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VDPAM 445Swine Topics

Enteric Disease Control

Dr. Alex RamirezVeterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine

Iowa State University

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Neonatal Diarrhea

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Neonatal Immunity Age of immunocompetency

– Around day 70 of gestation– Antigen dependent

Colostral immunity– IgG primarily systemic antibodies– Acquisition stops: no more produced, no more

absorbed– Titer in sow at farrowing = titer of pig at 4 weeks of

age Lactogenic immunity

– IgA local antibodies in the gut– Milk origin

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Neonatal Diarrhea Differential diagnosis

– E. coli K88, K99, F41, 987, etc.

– Viral Rota TGE

– Coccidiosis– Clostrium spp

Clostridium perfringes type C & A Clostridium difficlile

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Coccidiosis

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Coccidiosis Usually only a problem in farrowing

or early nursery Isospora suis Minimum age = 5 days No approved treatments

– Marquis (15% w/w ponazuril) Antiprotozoal Oral Paste by Bayer

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Clostridiums

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Clostridiums Clostridium perfringens – Rot gut

– Toxin driven C = traditional more common A = “newer”

– Acute: blood– Chronic: rope gut– DDx = coccidiosis– Prevention

Vaccination Pre-farrow Feed sows BMD 14 days pre-farrow &

lactation

Clostridium perfringens

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Type Swine Sheep Goats Poultry Bovine Equine Alpha Beta Beta 2 Epsilon IotaA X X X X X XB X X X X X XC X X X X X X X XD X X X X XE ? X X X

Major ToxinsSpecies Affected

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Clostridiums Clostridium difficile

– Incidence– Antibiotic use– Discontinue antibiotics– Re-establish normal microbial flora

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Neonatal Diarrhea Treat baby pigs

– Treat whole litter– Be aggressive – dehydration

Environment– Temperature– Moisture

Prevention Sows– Vaccination– Oral feedback

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Post-Weaning Diarrhea(PWD)

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Post Weaning Diarrhea- PWD

Classic PWD caused by E. coli– Often hemolytic– F18 pillus antigen type is most common– Pigs can be bred to be resistant: gene probe

selection– TGE after an outbreak can persist in the nursery

and will mimic PWD– Historically right after weaning, now 2-3 weeks

into nursery (withdrawal of animal proteins?) SBM hypersensitivity Transition diets especially pellet ground

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Post Weaning Diarrhea- PWD

Classic PWD caused by E. coli– Can also have acute septicemic disease resulting

in sudden death in nursery and suckling pigs– Edema disease: shiga-like toxins

Vascular effects CNS signs: focal encephalomalacia

– Acute deaths– Poor doers

– PCR organism to check for genetic codes Pilli

– F18, K88, K99, 987, F41 Toxins

– Sta, Stb, LT, Stx2e

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Post Weaning Diarrhea- PWD

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Post Weaning Diarrhea- PWD

Pre-disposers– Chilling: cold floors, drafts– Poor diet quality

Ingredient quality: fish meal Pellet integrity Least cost formulations

– Feed changes, medication changes, simultaneous feed and medication changes

– Poor sanitation between groups: some plastic floors are hard to clean

– Feeding mats moving to disposable/biodegradable

Major problem in some large systems

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PWD: Therapy Enteric infection oral medication

– “Nutritional” prevention via diet or water Plasma proteins (7.5% of diet) until 15#’s

– May break upon withdrawal; continual at lower level until 25#’s

Plasma proteins in water (Solutein- APC) Zinc oxide

– <15# - 3,000 ppm– 15-30# - 2,000 ppm

Citric acid (1# per gallon of stock solution) or other organic acids

Vitamins and electrolytes in water: supportive

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PWD: Therapy– Antibiotic therapy in feed for prevention

Apralan (150 gram per ton) Mecadox (50 gram per ton) Denagard (35 gram per ton) Plus (400 grams

CTC)– Antibiotics in water for prevention or treatment

4-5 day treatment Spectinomycin (5 mg/#) Gentamycin (1-2 mg/#) Neomycin (2-10 mg/#) Amoxicillin, Ampicillin

– Antibiotics – “red butt” condition

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PWD Rule-outs Carryover from farrowing

