MOC: DR.PHAM KHANH TOAN; DR. PHAN VAN BO; DR. TRAN THI LAN ANH MONRE: DR. NGUYEN LANH EXPERT GROUP MEETING ON MAINSTREAMING CLIMATE CHANGE
INTO NATIONAL URBAN POLICIES BANGKOK, 17-18 MARCH 2015
Viet Nam Urban Development Policies/Strategies
toward adaptation for climate change
Country name Socialist Republic of Viet Nam
Surface area 331,051 km² Urban land: 30,700 km2 (10% country land).
Population•91.70 million(2012); Population density of core city 10.000-15.000 people/km2 (Hanoi oorr HCM city)
Urbanization 774 cities and Towns; Urbanization: 35%; ( 2014); Migration from rural to urban areas about 1 to 1.3 million/year.
GDP USD 170.0 billion(2012, IMF); GDP per capita USD >2200(2014, provisional)
Infrastructure servive•77% urban population access water supply services. •50% of solid waste collected and treated. •95% urban population access electrical Percentage of employment
by industryPrimary industry: 48%Secondary industry: 21%
Economic growth rate 5.7%(2014, IMF);
disaster damage/year 1.5% GDP.
Viet Nam profile
• Viet Nam ranked 13th among the top 16 countries most affected by climate change
• Natural disasters, flood, drought increasing in both frequency and number cause the risk for urban development;
• 39% of the Mekong Delta area (1.6 million ha & 6.3 million people), > 20% of HCMC area; > 10% of the area of Red river delta & Quang Ninh; and > 2.5% of the area of Central coastal provinces facing flooding risk. ►Impacts on population and human settlements, national and local GDP ►Impacts on infrastructure (water supply and rivers); Urban drainage … and transport system: of the rail system 4%, 9% of the national highway system and of about 12% of provincial roads will be affected. ►Over last 55 years, there were 72 storms, 51 floods, 5 droughts with heavy damages.
CC SCENARIO 2012 – Sea level rise could be 0.75m -1m
Climate change is a challenge of Viet Nam
Guido Wyseure, KU Leuven UEPP Tailor-made Training29 June 2007
Southern Delta faces the risk of wide-scale flooding (especially in
the Mekong Delta and Ho Chi Minh city)
North Delta is vulnerable to the RISK OF SALINIZATION, affecting CLEAN
water supply to the URBAN areas 1/4 of the North Delta’s area is below sea level, about 50 - 70% of the area will be threatened by saltwater intrusion,
areas with the 20 - 60 km distance shall be affected salinity intrusion.
Climate change is a challenge of Viet Nam urbanization regions
Mekong Delta has been affected by CC & other country’s activities (belonging to GMS): ➢ Annual flood season in the Delta has signs
of abnormal fluctuations, flooding in urban areas with larger scale and longer period, the phenomenon of landslides , storm surges, with storms, tornadoes appear more and more frequently; Prolonged hot weather conditions affecting agricultural production; Intrusion of mangroves along the coastal provinces .
➢ The hydro-power projects on the upper mainstream of Mekong River will be major challenges and difficulties that the Mekong Delta (MD) has to suffer from .
CC SCENARIO 2012 – SEA level RISE Could BE 0.75M -1MClimate change impact to Mekong Delta Region
Coastal urban areas and MD vulnerable to flooding
Coastal, riverside, delta urban areas are vulnerable to flooding, SLR, high tide, land loss, salinization. It’s forecasted that about 40 provinces with 128 urban areas in Red river delta, central coastal and Southern regions have high risk of flooding, of which, 24 urban areas of 15 provinces face the risk of serious and very serious flooding.
