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MONITORING AND PROMOTING IN URBAN AND PERI-URBAN FOREST IN LJUBLJANA
Slovenian Forestry Institute researchers; presenter: A. VerličMilano, EMoNFUr WorkShop, March 2014
FOREST INVENTORY AND CROWN CONDITION ASSESSMENT
• Permanent forest monitoring plots• 32 plots located on sampling grid 500 x 500 m (selected on 250 x 250 m).• The grid is down-scaled from the National Forest Monitoring survey which bases on national sample grid 4 x 4 km• Measured or assessed variables: site characteristic (gps location, exposition, canopy closure etc..), standing live trees
(species, status, dbh, defoliation, damages etc..), dead wood (type, species, volume etc..).
Mitja Skudnik, Saša VochlJure Žlogar, Boštjan Mali
FOREST INVENTORY AND CROWN CONDITION ASSESSMENTPreliminary results (standing live trees) Mitja Skudnik, Saša Vochl
Jure Žlogar, Boštjan Mali
BIODIVERSITY: FLORA & VEGETATIONLado Kutnar & Klemen Eler
Slovenian Forestry Institute, LjubljanaThe main objective of the flora/vegetation assessment is to estimate plant diversity status and changes at the monitoring plots (within monitoring sites) and to contribute to the understanding and evaluation of forest condition in broader sense.
The diversity of vascular plant species and plant invasion has been studied in the (peri-)urban forests of Ljubljana. Three forest locations in Ljubljana have been selected:i) Rožnik site is in the urban area and it is overgrown by Quercus petraea, Picea abies,
Castanea sativa. ii) Gameljne-poplar site is located in the flood area of the Sava River; it is dominated by Acer
pseudoplatanus, Alnus glutinosa, Salix eleagnos and Fraxinus excelsior.iii) Gameljne-pine site is located on the upper-terrace of the Sava River; it is secondary pine
forest with Pinus sylvestris in the upper tree layer, and Carpinus betulus and Tilia cordata in
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Sampling designPLANT SPECIES DIVERSITY
forest with Pinus sylvestris in the upper tree layer, and Carpinus betulus and Tilia cordata in the lower tree layer. The Gameljne sites are in the peri-urban area.
In total, 161 vascular plant species were recorded at three study sites. The number of vascular species varied between 61 (Rožnik site) and 85 (Gameljne-poplar site) per site. High number of herb layer species, including only non-woody species, has been recorded (104 species or 65% of all).
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Rožnik site Gameljne-poplar site Gameljne-pine site
Based on Raunkiær’s life-form system, hemicryptophytes (40%) and phanerophytes (34%) prevail among identified vascular speciesin Slovenia.The relatively high number of geophytes (15%) suggests that studied forests are in the late succession stage (mature forests).
Gameljne-poplar site with Allium ursinum in spring time
34%
5%40%
15%6% Phanerophytes
Chamaephytes
Hemicryptophytes
Geophytes
Therophytes
Plant life-forms (Raunkiær) in EMoNFUr locations in Slovenia (left) and in Italy (right)
Source: Comparison between the intermediate conclusions concerning the Slovenia and Lombardy data sets; Report, Dec. 2013
• In the studied (peri-)urban forests, numerous non-indigenous plant species were recorded. The majority of them have been declared to be invasive species in Slovenia, which adversely affect the forest habitats and outcompete native plant species.
• Presumably, these invasive species, which represent 6% of the flora recorded, come from the Sava River or from urban areas, i.e. gardens and parks. The majority of these invasive species are of the North American or Asian origin.
• Among three studied locations, the level of plant invasion is the highest at Gameljne-poplar site (8 species). The most abundant invasive species at this site are Solidago gigantea and Fallopia japonica. Other invasive species are Rudbeckia laciniata, Erigeron annuus, Helianthus tuberosus, Impatiens glandulifera, Impatiens parviflora, and Physocarpusopulifolius.
INVASIBILITY OF (PERI-)URBAN FORESTS OF LJUBLJANA
opulifolius.
Solidago gigantea
Rudbeckia laciniata
Fallopia japonica
Impatiens glandulifera
Monitoring entomofaunaMethod• Transect• Malaise trap• Window trap
Results• Transect and malaise trap
are the best methods• 33 species of hoverflies• Window trap
• Monitoring period: April-October
• 2 species living in dead wood, 25 aphid predators and 6 species living in plants
• Best period in June
M. de Groot
Monitoringbirds
Methods- 39 point counts- Three belts
Results• 51 species• 1246 individuals• Number of species affected
by the size of the forest patch
25m
50m
- Three belts
M. de Groot
ISM plots and UFMO tracks assessed for damaging agents in urban forest Rožnik. (N. Ogris)
Soil survey. (A. Marinšek)
� The aim of the research:� To establish permanent survey plots for monitoring the condition of
the soil in the form of cyclic measurements.� Pedological analysis aimed to classify the soil and to investigate
physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the soil samples.samples.
