Variability in Tamarind

Amal premachanadran2016-12-025

Tamarind /Indian date/ImliTamarindus indicaFamily: Leguminosae, 2n=24,origin=Tropical AfricaThe genus Tamarindus is monotypic, i.e. it contains a single species. Commonly, Tamarindus indica

Tamarind Morphology

• The branches of tree droop from a single, central trunk as they matures .The tamarind is a long-lived, medium-growth, bushy tree, which attains a maximum crown height of 12 to 18 metres (40 to 60 feet). The crown has an irregular, vase-shaped outline of dense foliage• Leaves are evergreen, bright green in color, elliptical ovular, arrangement is

alternate, of the pinnately compound type, with pinnate venation and less than 5 cm (2 inches) in length

• The tamarind have red and yellow elongated flowers. Flowers are 2.5 cm wide (one inch), five-petalled, borne in small racemes, and yellow with orange or red streaks. Buds are pink as the four sepals are pink and are lost when the flower blooms.• The fruit is a curved or straight pod with rounded ends, 12 to 15 cm in

length, covered with a hard brown exterior shell. Fruit pulp is brown or reddish-brown when mature and the fruit pod contains between I and 12 flat and glossy brown seeds.

• T. indica appears to be at least preferentially outcrossing.

• Flowers are hermaphroditic, but the spatial arrangement of anthers and stigma may tend to limit self-pollination (Diallo et al. 2008).

• Also, female flowers precede male flowers by one day. This poses an additional barrier to self-pollination (Bajpai et al. 1968)

• Tamarind is highly cross pollinated and seed propagated crop hence wide variability could be seen in this crop . • There their exist individual variation among tree in a population

(Singh, T. R and Nandini, R 2014)

Origin and Distribution• Tamarind is widespread throughout the tropics and subtropics • Grows in more than 50 countries in Africa, Asia and Central America.• It most probably originated in tropical Africa (Coates-Palgrave, 1988),• Although there is a common belief that tamarind is native to India

(Morton, 1987) where it is believed to have been introduced thousands of years ago (Hort, 1916),

Classification of TamarindOn the basis of fruit size and shape • Baily recognized two types of tamarind• East Indian type having long pods with 6 to 12 seeds.

• West Indian type having shorter pods containing 1 to 4 seeds. • Paulos (1975) recognized a tamarind type known as ‘Valakatchi’-

which bears long and rectangular pods.

On the basis of pulp colour:

•The yellow or brown pulp type, turning dark brown on storage. It is harvested after full maturity.

•The reddish pulp type is locally known as ‘Raktichinch’A high yielding Red type (Yogeshwari) has been released by Marathawada Agriculture University, Parbhani

On the basis of organoleptic tasteThe cultivated types could be broadly classified into two groups viz.,

sweet and sour types. •Sweet type: The ripe fruits have sweeter pulp coupled with less acidity and fruits are mainly used for dessert purpose. Makham Waan, Secthong, Manilasweet are few cultivars found mostly in South East Asia (Thailand) Cultivar ‘Pratistan’ released by FRS, Aurangabad is a sweet type (61%).•Sour type: No. 263 has been released by MAU, Parbhani. Urigam+higher pulp seed ratio and cumbum (good yielder) are popular in Tamil Nadu. PKM-1 (Periyakulum-1) has been released from HRS, Periyakulam. Suitable for high density orcharding (160 plants/acre against 40 plants/acre under conventional planting.).

Popular local varieties

• Bangalore Tamarind• Tumkur Tamarind• Hosur Tamarind• Krishnagiri Tamarind• Natham Tamarind• Nagarkoil Tamarind• Villupuram Tamarind• Ranchi Tamarind

Improved VarietiesPKM-1• A clonal selection from gene bank• Early variety• Pulp content-39%• Yield-26 tonnes of pods/ha.• Purple pigmentation in terminal buds.• Dark brown stem.• Fruits are borne in clusters of 4-5.• Slightly curved with brown pulp.

Urigam• Very long pods.• Fleshy sweet pulp.• Bears 2-3 pods/bunch.

Pratisthan• Sweet pulp.• High yielding variety.• Released from Marathwada Agricultural University,Parbhani.