Location
Highly vulnerable urban area Total urban area (km2)
Total population
of areas (million
Total Urban area name Total areaInne
r area
Total populatio
n
Inner
area’s
Coastal urban 26
04 urban areas of grade I, namely Hai Phong, Da Nang, Quy Nhon, and Nha Trang
3,298.2 714.3
3.36 2.08
02 urban areas of grade II, namely Phan Thiet and Vung Tau 346.6 154. 0.51 0.4309 urban areas of grade III, namely Cam Pha, Sam Son, Cua Lo, Dong Hoi, Tam Ky, Hoi An, Tuy Hoa, Phan Rang-Thap Cham, and Bac Lieu
1,204 317.6 1.07 0.84
05 urban areas of grade IV namely towns: Song Cau, Van Gia, Lagi, Phan Ri Cua, Ha Tien 760.8 87.1 0.31 0.18
36 urban areas of grade V 69.8 0.05
Bayside urban 2 01 urban areas of grade II, namely Ha Long city 272 199. 0.22 0.2 01 urban area of grade III, namely Cam Ranh town 325 147. 0.13 0.09
Riverside urban 11
01 special urban area, namely HCMC 2,095 494 7.16 5.8802 urban areas of grade I namely Vinh city and Can Tho city 1,513.9 440. 1.64 1.0302 urban areas of grade III, namely Ha Tinh city and Vi 175 61.1 0.18 0.1301 urban area of grade IV namely Hong Linh town 58.6 0.0305 urban areas of grade V 89 0.04
Salt-marsh urban 1 01 urban area of grade III namely Rach Gia city 103.6 58.5 0.21 0.19
Seaside urban 802 urban areas of grade IV namely Ninh Hoa town and Vinh 19.3 0.0406 urban areas of grade V 148.9 148. 0.09 0.09
Urban area near the 1 01 urban area of grade V, namely Tuy Phuoc town 6.4 6.4 0.01 0.01Urban area near the 5 05 urban areas of grade V 53.6 53.6 0.07 0.07Urban area near the sea estuary
4 04 urban areas of grade V 27.2 27.2 0.034
0.034
CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT TO Mountainous and highland urban areasBASED ON CC SCENARIO 2012
Mountainous, highlands urban area affected by flood, flashing flood, landslide, groundwater depletion. Among 31 provinces vulnerable to landslide and flash flood, about 143 urban areas face the risk and among these 143, 17 areas may be seriously impacted.
Region Total Urban areas vulnerable to flash flooding, flooding, landslide
1 Midland and Northern mountainous region
74
01 urban area of grade I, namely Viet Tri city;7 urban areas of grade III, namely towns and cities: Bac Can, Lao Cai, Yen Bai, Ha Giang, Hoa Binh, Phu Thọ, Son La; 01 urban areas of grade IV, namely Muong Lay 65 urban areas of grade V
2 North Central and Central Coastal region
42
01 urban area of grade I namely Hue city; 2 urban areas of grade IV, namely Huong Thuy and Tu Ha town; 39 urban areas of grade V.
3 Central Highlands 24
01 urban area of grade I, namely Buon Ma Thuot city; 01 urban area of grade III namely Bao Loc city; 03 urban areas of grade IV namely Buon Ho town, EaKar, Gia Nghia;19 urban areas of grade V and V.
4 Southest region 3 03 urban areas of grade V Total 143
VIET NAM URBAN DEVELOPMENT UNDER PLAN AND MASTER PLAN (Decision No. 445/QD-TTg dated 07/04/2009 and the Decision No. 1659/QD-TTg dated
07/11/2012 of the Prime Minister)
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3
Mega city region Urbanization region network
2025 (940 cities &towns)
2020 (840 cities &towns)
2014 (774 cities &towns)
CHALLENGS ►Regions prioritized for urbanization, EZ, IP, and tourism development, are highly vulnerable to CC ►The plan is lack of CC adaption measures
Strategy ➢ Metropolitan
regions ➢ Great cities, big
cities (city of national of regional center )
➢ Key urban development exits on the North-South and West-East
➢ Corridor areas to China, Laos, Cambodia corridor
CHALLENGE The plan is lack of CC adaption measures
2. Urban MP
1. Regional MP
4. Detailed Plan & Design
5. Rural residential area plan
3. Zoning plan
Urban infrastructure development project
▪ Coastal development MP;
▪ 04 key economic zone plans;
▪ Plans of the 02 large metropolitan regions
▪ Coastal economic zone plan
▪ Sectorial MP (land use, transportation, port, IP, EZ)
▪ MP of Central large city of national level;
CHALLENGE Documents, mechanisms and policies, standards and criteria are
lacking CC impact/risk assessment or they are inaccurate
Characteristics of the areas
Type of
metropolitan Population (person)
Frequency P
1 . Public centers, residential areas, Industrial Parks, Warehouses, logistics (including urban and suburban areas)
Special > 1,5 mil 1% (100 years)
Type I > 500.000 1% (100 years)
Type I I > 250 000 2% (50 years) Type III > 100 000 2,5% (40
years) Type IV > 50 000 5% (20 years) Type V > 4000 10% (10
years) 2. Green spaces, entertainment areas, sports
Special > 1,5 mil 5% (20 years) Types I - IV Over 4 000 ÷
under 500 000
10% (10 years)
Type V 50% (2 years) 3. Rural residences (farms) Civil works ≥ HmaxTB year
Public works ≥ HmaxTB year + (0,3÷ 0,5)m 4. Specialized areas (out of town) a. IP, EPZ, HTP (out of town) P≥ 1% b. Historical relics Need protection c. Tourism sites Upgrade the platform to prevent flooding
Need to consider higher frequencies
Indicators, standards of flood, rising tide … are outdated
CAUSES FOR THE DAMAGE, RISKS IN CITIES AND TOWNS
(planning and worsened by actual implementation that is not in accordance with the plan)
● Urban infrastructure is incomplete or is not available (towns). The main drainage axis is narrowed and is not sufficient during the rainy season; small or do not meet the development needs;
● Te c h n i c a l m e a s u r e s a r e n o t i n synchronization; capacity of main works, culverts is not sufficient for drainage needs. Many transport routes have been raised and become “dikes”, restricting drainage, causing flooding of the areas;
● Plans are lack of impact assessment or deploying out-of-date standards:
● Urban deve lopment management , particularly of construction ground elevation and urban drainage system management have been weak.