� 5 different depths per plot: Ol+f, Oh, M 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm.� Analyses made in the Laboratory for Forest Ecology of Slovenian
Forestry Institute for:� pH, � C, N, S elemental analysis, � burden of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) in the soil.
� RESULTS:� Soil classification:� 26 of 35 plots (mostly Rožnik): deep Dystrict Cambisols� 4 of 35 plots (the flat part of Rožnik): Pseudogley� 5 of 35 plots (mostly Gameljne): Fluvisols
� pH:
� In upper part of organic layer pH is scattered from 3.2 – 6.2.� In most plots pH of Oh layer is from 3.0 – 4.2 and is increasing when
going deeper.� 4 plots differ (pH from 5.5 and higher in mineral layers at all depths).
� C, N, S elemental analysis� In progress
� burden of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, Cu) in the soil � soil samples were collected on 32 plots of the Rožnik� 100 sampled locations in the depth of 0 – 10 cm were used in � 100 sampled locations in the depth of 0 – 10 cm were used in
the study� For all analysed metals all values were
below Limiting value except for lead atplot No. 18 where it exceeded Warningvalue (red arrow).
HIDROLOGICAL MONITORING
Rožnik catchment• 6’’ Parshall flume for streamflow monitoring• Automatic water level loggers (30 min.
interval, HOBO U20 Water Level Data Logger - U20-001-01)
• Monthly streamwater quality analysis:
Gozdarski inštitut SlovenijeSlovenian Forestry Institute
• Monthly streamwater quality analysis:– pH– El. Conductivity– Alkality– Kations: NH4+, K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+– Anions: Cl-, NO3-, NO2-, PO42-, SO42-– Ntot– TOC/DOC– Al, Fe, Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni– Turbidity
U. Vilhar
HIDROLOGICAL MONITORING
Gameljne research site• 5 research plots in UF• Measurements of precipitation in the open:
14 days• Measurements of throughfall: 14 days• Automated weather station in the open
P1P2P3P4P5
Gozdarski inštitut SlovenijeSlovenian Forestry Institute
• Automated weather station in the open• Continuous soil moisture and soil
temperature measurements (30 min. interval)
• Data base management and data evaluation• Reporting of preliminary results
U. Vilhar
Deposition• Sampling of bulk (open-field) and throughfall (under the canopy)
deposition• Regular sampling (every 14 days)
– For analysis the combined sample is made from two 14-days periods• Analysis of:
Measurement of amount of precipitation,o Measurement of amount of precipitation,o pH, electroconductivity, alkalinity,o Anions, cations (Cl-, NO2
-, NO3-, PO4
3-, SO42-, Na+, NH4
+, K+, Mn2+, Ca2+, Mg2+)
o Total nitrogen, dissolved organic carbon (DOC)
D. Žlindra
Deposition• Results
o Comparing deposition in urban forest in Ljubljana (red) and forests outside urban areas (bright and dark green) in one-year period (Nov. 2011 – Oct. 2012)
D. Žlindra
Passive monitoring of airpollutants
• Sampling on 6 different locations in the urban forests in and around Ljubljana (orange dots)
• Regular sampling (every 14 days)• Detection of :
o Ozone (O3),o Ozone (O3),o Nitrogen dioxide (NO2),o Sulphur dioxide (SO2),o Ammonia (NH3).
D. Žlindra
Passive monitoring of air pollutants
• Results
D. Žlindra
USE OF MOSSES AS BIOMONITORS IN URBAN FORESTS
Different from other higher plants most of mosses are ectohydric which means that their rooting system is poorlydeveloped and they lack of cuticle, what force them to accept most of the mineral substances and with this pollutantsover the surface and not from the soil.The advantage of biomonitoring is that it is easier and cheaper than conventional precipitation or air analysis andconsequently a much higher sampling density can be achieved.
AIM• Explore the use of moss (Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw.) for monitoring of trace elements and N pollution in urban
and peri-urban forests in the City of Ljubljana.
SAMPLING METHODOLOGY
Mitja Skudnik
SAMPLING METHODOLOGY• Collecting of mosses at 44 sites.• Sampling locations were divided in locations within
the Ljubljana motorway ring and outside the ring.
EXPECTED RESULTS:• Atmospheric trace elements deposition• CNS (carbon, nitrogen and sulphur)
Meteorological monitoring. Station (WMO) and sensors in forest (M. Ferlan)
Work done so far within EMONFUR project – dendrochronologySamples from urban forest site Rožnik have been collected and prepared for measuring using ATRICS (advanced image capturing system)
Dendrochronology. (T. Levani č)
capturing system)Samples have been measured using WinDendro and cross-checked in PAST-4
Work to be done:Synchronisation and quality control using COFECHAComparison with environmental variables (climate)Interpretation of collected data and comparison with results from Italian side
Category:1 - road asfalt2 - gravel road3 - trail with sand cover4 - trail without cover5 - skid trail6 - social trail – without vegetation7 - social trail – with some vegetation
Trails survey and visitors monitoring. (M. Skudnik, M. Ferlan, A. Verli č)
7 - social trail – with some vegetation8 - social trail – trampled vegetation