Vasco de Quiroga and the City of God

8/12/2019 Vasco de Quiroga and the City of God

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THE NEW FEDERALIST December 21, 1990 Pages 6-7

American Almanac

Vasco de Quiroga and The City

of God In the New World

by Carlos Mendez

Vasco de Quiroga bisho! of Michoacan

"W! grea! ca#se a$% rg!&', !s be ca&&e% !e (Ne) W*r&%,( $*! beca#se ! s$e)&' +*#$%, b#! beca#se ! s, $ e*&e a$% $ a&m*s! eer'!$g, as !e +rs!

g*&%e$ age )as."

/asc* %e #r*ga,Information en Derecho


2/22

The Virgin and the Catholic Sovereigns. This "#$% !ainting de!icts &ing

'erdinand and Queen Isabella of (!ain with their children flan)ed by (aint

Thomas A*uinas and (aint +ominic two years before Columbus,s historic

founding of the New World-

"A$% I *++er m'se&+, )! *%(s e&, !* beg$ !* es!ab&s a ge$era!*$ *+

#rg! rs!a$s, as )e a&& m#s! be a$% *% gra$! !a! )e are, a$% erca$ce

&3e !*se *+ !e rm!e #rc." --/asc* %e #r*ga,


3/22

The Christianization of The New World. /%%th Anni0ersary

4er !e as! %eca%es, !e aca%emc, *&!ca&, a$% ee$ *#&ar *$! *+ e)

$ !e 5$!e% S!a!es as bee$ !a! !e %sc*er', ea$ge&a!*$, a$%

c*&*$a!*$ *+ N*r! Amerca c*$s!!#!e% a$ aggress*$ a$% a ge$*c%e

c*mm!!e% b' !e Sa$ar%s aga$s! !e $%ge$*#s e*&es *+ !e Ne) W*r&%.

L3e m#c e&se *+ *#r $a!*$(s s!*r' %s!*r!e% b' !e &bera& me%a, !s s a

&e. I! s a &e *+ sec+c *rg$ !e A$g&*-D#!c *&garc'(s camag$ !*

s&a$%er Sa$(s ea$ge&a!*$ *+ !e Amercas, a rs!a$$g mss*$

)c %ee&*e% as a sce$!+c r*8ec! *+ !e a!*&c #rc(s grea! *#$c&*+ F&*re$ce, *+ 1:;-:9. T*%a', as )e ar*ac !e $g *+

races $ !e Ne) W*r&%@ ?&are$ e&% # !e !err*rs!, %r#g-r#$$$g Se$%er*L#m$*s* ga$g *+ Per# as a$ a%mrab&e e>am&e *+ I$%a$ ress!a$ce !*

c&$g +*rces.


4/22

Ts r*aga$%a *++e$se s a$ a!!ac3 *$ !e %ea m*s! ce$!ra& !* rs!a$

ea$ge&a!*$ mss*$ $ !e Ne) W*r&% A&& me$ are crea!e% e#a&. Ar*#$%

!s e) *+ ma$3$%, as a seces ma%e $ !e mage *+ *%, !e grea!

c#rcma$ a$% ea$ge&er /asc* %e #r*ga b#&! s &+e(s )*r3. I! s

!ere+*re ar*ra!e !a! )e beg$ a seres *+ ar!c&es *$ !e Ne) W*r&%

r*8ec! )! a %sc#ss*$ *+ D*$ /asc*(s mss*$ !* !e I$%a$s *+ Ne) Sa$

$ Be>c*.

L'$%*$ H. LaR*#ce as sa% !a! ")a! s cr#ca& ab*#! *mb#s(s %sc*-

er' s !a! ! &e% %rec!&' !* !e ea$ge&a!*$ *+ !e Amercas. L3e !e

a!!em!e% ea$ge&a!*$ *+ A+rca, !e ea$ge&a!*$ *+ !e Amercas )as a$

a!!em! !* br$gfreedom, !e +ree%*m )c e>s!s *$&' $ rs!a$ c&a-

!*$, !* a $e) c*$!$e$!. N* *!er c#&!#re s caab&e *+ *++er$g a$% s#s!a$$g

#ma$ +ree%*m, beca#se $* *!er c#&!#re *++ers ma$3$% a se&+-mage $ !e

&3e$ess *+ *%. . . . T* +#r!er rs!a$ c&a!*$ s a grea! g**% $ a$% *+!se&+ ! &bera!es ma$3$% +r*m bes!a&!', as !'+e%, $ !e case *+ !e

Wes!er$ emsere, b' !e %ege$era!e, mm*ra&, A!ecs."

As a $a!*$, )e ca$ bes! ce&ebra!e !a! grea! s!*rc m*me$! )e$ *mb#s

se! +**! *$ *#r c*$!$e$!, b' re-%e%ca!$g *#rse&es !* !e mss*$ *+ !e

s*$s*rs *+ s *'age !* srea% m*%er$ c&a!*$, a$% !s #&+!e% e) *+

#ma$3$%, acr*ss !e g&*be.

