from
the extensive literature review that the application of high-
strength concrete is widely increased due to its superior
structural performance, environmental friendliness, and
energy conserving implication but the high-strength
concrete developed through sawdust ash is need to be
investigated for its durability performance may also be
investigated in the aggressive environment.
Acknowledgment
The authors gratefully acknowledged the support of
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering and
Office for Research, Innovative, Commercialization and
Consultancy Management, UniversitiTun Hussein Onn
Malaysia for financial support.
References
[1] Ramos, T., Matos, A. M., & Sousa-Coutinho, J.
(2013). Mortar with wood waste ash: Mechanical
strength carbonation resistance and ASR expansion.
Construction and Building Materials, 49, 343–351.
[2] Chowdhury, S., Mishra, M., & Suganya, O. (2015).
The incorporation of wood waste ash as a partial
cement replacement material for making structural
grade concrete: An overview. Ain Shams Engineering
Journal, 6(2), 429–437.
[3]Cheah, C. B., & Ramli, M. (2013). The engineering
properties of high performance concrete with HCWA-
DSF supplementary binder. Construction and
Building Materials, 40, 93–103.
[4] Elinwa, A. U., & Mahmood, Y. A. (2002). Ash from
timber waste as cement replacement material. Cement
and Concrete Composites, 24(2), 219–222.
[5] Cheah, C. B., & Ramli, M. (2011b). The
implementation of wood waste ash as a partial cement
replacement material in the production of structural
grade concrete and mortar: An overview. Resources,
Conservation and Recycling, 55(7), 669–685.
[6] Cheah, C. B., & Ramli, M. (2011a). Properties of high
calcium wood ash and densified silica fume blended
cement. International Journal of the Physical
Sciences, 6(28), 6596–6606.
[7]Tonnayopas, D., & Ritawirun, C. (2005). Influence of
Fly Ash and Rubber Sawdust Ash on Mortar, PSU-
UNS International Conference on Engineering and
Environment (pp. 1–5).
[8] Raheem, A. A., Olasunkanmi, B. S., & Folorunso, C.
S. (2012). Saw Dust Ash as Partial Replacement for
Cement in Concrete. Organization, Technology and
Management in Construction: An International
Journal, 4(2), 474–480.
[9] Chowdhury, S., Maniar, A., & Suganya, O. M.
(2015). Strength development in concrete with wood
ash blended cement and use of soft computing models
to predict strength parameters. Journal of Advanced
Research, 6(6), 907–913.
[10] Elinwa, A.U. and Ejeh, S. P. (2004). Effects of the
Incorporation of Sawdust Waste Incineration Fly Ash
in Cement Pastes and Mortars. Journal of Asian
Architecture and Building Engineering, 3(1), 1–7.
[11] Obilade, I. O. (2014). Use of Saw Dust Ash as Partial
Replacement for Cement In Concrete. International
Refereed Journal of Engineering and Applied
Sciences, 5(4), 11–16.
About authors
Sajjad Ali Mangi is an Assistant Professor at the
Department of Civil Engineering, Mehran University of
Engineering & Technology, SZAB Campus Khairpur
Mir's. Currently, he is doing his Ph.D. in the field of
Materials and Structural Engineering at UTHM Malaysia.
Mr. Mangi has bachelors in Civil Engineering from
QUEST, Nawabshah and Masters in Environmental
S.A MANGI et.al: UTILIZATION OF SAWDUST ASH AS REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT FOR THE CONCRETE PRODUCTION: A REVIEW
Copyright ©2017 ESTIRJ-VOL.1, NO.3 (11-15)
Engineering from NED University, Karachi, Pakistan. He
has been involved in local and international research
projects. He has also participated in national and
international conferences and has been awarded a lifetime
member of EWT Islamabad. His research interests lie in
the field of Materials and Structural Engineering.
Dr. Norawati Jamaluddin is the Senior Lecturer at the
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. She did her Ph.D.
in the Structural Engineering from University of Leeds,
UK. Her expertise are in Composite Structures and
Concrete Technology.
Dr. Wan Ibrahim, M.H is an Associate Professor at the
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
UniversitiTun Hussein Onn Malaysia. Currently, he is also
holding the additional charge of Deputy Dean (Academic
and International). Apart from the academics, he has been
associated in the construction industry and honored as a
Vice President by Concrete Society Malaysia. His
expertise are in the Concrete Technology and Masonry
Engineering.
Dr. Noridah Mohamad is an Associate Professor at the
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
UniversitiTun Hussein Onn Malaysia. She did her Ph.D. in
the field of Civil Engineering from UTM Malaysia. Her
expertise are in Structural Engineering and Precast Wall
Panels.
Samiullah Sohu is an Assistant Professor at the
Department of Civil Engineering, Quaid-e-Awam
University College of Engineering, Science &
Technology, Larkano. Presently, he is doing his Ph.D. at
UTHM Malaysia. Mr. Sohu has bachelors in Civil
Engineering from QUEST, Nawabshah and a Masters in
Construction Management from MUET, Jamshoro. His
field of research is Construction Management.