NTI-19 (DST-1)• Yield well in Dharwad region in Karnataka.• Pods are big and grafted plants yield in 4-5 years.• Average yield-3 kg at the 5th year.

LOCAL GENOTYPES COLLECTED FROM SOUTH INDIA

• 36 genotype of tamarind have been evaluated by using AFLP markers (It could detect polymorphism between genotype that are not distinguish with other PCR-based techniques. ) and morphological characters From GKVK Bangalore • NCBS-1

• Semi curved fruit • Brown pulp • Dark green leaves

• NCBS-2• Straight fruit• Orthotropic tree habit • Brown pulp • Dark green leaves

(Algabal et. al 2011)

• NB1• orthotropic tree growth, • semi-curved fruit shape, • dark brown fruit pulp,• dark green leaves•H4, H5, PKM2, BT1, • orthotropic tree growth • curved fruit shape • dark brown fruit pulp• dark green leaves

• PG2, MG1, MG2, and MG3• semi-curved fruits with dark brown pulp• dark green colored leaves. • orthotropic growth

(Algabal et. al 2011)

• S18, N22, NJ57, NB15, H2, and H3• semi-curved fruits with light• brown to dark brown colored pulp • dark green leaves• Orthotropic growth

• P3, P10, P13, P11, P14, NB30• orthotropic growth • semi-curved fruit shape • pulp color varied from light brown to dark brown• leaf color varied from light green to dark green.

• Based on the AFLP analysis, genetically closely associated genotypes could be identified, such as P3 and P10, PG2 and MG1, MG2 and MG3, and NCBS2 and NCBS3, which could be avoided for further breeding programs

(Algabal et. al 2011)

• D. Saraladevi, V. et al showed in the result that variability in tamarind progenies present in the Dindigul region of TN was high in regards to plant height , canopy spread and plant girth • Tree height having highest correlation with girth than canopy spread• Seedling progenies were numbered as T1 to T 41

• An extensive study was conducted in Panchamahal district and adjoining areas of Gujarath during 2003 - 2005 to identify elite germplasm. Thirty fully grown trees(CPT1-30) of promising genotypes were selected which had fairly wide variability in flower and panical • There were marked differences in various floral traits which might be due to inherent

genetic variations among the genotypes (Singh et al., 8).

• There was significant positive association with panicle length, pedicel length, perfect flowers per panicle, flower length, pistil length and ovary length with fruit yield per plant

• With respect to all traits studied in these genotypes, CPT 6, CPT 8, CPT 10, CPT 13, CPT 18, CPT 19, CPT 20 and CPT 22 were found to be promising and indicated the possibility of developing high yielding stable genotypes.

(Singh ,S. et al 2008)

Why we look for variability• Tamarind is economically valuable and multi-purpose in which every part of the

tree has a use• The tamarind major production area is in Asia, where India is considered the major

producer with a production of 300 thousand tons annually (EI-Siddig et aI., 2006)• There is a high export value for Asian tamarind in Europe and America • Most of the tamarind produced in India and Thailand is also consumed locally. The

sour tamarind is the most widespread; it comprises 95% of the total world production. • Thailand is the largest producer of sweet tamarind, being 30% of its crop.• It gives diversified products from pulp and seed

Reference • Singh ,T. R. and Nandini, R. 2004. Genetic variability, character associated and path analysis in

the tamarind (T.indicus .L) population at Nallor tamarind grove . SAARC. J. Agri. 12(1): 20-25 • Algabal,A.Q.A.Y, Papanna, N and LukeSimon 2011.Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism

Marker- Based Genetic Diversity in Tamarind (Tamarindus indica). International J of Fruit Sci, 11(1): 1-16

• Saraladevi,D., Ponnuswami,V., Vijayakumar,R. M and Chitra,S. 2010 Multivariate and Clustering Analysis in Sweet Tamarind Seedling Progenies. Electronic .J. of Plant Breeding, 1(4): 542-547

• Orwa R.2009 Agroforestry Database 4.0• E. M. Yahia 2011. Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.), Autonomous University of Queretaro,

Mexico and N. K.-E. Salih, Agricultural Research Corporation, Sudan• Singh, S ., Singh, A.K and Joshi, H. K 2008.Genetic variability for floral traits and yield

attributes in tamarind Indian J. Hort. 65(3), 328-331