+on Vasco de QuirogaC1;


5/22

1


6/22

Te !as3 $ !e Ne) W*r&%, )as $*! *$e *+ sm&' c*$er!$g aga$s, b#! *+

e%#ca!$g aga$s )! a rm!e c#&!#re a$% )! a &a$g#age $caab&eas

s#c*+ assm&a!$g s#er*r c*$ce!s s#c as !*se *+ )es!er$ rs!a$

c#&!#re. N*r )as ! mere&' a #es!*$ *+ "sa$c$g," $ !e se$se !a!

ma$' racs!s )a$! !* ge !* !s erb, b#! ra!er *+ ge!!$g !e $%ge$*#s

e*&es !* $c*r*ra!e Wes!er$ rs!a$ c#&!#re, *+ )c a! !a! m*me$!,

Sa$ )as !e r$ca& rerese$!a!e.

Te r*b&em )as $*! aca%emc b#! rg*r*#s&' !e*&*gca&, a$% c*$!$#es !*

!s %a' $ mss*$ar' )*r3 a$% !e s's!ems *+ b&$g#a& e%#ca!*$ $ a&& *+

Iber*-Amerca. *$sc*#s&' *r $*!, e*&e sea3 as !e' !$3 *r !$3 as

!e' sea3J a$% as !e' !$3, !e' ac!. He$ce, &a$g#age s $*! a #es!*$ *+

grammar *r *+ *cab#&ar', ra!er *+ !e a>*ma!c aes +*r )*se e&ab*ra-

!*$ a$% !ra$s&a!*$ &a$g#age seres.

I$ Ne) Sa$, !e r*b&em #! !se&+ $ !erms *+ )e!er !* !ra$s&a!e $!* !e

$%ge$*#s &a$g#ages !e !e>!s *+ rs!a$ %*c!r$e, "$%ge$$g" !s

r$ca& )*r%s Cc*$ce!s, *r e&se, !* !eac !e $%ge$*#s e*&es La!$ *r

Sa$s. Te +rs! m&e% !e rs3 *+ s'$cre!smJ !e sec*$% %ema$%e%

e$*rm*#s )*r3 a$% a$ e%#ca!*$ r*cess )*se +r#!s )*#&% $*! be mme%-

a!e, b#! )*#&% be !e *$&' !r#e *$es. W* bes! c*mree$%e% a$% s*&e% !s

r*b&em )as D*$ /asc*, as )e sa&& see.

Te *!er r*b&em )c cr*e% # er' s**$ )as )a! s*#&% !e +rs!

rs!a$s %* Te +rars )ere +e) a$% !er ec*$*mc res*#rces $&, a$% *$ce!e $%ge$*#s &e+! !e sc**&s *+ !e +rars *r !e c*$e$!s !a! !a#g! %*c-

!r$e, !e' rema$e% e>*se%, )!*#! r*%#c!e )*r3 b' mea$s *+ )c !*

%ee&* !e m$% a$% s#s!a$ !e b*%' )! %g$!', $ !e m%s! *+ !*se )*

*er!&' *r c*er!&' c*$!$#e% !* rac!ce %*&a!r'. As D*$ /asc*, am*$g

*!ers, sa%, !e +rars a% !* re-se$% !e a&rea%' e%#ca!e% $!* !e )*r&%, )!

!e grae rs3 !a! !e' mg! &*se )a! )as ga$e% a$% re!#r$ !* "!er *)$

%*&a!res a$% !*se *+ !er +a!ers," *r !* mser' a$% barbarsm.

D*$ /asc* a%%resse% !s r*b&em )! !e crea!*$ *+ s *s!a&-!*)$s. He

)r*!e "Te +rars as3 #s +*r a s*!*$ and we do not %now nor is there anyother to gi"e them, e&cept the one of these new towns, )ere )*r3$g a$%

!&&$g !e s*&, b' !er )*r3 !e' ma$!a$ !emse&es, a$% &e $ a$ *r%er&'

+as*$, )! a&& g**% *r%er *+ c&ea$&$ess a$% )! *&' a$% g**% a$% ca!-

*&c *r%$a$ces . . . until in time they ma%e a habit of "irtue and it changes to

become their nature'"


7/22

He a%%e% "A$% I *++er m'se&+ )! *%(s e& !* beg$ !* es!ab&s a ge$era-

!*$ *+ #rg! rs!a$s, as )e a&& m#s! be a$% *% gra$! !a! )e are, a$%

erca$ce &3e !*se *+ !e rm!e c#rc." CLe!!er !* !e *#$c& *+ !e

I$%es, A#g#s! 1:, 1


8/22

This drawing shows the arri0al of Vasco de Quiroga in the city of Michoacan

the seat of his bisho!ric-

The dome of (anta 'e of Me3ico

church in the first town founded

by Vasco


9/22

The 5os!ital2Towns of Vasco de Quiroga

Te m*s! m*r!a$! +ea!#re *+ )a! )ere ca&&e% !e *s!a&-!*)$s2*+ D*$

/asc* s !a! !ese )ere *rga$e% !* e&ea!e !e m$% a$% !e s!a$%ar% *+

&$g *+ !er $ab!a$!s. I$ !e !*)$s +*#$%e% b' /asc* !e m*s! m*r!a$!

!$gs )ere !e s*#& a$% !e m$% *+ !e e*&e, )*se er+ec!$g, $ !#r$,#gra%e% !e #a&!' *+ &ab*r. Te *s!a&-!*)$s )ere *rga$e% ar*#$% a

s#er*r e%#ca!*$ +*r a&& !er $ab!a$!s, a$% eer'!$g e&se )as s#b*r%$-

a!e% !* !s *b8ec!e.

