Date post: | 15-Jan-2016 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | maxim-skeel |
View: | 235 times |
Download: | 0 times |
VESSEL BIOFOULING
Obsolete Vessels
Commercial Ships
Recreational Boats
Obsolete Vessels2 studies: effect of transit
effect of in-water cleaning
Commercial Ships
Vessel sampling
Research overview
Recreational Boats
Pilot study in San Francisco Bay
VESSEL BIOFOULING
Obsolete Vessels
time (days)
0 7 14 21 28 35 42
tem
per
atu
re (
°C)
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
A B C D E F
*
brackish
marine
FW
The effect of transit on biofouling
POINT LOMA & FLORENCE
Obsolete Vessels
Before After
0
20
40
60
80
barnac
le
dead b
arnac
le
branch
ing b
iota
encr
ustin
g/bio
film
scar
s/re
mnan
ts
paint/r
ust
mea
n p
erce
nt
cove
r
0
20
40
60
80POINT LOMA
FLORENCE
Obsolete Vessels
before transit
after transit
images
number of samples
0 10 20 30 40 50
sp
ec
ies
ac
cu
mu
lati
on
0
10
20
30
40 FLORENCE, post-transit
POINT LOMA, post-transit
POINT LOMA, post-transit
FLORENCE, pre-transit
Obsolete Vessels
pre-transit
Conopeum chesapeakensis
Balanus improvisus
Corbula amurensis
Gnorisphaeroma oregonense
Gammarus daiberi
Uromunna sp
post-transit
Conopeum chesapeakensis
Balanus improvisus
Gnorisphaeroma oregonense
6 ‘new’ hydroids
22 pre-transit species57 post-transit species
At least 7 NIS arrived in Texas
biological samples
Obsolete Vessels
Scamping the hull of the ORION
S.C.A.M.P. = submersible cleaning and maintenance platform
sampling (images and biological samples) before and after scamping
Obsolete Vessels
vessel appendages
mea
n p
erce
nt
cove
r
0
20
40
60
80
100
bare space
biofouling
before scamping
after scamping
images
biofouling categories
Obsolete Vessels
(a)
appendages bottom mid depth waterline
mea
n n
um
be
r o
f sp
ec
ies p
er
sa
mp
le
0
4
8
12
16
20
ORION: average spp richness per sample
before scamping
after scamping
biological samples
ranked species (according to pre-scrub prevalence)
pe
rce
nt
pre
va
len
ce
in
sa
mp
les
0
20
40
60
80
100
Obsolete Vessels
ORION: species prevalence in samples
before scamping
after scamping
biological samples
Obsolete Vessels
ave
rag
e p
erc
en
t re
du
cti
on
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1402 32 6 11 12
ORION: variation among organism types in response to scamping
biological samples
Obsolete Vessels
Obsolete Vessels: Summary
• substantial decrease in organism abundance/percent cover (image analysis)
• high prevalence of species in samples after transit/cleaning (biological samples analysis)
• live specimens observed for all common species after transit/scamping
• vessel colonization by ‘new’ species can be substantial during transit
• further study could determine the risk of invasion after transit (or scamping + transit) for obsolete vessels across space & time
Obsolete Vessels
Obsolete vessels: current status
OR Senate Bill 432
VERSAR/MARAD sampling hull biofouling at 3 sites
Further evaluation of SCAMPING
Louisiana state officials allowing entry only after hull surveys of a ship in Beaumont (Texas)
Commercial Vessels
Commercial vessel biofouling
1. Variation in traffic patterns
(number of arrivals, source ports, port connectivity)
2. Variation among ship types
(WSA, speed, port duration)
3. Vessel maintenance
(most recent dry-docking, paint types, in-water cleaning)
4. Variation in biofouling
(niche areas, organism diversity, quantity & quality)
Commercial ships
>1001101 - 100011 - 1001 - 10Number of vessels donated
Ca, Or & Wa arrivals for 2 yrs = 29,282
Commercial ships
29,282 vessels = 265 million m2 WSA
0
20
40
60
80
100
barge
auto
bulk
conta
iner
gener
al
other
passen
ger
tanke
r
WS
A (
x 1
mil
lio
n m
2) coastal
overseas
Commercial ships
Vessel sampling: containerships (n=22)
Commercial ships
0 20 40 60 80 100
chlorophyta
rhodophyta
phaeophyta
acorn barnacles
goose-neckbarnacles
encrustingbryozoans
hydroids
tubeworms
mussels
oysters
tunicates
frequency of occurence (percent of vessels)
barges (G&E)
bulkers (C&T)
containerships (C&T)
present study
West Coast containerships
Commercial ships
period since last dry dock (months)
0 20 40 60
nu
mb
er o
f ta
xa p
er s
hip
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
containerships (black squares, solid line)
other ship types (white triangles, dashed line)
dry docking and biofouling
Commercial ships
Commercial ships current status
ABRPI future studies
sampling different vessel types
experimental studies (organism condition)
NZ: major study 2008 (n = 270 commercial vessels)
California assembly bill 740
remove fouling on a “regular basis”
adopt regulations governing management of hull fouling by Jan 2012
IMO ban on TBT (Jan 1st 2008)
Recreational boats
Recreational vessel biofouling
Pilot study based in San Francisco Bay
Questionnaires (n = 214)
Vessel maintenance & usage, voyage locations
Level of Fouling (n = >1000)
scale 0 – 5
Hull sampling (n = 72)*
underwater pole-cam
most recent paint application (n = 199)
0
10
20
30
40
2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 prior to2000
perc
en
t o
f re
sp
on
den
ts
Recreational boats
Recreational boats
Number of cleanings since last paint application
0
10
20
30
40
don'tknow
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 to 10 >10
per
cen
t o
f re
spo
nd
ents
hull cleaning locations
in-water elsewhere
2%
in-water at marina
91%
on trailer7%
Recreational boats
number of trips within SFB (n = 214)
0
5
10
15
20
25
per
cen
t o
f re
spo
nd
ents
boat trips within the Bay in the last 12 months
Boat trips outside of the Bay and Delta
no answer8%
none76%
1 to 5 trips14%
> 5 trips2%
Recreational boats
analysis and report in 2008
Funding Acknowledgements
California State Lands Commission
Maritime Administration
US Fish & Wildlife (through WRP)