– Coccidiosis– Rotavirus

Endemic TGE– Plus or minus carryover from

farrowing– Loss of lactogenic immunity at

weaning plus environmental exposure TGE

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PWD Treatments Prevention

– Environment– Sanitation– Vaccination

Oral F18– Feed– Antibiotics

Feed Water

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Ileitis(PPE, PIA)

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Ileitis Caused by Lawsonia intracellularis Porcine Proliferative Enteropathy (PPE) Three main forms

– PIA: porcine intestinal adenomatosis Ileal villi develop secondary and tertiary

branches thickening of the ileal mucosa– Necrotic form: fibrinonecrotic membrane forms

on ileal mucosa, may extend to colon– Acute hemorrhagic form sudden death

Most common in gilts and sows

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Ileitis Clinical signs

– Poor doing pig Mal-absorption Protein losing enteropathy

– Diarrhea: orange tinge suggestive of partially digested blood, over blood with acute hemorrhagic form Many times soft or loose stools are over

interpreted– Increase number of cull or light weight pigs

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Ileitis Lesions

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Ileitis: Treatment Antibiotics that work: Tylan, CTC, Lincomycin,

Denagard (Tiamulin), Mecadox Acute hemorrhagic form in older

finishers/gilts/sows– Inject with Tylan (10 mg/# SID)– Inject with Lincomycin (5 mg/# SID)– Follow-up with 100 gram/ton Tylan in the feed for

2-3 weeks Outbreak in growing pigs

– Inject severe cases with Tylan (dose as above)– Water soluble Tylan– Water soluble Denegard

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Ileitis Control MLV product from BI

– Timing and handling of vaccine is critical– Oral administration via medicator

Administer vaccine over 4 hour period No feed medication for 3 days prior to

vaccination Starter pack - binds chlorine in water and

colors water blue Monitoring stools is commonly done

to “titrate” antibiotic control programs

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Ileitis Treatment Vaccination Prevention though antibiotics

– Feed– Water

Don’t forget market-ready pigs!

Don’tForgetPCV2

Diarrheasimilar

to Ileitis

Swine Dysentery

Swine Dysentery Brachyspira hyodysenteriae Characteristics

– Mucohemorrhagic diarrhea– Marked inflammation– Large intestine only (cecum and/or

colon)– Grow finishing pigs (usually >50 lbs)

Spirochetal colitis B. pilosicoli

Swine Dysentary Prevention

– Negative replacement stock– Wean < 21 days– Rodent control

Treatment– Medication

Feed: Mecadox, Lincocin, Denegard– Sanitation– Rodent control

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Salmonellosis

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Salmonellosis Primarily Salmonella cholerasuis

– Salmonella typhimurium can cause diarrhea– Wide variety of organisms can be food borne

pathogens Often stress/environment induced Clinical signs

– Severe lethargy (very sick): +/- fever– Purple discoloration of ears and belly =

septicemia– Diarrhea: +/- blood– Pneumonia

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Salmonellosis Lesions

– Splenomegaly– Inflamed intestine– Pneumonia – interstitial (wet lungs)– Button ulcers on mucosal surface:

primarily in colon– Hemorrhagic lymph nodes

Especially gastro-hepatic– Other signs of septicemia

Diagnosis via culture

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Salmonellosis

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Salmonellosis: Treatment Injectables

– Naxcel (per label), Spectinomycin (ELU), Nuflor (ELU)

Water medication– Neomycin, Gentamycin, Spectinomycin (ELU)– Respiratory - Nuflor

Feed medication– Mecadox (50 gram/ton)– Neomycin and Terramycin (200 gram/ton of each)– Many other options in foreign countries including

quinolones

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Salmonellosis Control Vaccination

– S. cholerasuis +/- S. typhimurium– MLV’s are effective

Oral IN IM

– Killed vaccines have poor efficacy Environment is the primary focus:

sanitation

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Salmonellosis Treatment Vaccination Antibiotics

– Prevention – Feed– Treatment

Water Injectable Feed

Sanitation

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Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome (HBS)

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Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome

Definition of syndrome: consistent clinical signs and/or lesions but cause unknown

Older (>150#) finishing pigs found dead– +/- bloated abdomen

Post-mortem lesions– Uniform hemorrhagic appearance of entire

gut or small intestines only– Lumen content hemorrhagic and not clotting– No palpable volvulus of the mesenteric root

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Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome

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Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome

Current thinking is that torsion or volvulus is primary problem: resolve in agonal state

More common in deep bellied pigs? Control via feed grade medication?