Na!#ra&&', !s %ema$%e% a se&+-e>a$%$g ec*$*m' )c s*#&% r*%#ce

e$*#g !* s#s!a$ !e c*&&ege, rase !e s!a$%ar% *+ &$g *+ a gr*)$g

*#&a!*$, a$% caab&e *+ a*r!*$$g &es#re !me !* !s $ab!a$!s !* be

ab&e !* s!#%'.

S* D*$ /asc*(s *s!a&-!*)$s )ere *rga$e% ar*#$% a g sc**& )ereeer'*$e c*#&% s!#%' !*ge!er a$% +*r +ree Sa$s- *r Ne)-W*r&%-b*r$,

mes!*s, $%ge$*#sJ !* &ear$ Sa$s, La!$, a$% !e $%ge$*#s &a$g#ages,

a$% a&& !e *!er !$gs !a#g! !ere.

Te ec*$*m' *+ !e *s!a&-!*)$s )as base% *$ !e c*$ce! *+ r*%#c$g

eac 'ear %*#b&e !e am*#$! !* be c*$s#me%, )c a*%e% +am$es a$%

ge$era!e% s#rses, a ar! *+ )c )as #se% !* +$a$ce !e sc**&, a$% !e

res! +*r rmar' e%#ca!*$, !e *s!a&s, a$% !e ac#s!*$ *+ $ecessar'

g**%s $*! r*%#ce% &*ca&&'.

S* !a! !e c!'-%)e&&ers mg! ae +ree !me a! !er %s*sa& +*r s!#%'$g

a$% !e ar!s, !e )*r3 %a' c*$ss!e% *+ s> *#rs#!e remar3ab&e $ a

er*% )e$ Ne) Sa$ )as %*m$a!e% b' s&ae &ab*r.

A! !e same !me, !e $%ge$*#s )ere e%#ca!e% $ !e ar! *+ g*er$$g,

s*me!$g )c )as %*$e $ !e Ne) W*r&% *$&' b' D*$ /asc*.

Ts )as, $ esse$ce, !e "secre!" *+ D*$ /asc*.

I$ s Testament, %a!e% a$#ar' 2, 1


10/22

Hg Sc**& *+ Sa$ Nc*&as. . . . Tere+*re !a!, c*$!$#$g !e

sa% g**% )*r3 *+ s#s!a$$g !e *&&ege *+ Sa$ Nc*&as a$% s*

!a! ! $*! ers . . . )! !a! !e +r#!s, re$!s, ar!s a$% r*-

*r!*$s *+ !e )*&e, )e mg! $ *#r %a's s#s!a$ *#r *#se

a$% *&% ! a$% 3ee ! +*r !s )*&e *#&a!*$ a$% *) a$% $

)a! ma$$er )e )&& sa' be&*) . . . ! )as ra!+e% a$% c*$+rme%

a$%, + ! s $ecessar', )e %*$a!e a$% e$%*) a&& *+ !e sa%, s* !a!

! mg! ma$!a$ !e *&&ege *+ Sa$ Nc*&as )c )e +*#$%e%

!#s, +*r eer a$% eer, a&*$g )! a&& !e &es!*c3 a$% r*%#c!s,

as I ae a$% *ssess !:, s* !a! a&& *+ ! mg! be #se% +*r !e

sa% e++ec!, )!*#! be$g ab&e a! a$' !me !* a&e$a!e !e ca!a&

*+ !e )*&e, e>ce! *$&' !*se +r#!s a$% re$!s a$% ar!s a$%

r**r!*$s, a$% !s )!*#! a$' re8#%ce $*r a$' $$*a!*$ $

!e rg!s !a! !e sa% *&&ege *+ Sa$ Nc*&as ae ac#re% *r

ae bee$ be#ea!e% $ a$' )a' #$!& !s m*me$!.

A$% $ !e same )a', &e! !ere be rea% !* a$% !a#g! !ere +*r +ree

m' sera$!s a$% a$'*$e e&se )*m I mg! ge, sa', a$% cargeJ

a$% a&s* &e! !ere be rea% a$% !a#g! rs!a$ %*c!r$e a$% !e

sa% m*ra&!', a$% !* rea% a$% )r!e !* a&& !e c&%re$ *+ !e

$a!es )c g* !ere !* ear a$% !* &ear$ *#r &a$g#age a$% !*

!eac !* !*se *+ *#r $a!*$ !ers, a$% !e s!#%e$!s s*#&% a&s*

3$*), e"erything gratis' ' ' ' I$asm#c as !e' %% eer'!$g,

!e I$%a$s *+ !s !' *+ Bc*aca$, b' m' ra'er a$%

ma$%a!e, )!*#! a$g bee$ )e&& a% as !e' s*#&% aebee$, &e! eer'!$g be &e+! +*r !em as s, ere!#a&&' +*r eer

a$% eer, !* !e sa% *&&ege *+ Sa$ Nc*&as, )! !e carge !a!