● Poor awareness of weather forecast; ● Poor awareness of protection area
management, flood drainage corridors, urban water storage system.
● Viet Nam to participate in international conferences ● Ratified the commitment to reduce emissions by Ministry of Natural
Resources and Environment: Focal -14 ministries participate ● Complete the development of scenarios of climate change , sea level rise for
Viet Nam (published 2009, 2012 & 2015) ● Implement the program
Minister of Natural Resources and Environment COP 13 conference participants (2007 Bali ) Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung at COP15 (2009 , Danmark)
Efforts of the Government of Viet Nam
Achievement
Develop Policy/legal system: Since 2005, the Prime Minister issued: Directive on implementing the Kyoto Protocol under the Framework Convention on Climate Change of the United Nations (2005); Resolution of the Government assigned the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment in building national target program to cope with climate change (2008), National Strategy on Climate Change (2011), National Strategy for Growth Green (2012) and a lot of policies and legislation related to climate change was enacted in the field of natural resources, biology, agriculture, forestry, environmental construction, irrigation, transport, energy, public industrial, medical ...
The international corporation to implemented pilot projects (such as the Government of Denmark, Japan, France, the Netherlands, Norway, ADB, WB ....) such as: building disaster warning systems, flood ,; research solutions to climate change adaptation and water management; Reduce greenhouse gas emissions through efforts to reduce deforestation and forest degradation in Vietnam "; Agriculture deploying model low-carbon ...
Positive result : With the support of the international community , the effort , the initiative of the ministries, branches and localities have yielded significant results in the ability to cope with climate change : Awareness of climate change sectors, level , organizations and people has made positive changes ; Institutional , policy , organizational structure on climate change has been initially established ; Many activities for climate change adaptation , disaster prevention , mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions is done ;
● Negative result: lack of coordination , review and evaluate the replication results Documentation research into practice is hard
Policy/legal system are added or renewed
● Reviewing the overall system of policy and legislation on climate change adaptation, improvement associated with the restructuring of the economy, transforming growth model;
● Building infrastructure in sync, perfecting and developing human resources; ● Build policies and laws on green growth, favorable to the green economy
development approach; ● Strengthen the state budget for responding to climate change, direct investment
budget for priority projects to cope with climate change; integrated programs and projects related to climate change in the annual plan and five years from 2016 to 2020 of the ministries, branches and localities of the country;
● Actively participate in international programs on climate change adaptation in order to take advantage of the support of finance, technology, capacity building programs implemented projects; extended forms of BOT, BTO, PPP ... and encourage and mobilize organizations, individuals, businesses and foreign suppliers, financial investment programs and projects responding to climate change .
KEY ACTIONS OF THE CONSTRUCTION SECTOR (in accordance with drafting Action Plan in response to CC of the Construction Sector in 2012-2015
1. Establish the Steering Committee of the action plan in response to CC of the Construction sector; Establish an Office of CC response;
2. Conduct a survey, in fact, a preliminary assessment of climate change impacts to urban development, urban infrastructure, housing, etc.
