Views of Animal Phylogeny

Ernst Heinrich Phillipp August Haeckel (1834-1919; Germany)

Nielsen (2001)

Claus Nielsen, Denmark

Richard C. Brusca (University of Arizona) and Gary J. Brusca (Humboldt State University)

2003

Kenneth M. Halanych (2004)Auburn

traditional recent

Greg Edgecomb et al. (2011)

Natural History Museum, London

Tree produced by maximum-likelihood analysis of the EST Set. The tree was produced from a matrix consisting of 242 genes and 104,840 amino acid characters.

J F Ryan et al. Science 2013;342:1242592

Published by AAAS

Joseph Ryan, Whitney Lab, University of Florida

Xiao and Laflamme (2009)

Modular Ediacara fossils. (A) Three incomplete specimens of the erniettomorph fossil Pteridiniumcomposed of tubular modular units. (B) Pteridinium with nine modular units (right side of fossil). (C) Erniettomorph Ernietta with module infilling. (D) Magnified section of the specimen in the boxed section in C, with arrows highlighting sediment infill. (E) Rangeomorph fossil Rangea with fractal modules (bracket on the right). (F) Rangea with three primary fractal modules (large modules on the left) and three smaller subsidiary modules tucked in between the larger modules. (G) Rangeomorph Fractofususwith 16 fractal modules on either side of the longitudinal midline. Bracket displaying one module. G is provided by G.M. Narbonne. (Scale bar: 1 cm.)

Shuhai Xiao, Virginia TechMarc LaFlamme, University of Toronto