$ rec*me$se a$% sa!s+ac!*$ +*r !e )*r3 !a! !e I$%a$s *+

!s !' *+ Bc*aca$ a$% !e Ds!rc!s *+ !e Lag#$a %% !ere,

s$ce !e' %% !s, a$% a! !er *)$ c*s!, &e! !ere be !a#g! gra!s

!ere $ ere!#!' a&& !e c&%re$ *+ !e I$%a$s, res%e$!s a$%

!*se )* s*8*#r$ $ !s sa% !' *+ Bc*aca$ a$% *+ !e sa%

Ds!rc!s *+ !e Lag#$a, )* a&s* e&e% )! !a! b#&%$g, )*

)*#&% )s !* s!#%' a$% )*se are$!s se$! !em !* s!#%' !erea$% !* be !a#g! !ere $ a&& !a! mg! be rea% a$% !a#g! !ere,

a$% !s gra!s as sa% )!*#! !er a'$g *r be$g as3e% +*r

a$'!$g *r a$g a$'!$g !a3e$ a)a' +r*m !em, rmar&' $

!e sa% rs!a$ %*c!r$e a$% m*ra&!' )c I a% r$!e% +*r

!em +*r !a! #r*se, $ !e sa% c*&&ege, a$% )ere !e' are !*

be !a#g! gra!s as sa%, $ sa!s+ac!*$ a$% rec*me$se +*r !er


11/22

)*r3, !ere a$% $ a$' *!er &ace )ere !e sa% I$%a$s mg!

ae &ab*re%, s$ce $* be!!er *r grea!er sa!s+ac!*$ !a$ !s

Ggra!s e%#ca!*$ ca$ be ge$ !em, a'$g a!!e$!*$ !* !e

ma$$er a$% #a&!' a$% c*$%!*$s, because this was and is the

intention of the founder, )c )e )ere.

D*$ /asc* %e% a **r ma$. Te *$&' !$g e *ssesse% )as s ers*$a&

&brar' *+ 626 b**3s, )c e %*$a!e% !* be $s!a&&e% $ !e r**m *+ !e

ae& *+ S!. Ambr*se a! !e *&&ege *+ Sa$ Nc*&as, +*r !e #se *+ !e

ge$era& *#&a!*$.

As +*r !e e%#ca!*$ *+ c&%re$, bes%es !e r*er&' sc*&as!c, D*$ /asc*

sa's $ s (rdinances)

Item, !a! !e ma$$er *+ !eac$g agrc#&!#re !* !e c&%re$, +r*m

&ea$g $+a$c', be !e +*&&*)$g !a! a+!er !e *#rs $ )c!e' are !a#g! %*c!r$e, !)* %a's a )ee3 !e' s!#%' agrc#&!#re,

br$g$g !em )! a !eacer, *r )! a$*!er a*$!e% $ s

&ace, !* !e +e&% $ !e c*#$!r's%e $eares! !* !e sc**&,

resere% *r a*$!e% +*r s#c, a$% !s $ !e ma$$er *+

8*'*#s$ess, &a' a$% as!me, *$e *r !)* *#rs a %a', a$% $

!*se %a's !e *#rs *+ %*c!r$a& !eac$g s*#&% be s*r!e$e%,

s$ce !s s a&s* %*c!r$e a$% !e !eac$g *+ g**% ab!s, )!

!er !**&s *r !e m&eme$!s +*r !s )*r3 )c !e' a&& s*#&%

ae, a$% !a! )a!eer !e' r*%#ce *r be$e+! !ereb', be +*r!em !emse&es, )c be !* !er be$e+! a$% !e' s*#&% a&&

rea, a$% !a! !e' &ear$ a$% be$e+! a$% %%e #, a+!er eer'-

!$g as bee$ ga!ere% #, $*! &3e c&%re$, b#! se$sb&' a$%

r#%e$!&', acc*r%$g !* !e age, caac!' +*r )*r3 a$% %&ge$ce

*+ eac *$e, acc*r%$g !* !e e) a$% 8#%gme$! *+ !e !eacer,

)! s*me a%a$!age !* be r*mse% a$% ge$ !* !*se )* %%

!e be!!er )*r3.

Item, !a! !e &!!&e gr&s a&s*, )!$ !e +am&' *+ !er are$!s,

&ear$ !e )*ma$&' !as3s ge$ !* !em, a%*!e% a$% $ecessar' !*!er r*+! a$% )e&&-be$g a$% !a! *+ !e Re#b&c *+ !e H*s-

!a&, s#c as are )*r3s $ )**&, &$e$, s&3, a$% c*!!*$ a$% +*r a&&

!a! s $ecessar' a$% access*r' !* !e +#$c!*$ *+ !e )eaers,

a$% !a! !*ge!er !e' &a$ !e ear! !* s*) $ !er !#r$ +*r !er

*#ses a$% +am&es.


12/22

The 6ounty of Agriculture

As +*r !e )a' !* *re$! agrc#&!#ra& r*%#c!*$, D*$ /asc* s!#&a!es !a!

Item, s* !a! '*# )&& a&)a's ae a s#rs a$% s* !a! $*!$g

)&& eer be &ac3$g !* '*#, '*# s*#&% s*) eer' 'ear !e%*#b&e *+ )a! '*# $ee%, !e )c '*# )&& 3ee $ resere #$!&

'*# ca$$*! +a&& s*r! $ a&& &3e&**% $ the current year, a$% !e$

'*# )&& %s!rb#!e ! as s m*s! +!!$g, b#! $*! be+*reJ a$% !#s

'*# )&& %* a&)a's, a$% !s *r%er a$% !s resere '*# )&&

a&)a's ma$!a$ $ eac 'ear, !)ce as m#c as $ !e as! '*#

mg! ae !es!e% a$% +*#$% s#++ce$!, *r a! &eas! a !r% ar!

m*reJ !e )c '*# )&& $eer rem*e $*r se&& $*r !a3e a)a'

+r*m !e s#rs *+ !e +er!&e 'ears, #$!& '*# mg! be cer!a$,

b' cer!a$ &3e&' $%ca!*$s, !a! !e $e>! 'ear )c s ab*#! !*

beg$, ca$$*! br$g a cr* +are, $ a&& &3e&**%, $*r be s!er&e.