3. Develop national standards, norms for the planning, design, construction of infrastructure and works 4. Implement pilot projects, programs and researches:
○ Review and coordinate with local and international organizations to propose planning solutions for a number of regions and cities in the Mekong Delta, central region, northern region, big cities like HCMC, Ha Noi in the context of increasing natural disasters and sea level rise;
○ Enhance International cooperation in some pilot projects: with Japan in a pilot project on eco-urban area development in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City; with Holland in the development of HCMC towards sea; flood control in MRD;
○ Study to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, enhance efficient use of alternative energy in urban development and rural residential areas;
○ Study and propose energy efficient, environmental friendly construction materials and materials that have low greenhouse emissions (adobe bricks);
○ Research and develop green architecture, water urban area. 6. Strengthen the role of urban government in coping with climate change; involve community in case of CC warnings through
capacity building program in construction and urban development management as per Decision No. 1961/QD-TTg dated 25/10/2010
7. Actively study to integrate CC adaption in urban development management, “Development of Viet Nam urban areas in response to CC”.
URBAN DEVELOPMENT OF VIET NAM IN RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PERIOD 2013 – 2020
Approved by the Prime Minister under Decision No. 2623/QD-TTg, dated 31/12/2013
The project duration is until 2020, after-2020 vision. Specifically:
• Phase I (2013-2015): Priority given to 5 big cities: Ho Chi Minh City, Ha Noi, Can Tho, Hai Phong, Da Nang and 1 province: Ca Mau province. • Phase II (2016 - 2020): Implemented in 35 high-risk cities, including 24 cities of 15 provinces in the northern coastal, central coastal region and Mekong Delta; 11 cities of 10 provinces in the northern mountainous region and Central Highlands. • After 2020: Implemented in coastal, delta urban areas that are at risk of flooding and urban areas that are at high risk of flash floods, landslides in the Northern mountainous, central coastal, Southeast regions and Central Highlands.
URBAN DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM IN VIET NAM IN RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE TO 2020
(Issued together with Decision No. 2623/QD-TTg December 31, 2013 of the Prime Minister)
Program 1: Developing a database and mapping system for urban risk warning (Atlas of Urban Risks and Climate Change)
Program 2: To Complete legal system relating urban planning and urban development with climate change adaptation integration
Program 3: Adding content of climate change adaptation integration into regional planning, provincial and urban planning
Program 4: The system of technical documentation (guidelines, codes, standards)
Program 5: Coordination with international organizations to carry out scientific research on urban development to respond to climate change and implementing pilot projects to develop ecological, green cities in Viet Nam
• Review the planned projects that have been approved, taking f l o o d i n g , l a n d s l i d e s i n t o consideration.
• Prepare inundation maps for specific action plans
• Promulgate regulations on urban governance towards nature conservation, dredging and leveling restriction.
• Build the resettlement areas for relocation of the temporary riverside, coastal houses.
• Invest in the synchronous transport system, particularly urban drainage systems
• Invest in embankments, walls at the critical coastal areas.
• Strictly prohibit construction in areas with high erosion risk
COMPREHENSIVE SOLUTIONFor urban areas
• Measures and strategies – Analyze soil conditions/land use
capacity/land use status quo in the flooded areas.
– Thoroughly review the project progress
– Identify urban scale/Urban development area/Construction density
– Zoning for green space protection and control, give the space to drainage corridor development
– Infrastructure/Transportation • Minimization
– Use of natural resources – Flooding – Energy demand – CO2 emissions
Adaption
Minimization
Identify the cause and scale of flooding/risk of land use and financial investment in the city development
SPECIFIC MEASURES IN URBAN DEVELOPMENT INVESTMENT IN FEATURED GEOGRAPHIC AREAS
For urban areas
1. Improve the system of lakes on the river basin/canal reservoirs
2. Improve the rainwater drainage and wastewater system in urban areas.
3. Build and dredge the system of canals, rivers through urban areas.
4. Promote watershed afforestation/TREE PLANTING in the salt-marsh/TREE PLANTING FOR RIVER BASIN PROTECTION and urban parks.