– 100 grams per ton of tetracycline with or without 30 grams per ton of BMD (Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate)

– Added fiber to the diet Usually sporadic incidence (<1%) so

hard to justify therapy costs

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Gastric Ulcers

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Gastric Ulcers Pigs will start to develop erosions of the

non-glandular portion of the stomach within 24-48 hours of feed removal– Out of feed– Sick due to something else: pneumonia

Erosion can vary from superficial to complete penetrating

Acute cases– Pig found dead with large blood clot in

stomach– Anemia – very pale

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Gastric Ulcers Subacute cases

– Pig found dead or live but very sick with blood in small intestine but no inflammation of intestine

Chronic cases– Gaunt pig with black, tarry looking stool– Pale appearance - Anemia

Lesion– Non-glandular portion of stomach where

esophagus enters is eroded (pitted, indented)– Normally this surface is slightly elevated from

rest of stomach mucosa

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Gastric Ulcers

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Gastric Ulcers Peritonitis with perforation

– Local or generalized Pre-disposers

– Other diseases that caused reduced appetite: mainly respiratory

– Feed not available: plugged feeder, late deliveries– Fine grind to corn (<500-700 microns)– Pellet diets

Common end stage cause of finisher mortality

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Other Diseases

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Additional Information: Whipworms – outdoor production, pet

pigs Ascarids – outdoor production, pet

pigs Rectal stricture – congenital, 2ndary

to salmonellosis Rectal prolapse – several techniques

to repair but not a high yield procedure

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Whipworms Trichuris suis Worms are visible in large intestine and

cecum– Must look closely or use a magnifying lens– Ileal-cecal junction if good are to look

Clinical signs– Diarrhea +/- blood– Poor doing pigs

Pre-disposers– Dirt lot environment– Low protein diets

Antihelminitcs – NOT Ivomec!

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Whipworms

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Ascarids: Roundworms Ascaris suum Little or no consequence in confined

pigs– Lack of exposure to feces

Sows in gestation stalls and farrowing crates Pigs on wire and cement slat floors

Continuous problem in pasture raised pigs– 21 cycle

Clinical signs and lesions– Poor doing pigs– Liver scars (milk spots)– Petechia on lungs in acute cases (larval

migration)

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Ascarids: Roundworms

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Ascarids: Roundworms

Pigs will develop immunity– Liver scars will resolve in 4-8 weeks

Common scenario– Replacement gilts raised in confinement have

no immunity– Moved to heavily contaminated, outside dirt lots

to kept them cycling– Larva start marching through the lung 7-10 days

later acute outbreak of respiratory disease

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Internal Parasite Treatment

Mandatory?– Many confinement herds only deworm sows 3-4

weeks pre-farrowing or at farrowing Many herds deworm young pigs that have

had no chance for exposure to roundworms: wire flooring– Avermectins at weaning (okay for mange)– Banminth (pyrantel) continuously in the nursery

diets With outdoor pigs, recognize risk for

whipworm infestation– Deworm pigs several times with fenbendazol

(Safe-Guard) in the feed: 9-10 and 16-18 weeks of age

– Double strength levamisole in water

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Rectal Stricture Sequelae to:

– Salmonellosis– Rectal prolapse

Clinical appearance– “Air belly”; severe distension

of abdomen– Cachexia

Lesions– Stricture in rectum– Enlarged spiral colon (megacolon); +/-

peritonitis

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Rectal Stricture

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Rectal Prolapse Primarily prolapse of mucosa

– Variable degrees Polyp on one side Complete circle

Pre-disposers– Genetics– Increased abdominal pressure

Coughing Chilling piling

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Rectal Prolapse

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Rectal Prolapse Repair

Purse string: tissue still fresh, sows– Replace prolapse, suture around the anus, leave

an approximately ¾ inch (one finger width) opening to enable defecation

Rectal ring: tissue already necrotic– Various sizes, choose largest that will fit– Hold ring with clamp and position so that the

“slot” in the ring is at the anus– Use elastrator band or umbilical tape to secure

the ring– Trim excess tissue so that pen mates don’t bother

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Rectal Prolapse Repair

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Acknowledgements I would like to recognize others for

their significant contributions to this presentation:– Dr. Brad Thacker– Dr. Locke Karriker– Dr. Pat Halbur– Dr. Butch Baker

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Questions ?