D*$ /asc*(s emass *$ s#rs r*%#c!*$ mg! seem e>cesse + *$e %%

$*! !a3e $!* acc*#$! !a! *$e *+ !e )*rs! sc*#rges a! !e !me )ere !e s*-

ca&&e% "c'c&ca& crses *+ scarc!'" *+ +**%, )c eer' !e$ 'ears %ecma!e%

!e $%ge$*#s *#&a!*$. A! &eas! )&e D*$ /asc* )as a&e a$% )&e s

*s!a&-!*)$s +#$c!*$e% as e a% sec+e%, $*! *$&' %% !ese $eer g*

#$gr', b#!, as )e sa%, !e *#&a!*$ gre) m*re !a$ $ !e res! *+ !e

reg*$s *+ !e c*#$!r'.

Te *!er r*%#c!e ac!!es )ere a&s* *re$!e% $ s#c a )a' !a! !e'mg! sa!s+' !e $ee%s *+ !e )*&e *#&a!*$, a$% be #se% +*r !ra%$g )!

%++ere$! r*%#c!s *+ *!er reg*$s. I$ s Testament, D*$ /asc* s!#&a!es

!a! !e grea!er ar! *+ &ab*r "s*#&% a$% m#s! be $ meca$ca& a$% *!er

+#$c!*$s #se+#& a$% $ecessar' !* !e sa% be$e+! a$% c*mm*$)ea& *+ !e

H*s!a&-!*)$ a$% !*se )!$ !s ga!es, s#c as !e !ra%e *+ )eaer a$% a&&

!e *!ers c*$$ec!e% a$% er!a$$g !* !s !ra%e, a$% s!*$emas*$s, care$!ers,

brc3&a'ers, b&ac3sm!s, a$% *!ers sm&ar, #se+#& a$% $ecessar' !* !e re#b-

&c *+ !e H*s!a&, *+ !e )c &e! eac *+ '*# &ear$ s *)$ . . . a$% $*!

*!ers a$, #se&ess, s!ra$ge a$% c*rr#!$g."


13/22

7eft 'riar 8uan de 9umarraga the first bisho! of Me3ico City a close friend ofVasco de Quiroga and one of the greatest e0angelizers of New (!ain- :ight The

front of the College of (an Nicolas in Michoacan built by Vasco de Quiroga in

the si3teenth century-

I$ !e c*#rse *+ !e s>!ee$! ce$!#r', !e *s!a&-!*)$ *+ Sa$!a Fe %e &a

Lag#$a CPa!c#ar* gre) !* !e e>!e$! *+ $c%$g 7: &&ages a$% s#b#rbs,

cs!ere% ar*#$%. Te m*s! %s!a$! &&age )as 10 &eag#es Cab*#! 2< m&es

a)a'. Acc*r%$g !* !e A#g#s!$a$ cr*$c&er, Fa!er Pab&* =ea#m*$!, D*$

/asc* s#ccee%e% $ ga!er$g # $ Pa!c#ar* a *#&a!*$ *+ :0,000 $ab-

!a$!sa&!*#g e )*#&% ae &3e% !em !* be "60,000 $ab!a$!s."

Eac s#b#rb a$% eac &&age a% !s *)$ sec+c +#$c!*$ a$!* ma%e

$e!s +*r +s$gJ T#a!ar*, )ea$g e#me$!J #a$a8* )as a &&age *+

care$!ersJ Para$garc#!r* r*%#ce% )**&e$ b&a$3e!sJ N#r*!eac#a, +e&!

s*mbrer*sJ Sa$!a Fe a$% T$!#$!a$, ear!e$)areJ Kc#c*, sc#&!#res

ma%e *+ c*r$s!a&3 as!eJ Sa$ Fe&e sme&!e% a$% +*rge% r*$J Sa$!a &ara

r*%#ce% c*er)areJ Tare!a$ c#&!a!e% s#gar ca$e, a$% Sa$!a Fe %e&&a

Lag#$a a% Cb' r*'a& gra$! a m&& a$% +&*#r m&&J Parac* +abrca!e% g#!ars,

*&$s, ars, #e&as, a$% ar*#s *b8ec!s ma%e *+ )**%, e!c., )c are s!&&

r*%#ce% !*%a' a$% )c a! !e !me )ere $ grea! %ema$% $ *r%er ar!s *+!e c*#$!r'.

A$*!er A#g#s!$a$ cr*$c&er *+ !e er*%, Fa!er Deg* %e =asa&e$#e

)r*!e !a! $ Pa!c#ar* "!e' ma3e *#ses, %es3s, %ressers, c!#re +rames

)c !e' e>ca$ge )! *!er c!es. Tere are b&ac3sm!s, !a&*rs, s*e-

ma3ers. . . . 4!ers ma3e . . . +!es, !r#me!s, bages . . . *!ers *rga$s,


14/22

*!ers a$!$gs. . . . Here !e' ma$#+ac!#re% be&&s a$% *!er !$gs *+ c*er,

s$ce !e' )ere c&*se !* !e m$es. . . . CI$ Sa$ Fe&e !e' ma3e b!s, *rse-

s*es, a$% s#rs )c !e Sa$ar%s !ra$s*r! !* !e c!es."