Featured geographic areas
Coastal area
Inner area
Suburb
Mountainous area
Institutional Structure in Vietnam’s Urban Development
Government
People’s Committee of provinces/citiesPeople’s Council
Ministries & Agencies of the Government
(MOC, MPI, MONRE MOF)
Agencies & Departments of People Committee
(DOC, DAP, DPI, DTPW, DONRE, DOF)
National Assembly
Developers
Institutional organization
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment is the national focal point for implementing activities of response to climate change in the country and with international collaboration
● The national target program on response to climate change has been carried out nation-wide in 3 phases: initial phase (from 2009 to 2010), implementation phase (from 2011 to 2015) and development phase (after 2015) with 9 tasks:
1. Assessment of level and impacts of climate change in VN 2. Definition of solution for response to climate change 3. Development of science-technological programs on climate change 4. Enhancing capacity of organization, institutions, policy on climate
change 5. Enhancing awareness and development of human resource 6. Promotion of international cooperation 7. Integration of climate change issues into strategies, programs,
planning, plans of socio-economic development, sectoral and local development
8. Development of action plans of ministries, localities for response to climate change; and
9. Development and implementation of projects under programs.
GOVERNMENT AGENCIES IN CHARGE OF URBAN PLANNING
Approaches, Policies and Incentives in Attracting Investments for CC adaptation in the Urban Sector
● Funding for CC adaptation activities from 2009 to 2015 implemented by ministries is about 2,374 billion VND (110 mill USD), which is 50 % foreign capital, domestic capital is 50 % ( the central budget of about 30 % , about 10 % local and 10 % other sources ).
● Sources: State budget; preferable credits; private contributions; international grants.
Approaches, Policies and Incentives in Attracting Investments in the Urban Sector
Estimation of Investment needs for CC adaptation, infrastructure development (2011-2015): USD 85 billion, in which urban infrastructure investment accounts for 30%
• Domestic investment: 75-80% (state budget: 18%; government bonds: 4%; State credit: 5,5%; state enterprises: 10%; private sector: 45%)
• FDI: 20-25%. Public investment in urban development: • Investment sources: local budget, subsidy from state budget, loan from
municipal development funds, ODA, State Owned Commercial Banks (SOCBs), municipal bonds.
• Sectors: mainly in non-revenue sectors, e.g. public transport, water supply and wastewater treatment plants, environment, and administration reform.
Participation of Private Sector in Urban development: • Form of Investment: BOT, BTO, BOO, BT, PPP, 100% private investment. • Diversified sub-sectors: Urban transport, water supply, sewage systems;
and wastewater and solid waste management, housing & new town development, heath service, education, training, culture, sport.
Development Partner’s Activities and Assistance for Urban Development in Viet Nam
USD
.mill
00
1,250
2,500
3,750
5,000
Partners
1 2
JBIC (Urban Infrastructure & Environment)WB (Urban upgrading & infrastructure)ADB (Urban Infrastructure & Environment)GTZ (Water&Sanitation)AFD (Water&Sanitation)Finland (Water & Sanitation)Norway (Drainage &Sanitation)Swizeland (Drainage)Spain (Urban Transportation)The Netherland (Drainage &Sanitation)Korea (Drainage, urban planning)
Current ODA Commitment in Urban Development
• Enhance awareness, capability and response of local organizations;
• Develop new knowledge about vulnerability to CC and potential responses;
• Prepare strategy on CC and test initiative interventions;
• Strengthen coordination and cooperation among agencies and various stakeholders in the cities;
• Coordinate local departments in integrating climate change issues into relevant plans.
Cooperation with international organizations to build community’s CC adaption capability at city level
1 . Develop assessment tools : - Database and maps - Develop indicators to assess the impacts of climate change risk.
2 . Building tools for control : - Improve system of legal documents, enhance the effectiveness of
mechanisms and policies for managing construction and urban development under specific conditions of the region and the impact of urban influence ;
3 . Develop tools to support implementation : - Awareness raising, capacity and professional consulting for urban growth
management - Develop regulations on management of urban development adapted to
climate change risks caused by natural disasters . - Develop programs for urban development with urgent investment for areas
effected by climate change and sea level rise …
Proposed activities
2
3Provide further funding for the development of technical criteria, policies and mechanisms on evaluation, monitoring and adjustment of CC adaption solutions from time to time.
Form a library to store and share information on status quo and solutions for CC adaption
1Enhance the cooperation and coordination in research implementation, assessment outcome sharing among sectors and localities.
For the project implementation, Viet Nam needs to involve the local and international community, scientists, and sponsors. In the short time, it is necessary to:
Response to CC is a critical issue in urban development Overall and specific researches are needed, focal and prioritized implementation should be applied in accordance with local and
national socioeconomic conditions. It’s recommended to start with planning.
Development of risk resilient capability for cities is the essential task WE LOOK FORWARD TO YOUR COOPERATION
Thank you!
