Vaccination against bacterial diseases in farmed Atlantic salmon –experience and global applicability
Global Vaccine and Immunization Research Forum (GVIRF) 20-22 March 2018 ,Bangkok
Edgar Brun, Saraya Tavornpanich, Atle Lillehaug
The blue future
• 2030-50: Need food for 9-10 billion people• 2030: Global demand for seafood estimated to 261
million tones• 100 mill tones incl sea weeds in 2014• Aquaculture provided more fish for human consumption
than capture fisheries (2014)
• Aquaculture an efficient and CO2 – friendly way of supplying people with essential nutrients
• Governmental and private optimism; ambitious plans and available funding
Salmon production in Norway
• 310 mill smolts transferred to sea annually • 1 300 000 tones farmed salmon produced annually
More than 70 % of global aquaculture is small scale production
A brief history of salmon diseases
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1984
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0
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- ISA made notifiable- Health certificate- Compulsory health control
in hatcheries- Regulation on moving fish
already put in sea - Regulations on transport
- Disinfection of wastewater from slaughterhouses and processing plants, and of the seawater supply in hatcheries
- Introduction of zones to combat outbreaks
- Contingency plan,
”Stop ISA campaign”
ISAV identified
Vibriosis Cold water vibriosis Furunculosis Winter skin ulcer
Production cycle
Broodstockin
freshwater On-growing farm in
sea-water
Slaughtering
On-growingbroodstock in
sea-water
• Time of vaccination• Multi-component
vaccines• Adjuvants• One injection
Smoltfreshwater
Hatchery
Killed instripping process
0
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1400
7576777879808182838485868788899091929394959697989900010203040506070809101112131415
Prod
ucti
on o
ffa
rmed
salm
on(t
ons
x 10
00)
Production of fish
Salmon production, vaccination and use of antibacterials 1975 - 2015
Vibriosis Cold-watervibriosis
Furun-culosis
Winterulcers
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1400
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75 80 85 90 95 00 05 10 15
Prod
ucti
on o
ffa
rmed
salm
on(t
ons
x 10
00)
Anti
bact
eria
ls (
tons
)
Antibacterials and fish production1996 - 2016
1.037
0.7460.679
0.591
0.6850.645
1.010
0.800
1.1591.215
1.428
0.649
0.905
1.313
0.649
0.549
1.591
0.972
0.511
0.2760.212
0
200
400
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1200
1400
1600
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
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1.8
96 01 06 11 16
Prod
ucti
on o
f fa
rmed
fis
h (t
ons
x 10
00)
Anti
bact
eria
ls (
tons
)
Use of antibiotics, fish farmingProduction of fish
Average annual use below 1 mg/kg fish produced.
Antibiotic (in kg) prescribed for treatment of farmed fish where the amount prescribed were ≥ 20 kg(from K Grave & K Olli Helgesen “Antibakterielle midler til oppdrettsfisk - rekvirering, forbruk og diagnoser 2013-2017» report 5-2018, Norwegian Veterinary Institute)
producion Diagnosis 2013 2014 20152016
2017Salmon growers
Bacterial infections 2024
2640
140310
Cold water vibrosis 21220275
UlcersYersiniosis
20 62220
Salmon broodstock
Bact infections 95Yersiniosis 21
Use of antimicrobials in aquaculture• Chronic diseases that cause reduced growth, low food
conversion rate and poor survival thus leading to reduced production
• Epidemic diseases that can cause mass mortalities• Failure of preventive therapy• New species in culture and new culture
systems/management • use of veterinary medicines in a lag phase between the
identification and characterization of pathogens and the development of disease control procedures
• Knowledge on when and how to give antibiotics efficiently
Efficacy of vaccination:
Most of the bacterial vaccines used in farmed salmon have a RPS of >70
Good herd immunity effect
Efficacy of vaccination:
PD-vaccination 2008 – 2010
Vaccinates Non-vaccinates
Mortality - % 15.0 22.5
Growth - % /day 0.75 0.72
Discarded at slaughter 1.28 2.74
Bang Jensen et al. 2012. Cohort study of effect of vacciantionon pancreas disease in Norwegian salmon aquaculture
Economic break-even analysis in relation to the efficacy of vaccination.
Thorarinsson &Powell; AquacultureVolume 256, Issues 1–4,15 June 2006, Pages 42-49
Key factors:• Species • Market• Disease profile
Success criteria for ab-reduction (1)
• Competence in epidemiology and biosecurity to• understand disease dynamics• develop biosecurity-based regulations • develop farm biosecurity
• prevention, control and containment systems
• Diagnostics• Focus on Ab –consumption
Success criteria for ab reduction (2)
• Vaccines • Public –private –partnership to encourage vaccine
development• Temporary licensing of vaccines• Efficient vaccination procedures
• Encouraging the use of vaccines• Cost-benefit documentation
• Reduce the total load of infection
Use of vaccines and farming
Brudeseth et al; Fish & Shellfish ImmunologyVolume 35, Issue 6, December 2013, Pages 1759-1768
How can we make vaccineinvestments profitable ?
Challenges• Vast diversity of cultured fish species and their
pathogens (4-500 species)• Lacking knowledge on immune response• Vaccine development -Autogenous vaccines
• Licensing procedures• Private-public partnership• Promotion of vaccines as a necessary
part of the biosecurity measure • Delivery systems
• Injection is immunologically efficient• Oral is a practical appl. method (only 5 vaccines)
Delivery systems
• Immersion
• Injection (i.p., i.m.)
• Oral
Algae based platform for oral delivery of drugs and vaccines (TransAlgae)
Take home message
• Biosecurity measures incl. vaccines, are necessary parts of aquatic animal health management
• An efficient vaccination protocol can give the industry a beneficial cost/benefit ratio.
• Ensure growth and reduce mortalities
• Diagnosic capability and standards for prudent used of ab needed