Music in the 5os!ital2Towns

Peras $*!$g s m*re &s!ra!e *+ !e &ee& *+ %ee&*me$! $ D*$

/asc*(s *s!a&-!*)$s !a$ !e c#&!a!*$ *+ s$g$g a$% m#sc. 5$+*r!#$-

a!e&', a&!*#g m#c as bee$ sa% ab*#! !s, !ere are $* 3$*)$ %*c#me$!s

Csc*res, e!c., a$% !e *$&' !$g )e ae are !e !es!m*$' *+ !e cr*$c&ers

*+ !e er*%, *r *+ e*&e )* c*&&ab*ra!e% )! D*$ /asc*. D*$ /asc*(s

bes! b*graer, #a$ *se B*re$*, )r!es !a! D*$ /asc* +*#$%e% "a

sem$ar'-c*&&ege +*r !e I$%a$s" CSa$ Nc*&as s* !a! "!ere !e c&%re$ *+

!*se b*r$ $ !e !*)$ *r e%#ca!e% )!$ !s +am&' mg! &ear$ !* rea% a$%

)r!e, &a$ s$g$g, a$% !* &a' ar*#s m#sca& $s!r#me$!s."

I! s a&s* 3$*)$ !a! !ere )ere *rces!ras )c &a'e% a! ce&ebra!*$s, a$%

!a! D*$ /asc* mse&+ c*m*se% m*!e!s, b#! #$!& !*%a' $* e>am&e as

bee$ +*#$%, ee$ !*#g, ge$ !e me!*%ca& ers*$ !a! D*$ /asc* )as, !

m#s! be ass#me% !a! s#c %*c#me$!a!*$ %% e>s!. N*$e!e&ess, )e ca$

a++rm !a! !e %ee&*me$! *+ s*$g a$% m#sc reace% a g &ee& $ !e

*s!a&-!*)$s, s$ce $ $* *!er )a' s !* be e>&a$e% !e "$a!#ra&" %s*s-

!*$ !a! s!&& !*%a' !e $%ge$*#s micheocanos ae +*r &a'$g m#sca&

$s!r#me$!s, $*r !e m#sca& !ra%!*$ )c as e$%#re% #$!& !e rese$! $

!e e$!re Bc*aca$ reg*$.Te *s!a&-!*)$s )ere g*er$e%, acc*r%$g !* D*$ /asc*(s (rdinances $

!e +*&&*)$g )a' Te basc #$! )as !e "+am&'," c*m*se% *+ !e$ !*

s>!ee$ marre% c*#&es *+ !e same &$eage, a$% !e +a!er )as !e a#!*r!'

a$% $ carge *+ !e +am&'. I$ a%%!*$, +*r eac :0 +am&es !ere )as *$e

ers*$ $ carge, a$% a "re+ec!" +*r eac +*#r *+ !ese. Te ea%s *+ !e

+am&es $*m$a!e% +*#r ca$%%a!es +*r Pr$ca&, )*se !erm &as!e% !ree

'ears, *r s> 'ears + re-e&ec!e%. Te !erm *+ !e re+ec! )as +*r *$e 'ear.

Tese )ere a&& I$%a$s a$% !e' a*$!e% !e res! *+ !e *++ca&s $ecessar'

+*r !e sm**! r#$$$g *+ !e *s!a&-!*)$. Te *b8ec!e *+ a$g a !erm!* eac *++ce, )as !a! eer'*$e )as !* bec*me e%#ca!e% $ !e ar! *+ g*er$-

$g, *r as D*$ /asc* sa's "$ s#c a )a' !a! !e )ee& mg! !#r$ !* eac *+

!e caab&e marre% Gme$."

Te ges! a#!*r!' )as !e rec!*r, )* a% !* be a Sa$s res! )*

s*3e !e $a!e &a$g#age. Te !erm *+ *++ce *+ rec!*r )as a&s* !ree 'ears,


15/22

b#! !e rec!*r c*#&% be e&ec!e% +*r !ree m*re. Te rec!*r )as a*$!e% b'

D*$ /asc*, a$% a+!er s %ea!, )as !* be a*$!e% b' !e rec!*r *+ !e

*&&ege *+ Sa$ Nc*&as, )! !e ar*a& *+ !e %ea$ a$% !e c#rc c*#$c&.

Ts sc**& *+ g*er$me$! $s!!#!e% b' D*$ /asc* )as a&s* #$#e $ !e

Ne) W*r&%. He !a#g! rs!a$ a$% re#b&ca$ se&+-g*er$me$!, #$&3e !ees#!s, *r Frar =ar!*&*me %e &as asas, )* ma$!a$e% !a! !e I$%a$s

s*#&% be g*er$e% b' !e $%ge$*#s caciques Cce+s. Ts D*$ /asc*

**se%, s$ce e c*$s%ere% !a! $ ge$era& !e caciques )ere !'ra$!s, )*

e$s&ae% !e I$%a$s a$% s*&% !em !* !e encomenderos!e Sa$s

*++ca&s $ !e reg*$. De +ac!*, Las asas )as r**s$g "!* res!*re !e

e>!$c! I$%a$ m*$arces, #$%er !e %s!a$! a$% em$e$! s*ereg$!' *+ !e

emer*r."

6uilding the City of God

a$*$ D*$ /asc* arre% $ Ne) Sa$ $ a$#ar' *+ 1


16/22

*+ gra$s ! $*! ers, !a! )e #! $ *r%er a$% +a*r *) !ese

$e) &&ages )c I ae me$!*$e% ae *era!e%, )ere !s

+r#! s*#&% be ares!e% a$% + !s s!r#c!#re *+ &&ages )ere

!e ares! !a3es &ace s *rga$e% as ! &eases *%, !s )&& be,

+ I %*$(! %ecee m'se&+, !e m*s! +ar a$% m*s! +er!&e A#g#s!

a$')ere $ !e )*r&% !*%a'.

D*$ /asc* )as $*! a ma$ *+ mere !e*res, b#! a !r#e a*s!*&c rs!a$.

W!*#! )a!$g +*r a re&' e bega$ s )*r3, a$% *$e 'ear &a!er, $ A#g#s!

1c*, a$% ee$

!e Bar#s %e& /a&&e, Bar!$ *r!es. Te encomenderos a&&ege% !a! !e

I$%a$s re+erre% !* &e $ Sa$!a Fe ra!er !a$ )*r3$g +*r !em, !a! !e'%% $*! a' !rb#!e *r !!es, e!c., a$% !a! a&& !s a++ec!e% !e ec*$*mc

res*#rces *+ !e r*)$. Te members *+ !e *#$c& arg#e% !a! !* b#&%

Sa$!a Fe, !e I$%a$s s!*e% )*r3$g *$ !e c!'(s #b&c )*r3s. D*$ /asc*

)*$ a&& !e &!ga!*$, b#! !e' c*$!$#e% #$!& 1


17/22

*+ December 1


18/22

/eracr# e ce&ebra!e% )! 8*'. Hs re&a!*$ )! +rar A&*$s* )as s#c, !a!

D*$ /asc* &e+! m $ carge *+ !e bs*rc )e$ e a% !* g* !* Sa$ $

1!e$se +re$%s a$% c*&&ab*ra!*$ )! !e Erasma$ =s*

K#marraga bega$ +r*m s arra& $ Ne) Sa$, )e$ K#marraga gae ms c*' *+ T*mas B*re(s +topia !* rea%, #*$ )c b**3 D*$ /asc* base%

mse&+ e>&c!&' +*r !e +*rma& *rga$a!*$ *+ s*s!a&-!*)$s. I$ s

Informacion, D*$ /asc* %escrbes B*re as "a$ &s!r*#s ma$ a$% *+

s#er#ma$ ge$#s . . . !s a#!*r T*mas B*re )as a grea! Gsc*&ar *+

ree3 a$% a grea! e>er! )! m#c a#!*r!'."

D*$ /asc* gae e>!ra*r%$ar' m*r!a$ce !* ea&! care +*r !e I$%a$s,

sc*#rge% b' +am$es a$% e%emc %seases. Te sc3, !e b&$%, *ra$s a$%

)%*)s recee% care+#& a!!e$!*$ $ s *s!a&s, *+ )c e ma$age% !*

es!ab&s ab*#! 200 !r*#g*#! s %*cese, !e )c c*$!rb#!e% a grea! %ea&

!* )a! )e a&rea%' me$!*$e%, !e #a%r#&$g *+ !e *#&a!*$ *+ s

bs*rc $ a er*% *+ !me C1


19/22

The frontis!iece of 'riar 8uan de The


20/22

Na!#ra&&' !e encomenderos, eseca&&' !*se )* *)$e% m$es, r*!es!e% a$%

#! ress#re *$ !e r*)$ a$% !e *#$c& *+ !e I$%es !* re*3e !e sa%

a!e$!, s*me!$g )c *cc#rre% *$ Febr#ar' 20, 1s!s $* g**% reas*$ )a!s*eer !* 8#s!+' s&aer' *+ a$' 3$%.

A! !e same !me e re!era!es !a! !e bes! )a' !* +#&+&& !e aa& a$% r*'a&

ma$%a!e !* ea$ge&e !e I$%a$s, s b' )a' *+ b#&%$g c!es. #r*ga sa's

!a!, + !e I$%a$s +&ee +r*m !e Sa$ar%s, ! s $*! +r*m ress!a$ce !* be$g

rs!a$e% b#! !* be$g ma%e s&aes, s$ce

!* !e )*r3s *+ eace a$% &*e, !e' )*#&% res*$% )! eace

a$% g**% )&&, a$% !* +*rce a$% *&e$ce, . . . $a!#ra&&' !e' ae

!* res*$% )! %e+e$se, beca#se %e+e$se s a $a!#ra& rg! a$% s

%#e !* !em, as )e&& as !* #s, beca#se !e )*r%s a$% re#es!s

ma%e #*$ !em ee$ + !e Sa$ar%s sa' !em a$% ma3e !em,

!e' %* $*! #$%ers!a$%, e!er $*! 3$*)$g *r $*! )s$g *r $*!

be$g ab&e !* be r*er&' #$%ers!**%, !#s +*r +are *+ b*!

&a$g#age a$% g**% )&& *$ *#r ar! +*r !sJ beca#se G*$ !e ar!

*+ s*me Sa$ar%s !ere s $* abse$ce *+ s&ae-$!eres!s +*r !e

m$es, )c !e' ae m*re $ m$% a$% )! )c !e' arem*re c*$cer$e%, !a$ )! )e!er G!e I$%a$s #$%ers!a$%

reac$g *r re#es!sJ a$% ee$ + !e' #$%ers!**%, !e' be&ee

! a mere %ece! a$% r#se *+ )ar, see$g G*#r e*&e $ !e +e&%

s* reare% a$% a! !e *$! *+ se!!$g #*$ !em. . . .

A$% + !e !r#! m#s! be !*&%, ! s*#&% be !*&% !#s, !a! e&$g

!e !r#!, *r c*&*r$g a$% %ssm#&a!$g !e ba% a$% rema$$g

s&e$! ab*#! !e !r#!, I %* $*! 3$*) + !s s r#%e$! a$%

%scree!, b#! I 3$*) +*r s#re ! s $*! m' $a!#re *r *s!*$ !*

rema$ #e! a$% ae !* %ssm#&a!e, G)&e I $e!er ar*e$*r c*$se$!, )&e m' !as3 *b&ga!es me !* sea3.

A+!er e>&c!&' a$% am&' c!$g T*mas B*re a$% s 5!*a,#r*ga

re!era!es s r**sa& !* crea!e c!es, )ere *$e mg! be ab&e !* r*%e

"reme%' +*r !e &&$esses a$% es!&e$ces )c c*mm*$&' %es!r*' !e *!ers,

as !e' %es!r*'e% Tr*' a$% =ab'&*$ a$% R*me a$% *!er sm&ar re#b&cs


21/22

)c mg! ae e$%#re% s!&& !*%a', + !e' a% *bsere% *r%$a$ces a$%

&a)s $ !em )! a c*$!e$! sm&ar !* m' e)s."

F$a&&', *$ N*ember 20, 1ere$ces,"a#!*$*m*#s e!$c s!a!es" *r "*#&ar c#rces," as ma$' c&am. ='

a%*!$g a m*%e& *+ c!'-b#&%$g)c e *rg$a&&' r**se% +*r !e

e$!re Ne) W*r&%)e c*#&% ae crea!e% a !r#&' "$e)" )*r&% $ !e Ne)

W*r&%, a !' *+ *% )c )*#&% a&s* ae ge$ m#&se !* a $e)

Re$assa$ce $ !e 4&% W*r&%. Wa! +r#s!ra!e% !s *ssb&!' )as !e

"$sb&e a$%" *+ !e er*% !e #s#r*#s /e$e!a$ a$% e$*ese ba$3ers,

)* a% 3e! Habsb#rg Sa$ $%eb!e%. I$ !e e$%, Sa$ re8ec!e% !e

s#ccess+#& m*%e& *+ D*$ /asc* %e #r*ga, a$% *!e% +*r !e sac3 *+ !e

c*&*$esa$% *+ erse&+.I$ s*me +as*$, !e &ess*$ *+ D*$ /asc* s s!&& a&e, a$% s*)s !a! s!*r'

c*#&% ae bee$ %++ere$!)c ! )as $ g**% meas#reas ! ca$ be !*%a'

+ )e %* )a! as !* be %*$e. T* !a3e # aga$ !e sr!, !s )&&, s !e *$&'

a$% bes! )a' !* c*mmem*ra!e b*! !e 1600! a$$ersar' *+ !e c*$ers*$

*+ S!. A#g#s!$e a$% !e


22/22

*$e res%e% *er b' bs* D*$ Sebas!a$ Ramre %e F#$%&ear, *+ a'

mem*r'. Te +rs! /ce-Rege$! *+ Ne) Sa$ )as !e #ma$s! D*$ A$!*$*

%e Be$%*a, )* g*er$e% +r*m 1!ee$! ce$!#r', !e !erm hospital+r*m!e La!$ hospes,

"g#es!"mea$! "&*%g$g," b#! a&s* a&rea%' a% !e mea$$g *+ r*%$g

ea&! care. Te *s!a&-!*)$s *+ D*$ /asc* )ere s* $ b*! se$ses.

:. ?$*)$g !e *&!ca& a$% &ega& )msca&!' *+ !e cr*)$, a$% !e +are

!* e$+*rce !e &a)s !a! %% e>s!, D*$ /asc* b*#g! )! s *)$ m*$e' !e

&a$% *$ )c e c*$s!r#c!e% s +rs! &&ages, *rga$e% c#&!a!*$ *+ !e

&a$%, crea!e% $%#s!res, a$% *b!a$e% r*'a& gra$!s Cs#c as e>em!*$ +r*m

!rb#!e a$% ermss*$ +*r cer!a$ $%#s!res, e!c., $ s#c a )a' !a! s

&&ages )ere ec*$*mca&&' a$% *&!ca&&' $%ee$%e$! *+ !e g*er$me$!

C)c %*es $*! mea$ !e' )ere seara!s! *r a$arcc. I$ ma3$g s Tes!a-

me$! !e )a' e %%, D*$ /asc* )as r*!ec!$g !e I$%a$s.

. D*$ /asc* 3$e) !e +topia *+ T*mas B*re#b&se% $ 1

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Vasco de Quiroga and the City of God

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